Leveraged Buyouts&Junk Bond

By Ramya.G Sunith Kumar Chetan.V Aditya Appanna

Introduction to LBO’s • Leverage buyout (LBO) — purchase of a

company by a small group of investors using a high percentage of debt financing

• Investors are outside financial group or managers or executives of company

• Management buyout (MBO) — leveraged buyout performed mainly by managers or executives of the company

• Results in significant increase of equity share ownership by managers

• Turnaround in performance is usually associated with formation of LBO

Characteristics of Lbo’sLBOs are a way to take a public company private,

or put a company in the hands of the current management, MBO.

LBOs are financed with large amounts of borrowing (leverage), hence its name. Debt Equity ratio can go more than 90:10

LBOs use the assets or cash flows of the company to secure debt financing, bonds or bank loans, to purchase the outstanding equity of the company.

After the buyout, control of the company is concentrated in the hands of the LBO firm and management, and there is no public stock outstanding.

How is LBO done?Asset Purchase Suitable for Small and Medium sized transactions. Allows selection or rejection of assets and liabilities. Leads directly to price allocation and stepped up asset

value, that are part of Tax and Accounting aspects of transactions.

Stock Purchase In Stock purchase , the target shareholders simply sell

their stock and all their interest in target corporation to the buying group and then the two firms may be merged.

This method cannot be used if one or more minority share holders refused to sell.

Types of LBOPublic to Private

Spin Offs

Private Deals

Typical LBO Operations Financial buyer purchases company

using high level of debt financing

Financial buyer replaces top management

New management makes operating improvements

Financial buyer makes public offering of improved company at higher price than originally

Process Involved in LBO’s

LBO Companies

Acquirer Target Industry YearValue ($mil)

KKR RJR Nabisco Food, tobacco 1989 24,720 KKR Beatrice Food 1986 6,250 KKR Safeway Supermarkets 1986 4,240 Thompson Co. Southland (7-11) Convenience stores 1987 4,000 KKR Owens-Illinios Glass 1987 4,680 Wings Holdings NWA, Inc. Airlines 1989 3,690 TF Investments Hospitals 1989 3,600 Macy Acquisitions Corp. Department stores 1986 3,500 Carlyle Group & Welsh, Carson, Anderson and Stowe Quest Dex Yellow pages 2002 7,050

Blackstone GroupTRW Automotive Holdings Auto parts 2002 4,700

KKR PanAmSat Satellites 2004 4,380 Texas Pacific group, Bain Capital. & Goldman Sachs. Burger King Fast food 2002 2,260

Introduction to Junk BondsA colloquial term for a high-yield or

non-investment grade bond. Junk bonds are fixed-income instruments that carry a rating of 'BB' or lower by S & P , or ‘BA’ or below by Moody's.

Junk bonds are so called because of their higher default risk in relation to investment-grade bonds. 

Types of Junk BondsFallen Angels - The opposite of a fallen angel,

this is a bond with a rating that has been increased because of the issuing company's improving credit quality. A rising star may still be a junk bond, but it's on its way to being investment quality.

Junk Bonds - These are the bonds that pay high yields to bondholders because the borrowers don't have any other option. Their credit ratings are less than pristine, making it difficult for them to acquire capital at an inexpensive cost. Junk bonds are typically rated at 'BB'/'Ba' or less.

Cont…

• Investment grades -These are bonds are issued by low- to medium-

risk

lenders. A bond rating on investment grade debt usually ranges

from AAA to 'BBB. Investment grade bonds might not offer huge

returns, but the risk of the borrower defaulting on interest

payments is much smaller.

• Rising Stars -The opposite of a fallen angel, this is a bond with a

rating that has been increased because of the issuing company's

improving credit quality. A rising star may still be a junk bond, but

it's on its way to being investment quality.

Bond Ratings

Moody’s S & P Grades Risk

Aaa AAA Investment Lowest Risk

Aa AA Investment Low Risk

A A Investment Low Risk

Baa BBB Investment Medium Risk

Ba, B BB, B Junk High Risk

Caa, Ca, C CCC/CC/C Junk Highest Risk

C D Junk In Default

Case Study - TATA Tetley Tata Tea one of the largest company in the world was

sheltered from competition by a protectionist Indian government for most of its history.

In 1999, Tata Tea company faced several new challenges: Upcoming deregulation. Changing consumer tastes. Ban on tea imports scheduled to be lifted in 2001

Majority of the company’s tea is sold in India, with 12% total international sales only.

Possibility of future stiff competition from Nestle, Sara Lee Corporation, and Associated British Foods.

Possible Strategies/Solutions

To enhance its position in the current brand

Acquire a well-known brand

Some disturbing questions???Tata Tea company has to beat the growing

global competition – but how? Any possibilities for further growth in the Indian

stagnant market? If popular brand in India can penetrate into the

global markets? Perhaps it would need to develop a brand of

international demand or taste.Or acquire an other company These questions become more urgent as Tetley

Tea, well-known in the US and UK, unexpectedly comes up for sale. Provide refernce

Pros and Cons of acquiring TetleyPros Acquiring Tetley would mean capturing the

higher end of the value chain Tetley is well-established in international

markets Tata’s gross margin is 36%, while Tetley’s is

a more efficient 55% The combination of the two companies

would allow for synergies that competitors couldn’t match

Opportunity to buy a brand the likes of Tetley is rare

Pros and Cons of acquiring Tetley - Cont

Cons Tata had already tried acquiring Tetley five years

prior and failed Tata may have difficulty raising the required

£200-300 million purchase price ◦ The £200-300 million asking price is much higher

than the £190 million the company was valued at in 1995

The sheer size of the transaction could prove unwieldy

Wouldn’t investing in building its own global brand be more efficient than buying a foreign brand?

Finally

TATA choose to acquire Tetley.

The major challenge was financing◦The value of Tata Tea was $114 million.◦Tetley was valued at $450 million.

The solution was provided by Leverage Buy outing the Deal.

Introduction Of Corus London based Corus group is the worlds one of

the largest producer of steel & aluminum.Corus was formed in 1999 following the

merger of Dutch group koninclijike Hoogovens N.V. with UK’s British Steel Plc. On October 6,1999 .

It employees 47300 people worldwide & 24000 people in UK.

It had revenue of £9.2 billion in the year 2005,i.e.Rs. 64,400 CR.

Corus provide Innovative solutions in construction ,automotive packaging, mechanical engineering worldwide.

Timelines Of Deal

On October 20, 2006, Tata Steel announced that it had agreed to pick up a 100% stake in the Anglo-Dutch steel maker Corus at 455 pence per share in an all cash deal, cumulatively valued at GBP 4.3 billion (USD 8.04 billion).

On November 19, 2006, the Brazilian steel company CSN launched a counter offer for Corus at 475 pence per share, valuing it at $8.4 billion.

On December 11, 2006, Tata preemptively upped the offer to 500 pence, which was within hours trumped by CSN's offer of 515 pence per share, valuing the deal at $ 9.6 Billion. The Corus board promptly recommended both the revised offers to its shareholders.

…… On December 11, 2006, CSN announced a formal

offer for the Company at an offer price of 515 pence per Corus Share, valuing the deal at $ 9.6 Billion

on December 19, 2006, UK Watchdog the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers announced that the last date for each of Tata and CSN to announce revised offers for the Company, should they wish to do so, is 30 January 2007. They also warned that it would begin an auction procedure if the two remained in competition.

On January 31, 2007 Tata Steel won their bid for Corus after offering 608 pence per share, valuing Corus at $11.3bn

How The Deal Financed Total TATA-CORUS deal of US $ 13.7 billion Equity Component-US$ 7.56 billion using

Rights issue,Preferencial issue along with other financial methods.

Debt Component-US $ 6.14 billion through mezzanine & long term loan arrengement with Citi Group,Standard Chartered,ABN AMRO bank.

For immmediate financing Tata Steek UK raised 2.66 billion bridge loans.

Acquisition was completed through Tata Steels UK Special Purpose Vehicle named Tata Steel UK.

Deal

CORUS GROUP Plc

TATA STEEL UK LIMITED(U K)

TULIP UK HOLDINGS

TATA STEEL ASIA HOLDINGS(SINGAPORE)

TATA STEEL LTD(INDIA)

Why Did TATA STEEL Bid For Corus

There is recognition that for indian economy to continue its growth, its companies must look to compete on a global scale.

Globally Tata steel was only 56 th largest steel producer.

Buying Corus will leapfrogs it to fifth largest steel producer in world.

Acquisition of Corus provide Tata steel of its production line & technology.

Economies of scaleTo tap europeon market.Corus hold No. of patents & R & D facilities.Cost of acquisition is lower than setting up

green field project & marketing & distribution channel

Why Corus Accepted The DealThe main reason is backward integration.Saturated market of europe.Decline in market share & profit.Lower net profit to sales ratio i.e.Revenue

US$18.06 billion & N.P.only $626 million.Employee cost of Corus was 15% & Tata

only 9%.Loan of Corus was £ 1.6 billion.

Why Cash Deal

A really confident acquirer will tend to pay for the acquisition by cash and the markets historically have been rewarding this confidence by responding through rise in share value, a stock buy out could (almost certainly) take the opposite direction if they sense that the stock is overvalued. In about 75% of the cases, the stock value of acquirer has taken a dip soon after the deal is announced. The cash buyout also makes sure that its shareholders do not give up any merger gains to the acquired companies shareholders.

Immediate takeover was requiredShare swap deal would have been less attarctive

to Corus Shareholder.

……Share swap deal may diluted the TataSteels

share base which was not in favor of Tata Steels share holder.

Cost of acquisition Debt i.e.8% was less than cost of equity i.e.15%.

Share swap deal means FDI & lot of regularity which might have not been accepted by Corus Shareholders.

What Happened After DealThere were a lot of apparent synergies

between Tata Steel which was a low cost steel producer in fast developing region of the world and Corus which was a high value product manufacturer in the region of the world demanding value products. Some of the prominent synergies that could arise from the deal were as follows :

Tata was one of the lowest cost steel producers in the world and had self sufficiency in raw material. Corus was fighting to keep its productions costs under control and was on the look out for sources of iron ore.

Tata had a strong retail and distribution network in India and SE Asia. This would give the European manufacturer an in-road into the emerging Asian markets.

……Powerful combination of high quality

developed and low cost high growth marketsThere would be technology transfer and

cross-fertilization of R&D capabilities between the two companies that specialized in different areas of the value chain

There was a strong culture fit between the two organizations both of which highly emphasized on continuous improvement and ethics. Tata steel's Continuous Improvement Program ‘Aspire’with the core values :Trusteeship,integrity,respect for individual, credibility and excellence. Corus's Continuous Improvement Program ‘The Corus Way’ with the core values : code of ethics, integrity, creating value in steel, customer focus, selective growth and respect for our people.

Global Steel Ranking

CONCLUSION On July 23, 2007, Tata Steel stock reached a 52-week

high close of 721.00 on the Bombay Stock Exchange’s (BSE) 30-stock Sensex after hitting a low of 399.00 on March 8, 2007.

Tata Steel was one of the market leaders for the BSE Sensex up 27% in 2007.

Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services cut its credit rating to BB from BBB and removed them from the negative watch list on which they were placed after the financing structure for the acquisition of Corus was announced.

The rating was changed to a positive outlook. If after acquisition,if this deal will able to acquire all

the synergies,then TATA STEEL-CORUS can be within top 3 companies by the year 2015.