LEX Lecture 3 Morphemic Structure

8/18/2019 LEX Lecture 3 Morphemic Structure

1/45

Ivan Franko National University of Lviv

Lexicology

Hryhoriy Kochur Department of Translation

Studies and Contrastive Linguistics Nadiya Andreichuk, professor

[email protected]


2/45

Lecture 3

Morphemic structure of

English and Ukrainian

words

Contrast is the occuranceof different elements

to create interest


3/45

Whatever mankind creates in theway of civilization is based on

forms. There are forms of art,

literature, forms of social life etc.,and it is these which arecharacteristic of a certain

structural system. Hans Marchand


4/45

Plan

. The word as a fundamental unit of thelan!ua!e

.. "ome !eneral #roblems of the theory of

the word .$. Criteria of the definition

$. Mor#hemes, free and bound forms

%. Aims and #rinci#les of mor#hemic

analysis

&. Contrastive analysis of the mor#hemicstructure of 'n!lish and (krainian

word.


5/45

APPROACH! "O #FINI"ION

the most com#le) #roblem in theanalysis of lin!uistic structure

In typologically different groups of languages the

criteria employed in establishing the definition of word are of different types

each group of languages constitutes a separatesystem with its own patterns of formation and own

types of linguistic units.


6/45


7/45

Linguistic unit

Can separate sounds cannot be consideredunits of the language?

Is c! in с!"# a linguistic unit?


8/45

fun$a%ental assu%&tion

each linguistic unit has a constant andspecific meaning

"wo possible main directions of linguistic

research: &'onetics # we study the speech e$ent without reference to its meaning

se%antics ( we study the relation of thee$ent to the features of meaning

' i ) ' li i i


9/45

t'e connection )et*een t'e linguisticfor%s an$ t'eir %eanings

%ach combination of signaling units is arbitrarilyassigned to some features of the practical world.

&inguistic study must start from the form not from

the meaning.%ach linguistic form has a constant and definite

meaning, different from the meaning of any otherlinguistic form in the same language.

If the forms are different their meanings are alsodifferent.


10/45

t'e $efinition

should indicate the most essentialcharacteristic features of the notionexpressed by the term, including the

features by which this notion isdistinguished from other similar notions.

'or instance, in defining the word one must

distinguish it from other linguistic units,such as the phoneme, the morpheme, or the word#combination


11/45

t'e notion of t'e +*or$ in general,

In 'erdinand de aussures opinion *thenotion of the word is not compatible withour idea of a concrete language unit+

harl alli also considered this

notion one of the most ambiguous

occurring in linguistics


12/45

O-I-!%irnitskiy

"hough in different languages words can besingled out of the stream of speech differently andthats why it may be difficult to suggest thedefinition common for all languages but still it is

not impossible. As -.I.mirnitsiy remared that the $ersatility of

peculiarities of different languages cannot pre$entus from defining the word as the linguistic unit ingeneral, because despite this $ersatility there arefeatures which all words possess, great as thede$iations from typical cases may be


13/45

syntactic criterion

/ionysius "hrax: the word is the smallest part ofthe sentence.

0ith different modifications this criterion has

been applied by a lot of scientists. 1enry weetdefined the word as 2a minimum sentence+ and&eonard loomfield as 2minimum free form+.


14/45

semantic*lo!ical criterion

0.1umboldt, 3.4i$ers, /.5udria$syy

identified the sentence with the logical statementand considered the smallest part of the sentence #

the word # the sign of a separate notion

#sycholo!ical criterionthe word is as the linguistic e6ui$alent of a

separate concept


15/45

semantic*#honolo!ical criterion

A word is an articulate sound#symbol in its aspect ofdenoting something which is spoen about(A.1.7ardiner)

semantic criterionconnected discourse, if analy8ed from the semantic

point of $iew, 2will fall into a certain number ofmeaningful segments which are ultimately

composed of meaningful units. "hese meaningfulunits are termed words+ (. 9lmann)


16/45

syntactic*semantic criterion

2one of the smallest completely satisfying bits of isolated 2meaning+ into which thesentence resol$es itself+ (%dward apir)


17/45

A- .eillet

combines the semantic, phonological andgrammatical criteria and ad$ances a formula whichunderlies many subse6uent definitions, both abroadand in our country: +A *or$ is an association ofa &articular %eaning *it' a &articular grou&of soun$s ca&a)le of a &articulargra%%atical e%&loy%ent,


18/45

i%&ortant features of t'e *or$

$. The %ord is a dialectical unity of form andcontent.

&. The %ord is internally sta'le (in terms of the orderof the component morphemes).

*. The %ord is the minimum significant unit capa'leof functioning alone and characteri+ed 'y

positional mo'ility (permuta'le %ith other %ordsin the sentence).

."his maes the basis for the opposition between the word and the phoneme, and the word and themorpheme. "he phoneme and the morpheme cannot

function otherwise than in the word


19/45

A linguistic form which is ne$er spoen alone is abound form, all others are free forms.

ome linguistic forms bear partial phonetic#semantic resemblances to other forms: e.g. ohnran, ohn fell, -ill ran, -ill fell ohnny, -illy playing, dancing 'lac/'erry, cran'erry,stra%'erry.

A linguistic form which bears a partial phonetic#semantic resemblance to some other linguisticform, is a com#le) form.

Free/ )oun$ an$ co%&lex for%s


20/45

co%&lex for%

In any complex form, each constituent is said toaccompany other constituents.

"he constituent forms in our example abo$e:

ohn, ran, -ill, fell , play, dance, 'lac/, 'erry,stra%, cran# (uni6ue constituent in cran'erry),

0y (bound#form constituent in ohnny, -illy),

0ing (bound#form constituent in playing,

dancing).


21/45

Mor#heme

A linguistic form which bears no partialphonetic#semantic resemblance to any otherform is a simple form or mor#heme.

"hus, play, dance, cran0, 0y, 0ing aremorphemes. "he term morpheme is deri$ed from 7reemorphe # form and #eme. "he 7ree suffix#eme has been adopted by linguists to

denote the smallest unit or the minimumdistincti$e feature.


22/45

mor#heme

A morpheme can be described phonetically, sinceit consists of one or more phonemes. e.g. themorpheme pin bears a phonetic resemblance to

other morphemes, such as pig, pen, tin, ten. -n the basis of these resemblances it can be analy8ed anddescribed in terms of three phonemes, but, sincethese resemblances are not connected with

resemblances of meaning, we cannot attribute anymeaning to the phonemes.


23/45


24/45

lexicon

ince e$ery complex form is made up entirely ofmorphemes, a complete list of morphemes wouldaccount for all the phonetic forms of a language.

"he total stoc of morphemes in a language is itsle)icon.

1owe$er, if we new the lexicon of a language, andhad a reasonably accurate nowledge of each

sememe, we might still fail to understand the formsof this language. %$ery utterance contains somesignificant features that are not accounted for by thelexicon.


25/45

L- 0loo%fiel$

A- !econ$ary *or$s, containing free forms: 1- Com#ound words, containing more than

one free form: door0/no', %ild #animal0tamer. "heincluded free forms are the members of thecompound word: in our examples, the membersare the words door, /no', tamer, and the phrase%ild animal.

2. +erived secondary words, containing onefree form: 'oyish, old0maidish. "he included freeform is called the underlying form in our examplesthe underlying forms are the word 'oy and the

phrase old maid.


26/45

L- 0loo%fiel$

0- Pri%ary *or$s, not containing a free form:

. +erived #rimary words, containingmore than one bound form: re0ceive, de0ceive, con0

ceive, re0tain, de0tain, con0tain. $. Mor#heme*words, consisting of a

single (free) morpheme: man, 'oy, cut , run, red,'ig.


27/45

t'e role of %or&'e%es

According to the role morphemes play inconstructing words, morphemes are subdi$ided intoroots and affi)es ( lat. affixus # ;


28/45

!te% an$ root

0hen functional affix is stripped from the word, what remains is a stem (or a base).

"he stem expresses the lexical meaning. In manycases, the base is also the root. "he principles of

singling out stems and roots are different. Doots aresemantic cores of words. tems are parts of wordsdirectly connected with inflectional affixes, thussingled out on structural principle.

Doot and stem can coincide but they should be $iewed from different angles. In 'oo/s, for examplethe element to which the affix 0s is addedcorresponds to the words root.


29/45

"y&es of ste%s

In other cases, howe$er, an affix can be added to alarger unit than a root.

"his happens in words such as 'lac/ened , in which

the past tense affix 0ed is added to the $erbal stem'lac/en # a unit consisting of the root morpheme'lac/ and the suffix 0en.

"hus stems may differ structurally, they may be

root ste%s (%or/ 0er), $erive$ ste%s ('eauti0ful #ly) and co%&oun$ ste%s (long0hair 0ed ).


30/45

Co%)ina)ility of ste%s

tems are combined with definite affixes and theircombinability or $alency depends on se$eral reasons:

grammatical category of stems, e.g. some suffixes

can be added only to nouns (adEecti$es, $erbs etc.),semantic content of stems and affixes, e.g. stems

negati$e in meaning cannot tacle prefixes ofnegation,

phonetic peculiarities of stems and affixes, e.g. somestems ending in lip consonants tae suffixes withinitial $owel, e.g. dist0ance.


31/45

"emi*affi)es

ometimes root morphemes can come close toaffixes when their meaning is weaened lie:

F) 0man in seaman, postman # 123 in 4!56123,789:;123

G) tele0 in telescope, telephone or


32/45

nfle)ional vs derivational

'unctional affixes con$ey grammatical meaning."hey build different forms of one and the same word.Complete sets of all the $arious forms of a word

when considered as inflectional patterns, such as

declentions or conEugations, are termed paradigms. An inflectional #aradi!m is therefore defined asthe system of grammatical forms characteristic of a

word. e.g. near, nearer, nearest son, sons, son=s,

sons= .


33/45

nfle)ional vs derivational

&exical deri$ati$es mae up a derivational orle)ical #aradi!m. "hus, for instance, from the

word love a number of deri$ati$e words can begenerated: love, lovely, loveliness, loveless, lover,loving, lovingly, lova'le, 'eloved.


34/45

"'ree criteria

"hree criteria are commonly used to helpdistinguish between inflexional and deri$ationalaffixes.

$) >nfle?ion does not change either the part ofspeech or the type of meaning found in the %ordto %hich it applies


35/45

nfle)ion


36/45

derivation


37/45

A secon$ &ro&erty of inflexional affixes 'as to $o *it' t'e or$er in *'ic' t'ey are co%)ine$ *it' aste% relative to $erivational affixes-


38/45

A t'ir$ criterion

A third criterion for distinguishing betweeninflexional and deri$ational affixes has to do withproducti$ity, the relati$e freedom with which theycan combine with stems of the appropriate category.Inflexional affixes typically ha$e relati$ely fewexceptions. "he suffix 0s, for example, can combine

with $irtually any noun that allows a plural form. Incontrast, deri$ational affixes characteristically applyto restricted classes of stems. "hus 0i+e can combine

with only certain adEecti$es to form a $erb.

modern 0i+e ne%0i+e

legal0i+e la%ful0i+e


39/45

Mor#holo!ical analysis

"he theoretical foundations of word analysis interms of its morphological structure apply both to%nglish and 9rainian languages. ut according tothe classification of Indo#%uropean languages%nglish and 9rainian belong to different types offlexional languages. %nglish is synthetic and9rainian is analytic.

0e ne$er find pure synthesis or analysis in anylanguage. ut %nglish is notably analytic. "here areonly se$en inflectional affixes in it (all suffixes).9rainian has do8ens of inflectional affixes and

encodes contrasts not represented in %nglish.


40/45

#erivational affixes

1- !uffixes # reali8e their meaning only inconnection with the root morpheme. 'or example,suffixes can express the meaning of generali8edproperty, abstract notion when combined with rootsof adEecti$es denoting concrete properties orfeatures of obEects: ;38*-09 0 ;3805A, B838*i/0 0 H


41/45

#erivational affixes

2- Prefixes # differ from deri$ational suffixes because they are added to the whole word and not tothe root and canNt transform the word into anotherpart of speech, e.g. :#с!9 0 45-:#с!9, ;9:!iA 0

456;9:!iA, B;55 0 26 B;55, :5E! 037:5E!.

3- Postfixes ( ( 4 ser$es to create reflexi$e $erbs: 155 0 155/8, с1;45A 0 !9с1;FG:95/8.

5- Infixes ( are used to connect two or more rootsthus occur within a stem. In 9rainian this functioncan be performed by three $owels : -, 7, 9, e.g.

iOLKP


42/45

Functional affixes

form*creatin! :;-5i? and word*chan!in! :/@-=-2


43/45

flection or endin!

expresses the connections of words with other words in word#combinations or sentences.

"ypes of declention (ViPXiYVMZ) of nouns, adEecti$es,numerals, pronouns are differentiated through the system

of endings which reflect grammatical meanings of case,gender and number or only case (in cardinal numerals).

[erbs ha$e a complicated system of conEugation(PiUViPXiYVMZ). \ain indicators of the categories of

person, gender and number are endings. %ndings are highlyabstract. "hey can be easily attached to all the words belonging to a certain type of declenation or conEugationand create a definite system of word#forms.


44/45

.-P-Ivc'enko

I- Non($erive$ *or$s6 F. on#deri$ed words consisting of the root: #7#8,

G, 9, ;GF#, 91, 9:F;5, с48iI, F!9,G, 785, :i;, !9;, ;, i, 91#.

G. on#deri$ed words consisting of the root and theending: :09, :;09, :#0 K, :#с#105A. 1ere belongalso words with 8ero affix: :i4, :i, !iс.


45/45

.-P-Ivc'enko

II- #erive$ *or$s %a$e u& of roots/ &refixes

an$ suffixes: F. 0ords consisting of the root and the suffix:

с48570409, iс805E!05A.

e$eral suffixes can be used. G. 0ords consisting of the root and the prefix: ;0

75с, 7#8#0419;.

]. Combination of the root with prefixes and

suffixes: 7#8#0с8530!G05, 78#с:i0505, 907#:0!505.

III- Co%&oun$ *or$s create$ )y co%)iningt*o ste%s *it' or *it'out infix: 1iсс#7,

Date post:	07-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	jean-cloud-boh-dan
View:	223 times
Download:	0 times

LEX Lecture 3 Morphemic Structure

Documents