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Inam Ul-Haq Lecturer in Computer Science University of Education Okara Campus [email protected], [email protected] Levels of System University of Education Okara Campus 1
| Date post: | 15-Jul-2015 |
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Inam Ul-HaqLecturer in Computer Science
University of Education Okara Campus
[email protected], [email protected]
Levels of System
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Organisation Hierarchy• A hierarchy (say “higher arky”) is an arrangement where there
are different levels of authority or power.• Organisations usually have a hierarchical structure, where
some people are more powerful or important than others.
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Typical hierarchy in organisations
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Typical hierarchy in organisations
STRATEGIC
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Typical management hierarchy in organisations
TACTICAL
STRATEGICSTRATEGIC
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Typical management hierarchy in organisations
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
STRATEGICSTRATEGIC
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STRATEGIC DECISION MAKERS• The very highest level of the hierarchy• Make very big decisions that:
• Must consider the whole organisation, not just part of it• Are expensive• Are long-term (e.g. years)• Could be disastrous if wrong• Define the nature of the organisation• Changes the organisation’s future
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STRATEGIC DECISION MAKERS
Typical Strategic level job titles:- Chairman- President- CEO (Chief Executive Office)- Board of Directors- General Manager
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Tactical Management• These people are still high-level, and make important
decisions in their own areas• But they follow instructions from above: from the strategic
management.• Tactical managers implement the decisions made at the
strategic level.• They take a big idea and work out how to make it happen• Their decisions are usually limited to a sector of the org (e.g.
advertising, transport) rather than the whole org.• Project management is mostly tactical except planning
Google it: Tactical Management
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Typical Tactical-Level Job Titles• Advertising manager• Personnel manager• Creative director• Manager of information systems• Communications director• Chief Financial Officer
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Tactical decisions• Implement strategic decisions• Are medium-term (e.g. months, weeks)• Are passed down to the next level of management…
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Operational Management• Operational managers directly manage non-management staff
and the public.• They make day-to-day decisions that are vital to actually make
things, sell things, provide services.• They are at the ‘coal face’ doing business and making money.
Google it: Operational Management
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Typical operational job titles• Store manager• Foreman• Army Sergeant
Google: what about IS?
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Example• Super-shop, a country wide chain of grocery stores wants to
increase its profit.• The board of directors discusses how to best achieve this.• They decide they will move into the pharmacy sector and include
chemist shops in their stores.• This is a big departure from their usual business. It’s a strategic
decision.
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Tactical• The directors instruct the tactical managers to implement the
decision.• The personnel manager advertises for pharmacists to be
employed.• The publicity manager plans a TV & newspaper campaign to
advertise the change.• The facilities manager puts out tenders for the construction
work needed.
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Operational• The builders arrive at a local supermarket.• The supermarket manager instructs staff to reorganise
shelving to allow the construction of the pharmacy.• The manager chooses and arranges training for staff who will
be working in the pharmacy.
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Non-management• Cheryl, the checkout chick, empties out the shelves where the
pharmacy will be built.• Her decision-making is limited to “I’ll need to get a trolley to
take these cans to the other shelves.”
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Drawing the line• Sometimes it’s hard to decide whether a
decision is strategic, tactical or operational.• It can depend on the size of the organisation.
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Drawing the line• Judge whether the decision will have a significant impact on
the organisation over quite some time. That would be strategic.
• If the decision is made to implement a decision made by a higher-ranking person (but it doesn’t actually achieve the end by itelf), it’s tactical.
• If a decision actually leads workers to doing something that makes the plan work, it’s operational.
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Thanks to:Thanks to:
Mark Kelly
vceit.com
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