Lexicon s

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Lexicons

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Lexicons

Lexicona dictionary, especially ofGreek, Latin, or Hebrew

From Gk lexikon, wordbook

A lexicon may be described as awordbook or dictionary of aspecific language, or the

vocabulary of a particular people.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A.Briggs,A Hebrew and EnglishLexicon of the Old Testament

Often referred to as BDB.BDB translated Thesarus philologicus-

criticus linguae Hebraeae et

Chaldaeae Veteris Testament (1829-1858)

This work completed posthumously.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A.Briggs,A Hebrew and EnglishLexicon of the Old Testament Was companion volume to Wilhelm

Gesenius, Hebraisches-deutschesHandworterbuch uber die Schriftendes Alten Testaments (2 vols.; 1810-

1812)BDB first appeared in 1907 and was

last revised in 1962.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A.Briggs,A Hebrew and EnglishLexicon of the Old Testament It depended heavily on comparative

linguistics and readily translatedsimilar terms in a variety of NearEastern languages.

Value of BDB lies in fact editors weresensitive to the nuances or shades ofmeaning of Classical Hebrew.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A.Briggs,A Hebrew and EnglishLexicon of the Old Testament

This gave their work an enduringquality that is not to be found inother, more recent, lexicons that lack

flexibility when assigning specificmeanings to words.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner,Lexicon in Veteris TestamentiLibros(2 vols.; 1951-1953)

Has never attained stature of BDB.Provided a Hebrew/Aramaic

German/English explanation of words

and their meanings and was based onthe 3rded. of Rudolf Kittels BibliaHebraica.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner,Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros(2vols.; 1951-1953)

The order of the words is strictlyalphabetical and not by root as in BDB.

Usage is also made of Ugaritic sources notavailable to BDB.

K-B has now been revised by Baumgartnerand J. J. Stamm, and is in the process ofbeing translated and edited by M. E. J.Richardson (1994-).

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner,Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros(2vols.; 1951-1953)

The new edition is being issued under thetitle Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of theOld Testament.

so far, four out of five promised volumes

have been published. This revision makes full use of Ugaritic

materials and information from the DeadSea Scrolls.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner,Lexicon in Veteris TestamentiLibros(2 vols.; 1951-1953)A feature that makes this new edition

more usable to students of BiblicalHebrew is the fact that words fromother cognate languages are

transliterated.Only Hebrew and Greek words are

written in their own alphabets.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner,Lexicon in Veteris TestamentiLibros(2 vols.; 1951-1953)

A far as can be ascertained, this newedition of K-B has special value in thearea of etymological research and in

tracing hapax legomena.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner,Lexicon in Veteris TestamentiLibros(2 vols.; 1951-1953) Though the meanings assigned

different words are often influencedby critical considerations, theconclusions offered can always be

checked against BDB.Advanced students will find valuable

information in the bibliography.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary of ClassicalHebrew(1993-)

Scheduled for 8 vols., this lexicon is inmany respects the first entirely new work

to be published in many years.

Others, such as BDB and K-B were basedupon earlier works.

DCH follows a strictly alphabetical order forthe entries as they appear in sentences (asopposed to BDB where words are placedunder the tri-lateral root).

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary ofClassical Hebrew(1993-) No cognates from other Semitic

languages are mentioned, butinscriptional evidence down to A.D.200, together with data from Qumranand Ben Sira, has been included.

As a result DCH does not provideinformation about connections withother Semitic dialects and it does notclassify usages as figurative or literal.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary ofClassical Hebrew(1993-)

Related words, synonyms, and

antonyms are listed at the end of thetreatment of a word.

Emendations proposed by BDB and K-

B are listed, but without any criticalevaluation.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary ofClassical Hebrew(1993-)

DCH gives promise of being a

valuable tool for the scholar. It strength lies in its semantic

examination of each word,

syntagmatic listing of every usagewith its meaning, and paradigmaticlisting of synonyms and antonyms.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary of ClassicalHebrew(1993-)

It concludes with an English-Hebrew index,and an English translation of every Hebrew

word or phrase.

Though avant-garde and highlycommendable, its projected size and cost

will place it beyond the reach of theaverage student of the biblical languages.

It is unlikely, therefore, to replace BDB forpractical usefulness.

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Lexicons

Walter Bauer, Greek-English Lexicon ofthe New Testament and Other EarlyChristian Literature(translated andedited by W. F. Arndt and F. W.

Gingrich [1957-1958], and revised andaugmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W.Danker [1979]). At one time referred to as Arndt and

Gingrich, Bs lexicon is based upon anextensive examination of Greek literature,including NT words still in use in Byzantinetimes.

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Lexicons

BauerA vast amount of material was masteredand then reduced to succinct, descriptivestatements defining the usage of each

word and giving its meaning duringdifferent eras of Greek literary history.

True value of the work can only beappreciated when one reads through theprefatory material, and particularly theintroduction by Bauer.

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Lexicons

Bauer Excellent coverage

Meanings given are judicious

Grammatical hints are significant

References to literature outside the NThave been well-chosen and arerepresentative of the usage of the same

word in other sources. The volume is indispensable.

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Lexicons

J. H. Moulton and G. Milligan, Vocabulary ofthe Greek Testament, Illustrated from thePapyri and Other Non-literary Sources(1929)

Important source of philological illumination

comes from papyri discovered in Egypt. The terminology found in papyrus fragments,

letters and ostraka, parallels the Greek of the NT.

Thus, much of it may be used to add new insights

into meanings of words employed by writers ofthe NT.

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Lexicons

M-M

This work is based upon articles published inThe Expositor(1908-1911).

Following Moultons death in 1917, Milligan

carried on the work alone, finally finishing in1929.

Contains numerous parallels to theterminology of the NT.

Investigation of the source material offered inthe concise format of M-M will not only enrichstudy but also provide many illustrations ofword usage in the language of the people of

the NT period.

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Lexicons

G. H. W. Lampe, Patristic Greek Lexicon(1961) Work based on the material contained in

Mignes Patrologia Graeca.

Object is to make available the theologicaland ecclesiastical vocabulary of the GreekChristian authors from Clement of Rome toTheodore of Stadium, so that researchers

can trace easily and efficiently thedevelopment of Christian thought.

Informative coverage is given terms likeapostolos, episkopos, presbuteros, .

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Lexicons

G. H. W. Lampe, Patristic Greek Lexicon(1961)

Values of such a lexicon are many.

1) As far as the development of doctrine isconcerned, we can trace by e.g. as well asprecept either the early churchs adherenceto sound doctrine or its departure from it.

The reasons for the latter frequentlyparallel trends in our own time.

Human nature remains the same.

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Lexicons


Values of such a lexicon are many.

2) In the course of history, changes in theusage of words and their meaning wereinevitable.

Disciple in the Gospels used of one who had

counted the cost of following Christ. In the era of the early church it came to be

applied to those whose manner of life wouldpermit this term to be connected with theirname.

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Lexicons


Values of such a lexicon are many. Often death by martyrdom was regarded as the

criterion for calling one a disciple.

Lampe begins with a list of authors and

their writings.

Each of the references can be traced tothe Loeb Classical Library.

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Lexicons

H. C. Liddell and R. Scott, Greek-EnglishLexicon(1897/1996)

While this work is of value primarily for theaccess it provides to the classical period,

literature is also cited through to the 6thc.A.D. (including the Septuagint andApocrypha).

Obviously, the closer the reference is tothe NT era, the greater will be its bearingon the meaning of the word in thelanguage of the NT.

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Lexicons

H. C. Liddell and R. Scott, Greek-EnglishLexicon(1897/1996)

Note of caution:

Do not buy an abridged edition.

An abridgement is valuable only to thestudent of classical Greek.

An abridgement is valueless for NT study.

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Lexicons

Joseph Henry Thayer, Greek-EnglishLexicon (1886)A translation of Wilke-Grimms 2nded.

(1879).

A corrected edition appeared in 1889 andmade Thayer a standard name in theEnglish speaking theological world until1957.

Followed the comparative philology schoolwith its proportionately greater emphasison etymology as compared with morerecent approaches.

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Lexicons

Joseph Henry Thayer, Greek-EnglishLexicon (1886)

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Use of Lexicons

1) Identification of Word Forms Since most irregularities occur in the

verb, the lexicon provides clues to suchirregular forms by citing the principalparts of the most important, or themost irregular, verbs; these forms areusually supplied at the head of the

particular article being consulted.

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Use of Lexicons

1) Identification of Word Forms

Once the correct form has beenidentified, it remains to complete theprocess of analysis of the function of

the verb in a particular instance; severalfactors assist in the analysis. 1) The verb root; this will indicate the

meaning of the verbal idea.

2) Tense force; this will identify the kind ofaction involved, whether durative,punctiliar, or completed.

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Use of Lexicons

1) Identification of Word Forms 3) The relation of the verb to the context,that is, the connection between the verband the other parts of the sentence.

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Use of Lexicons

2) Etymology

Word roots have the power to createpictures in the mind and so to vivify thereading of the Gk NT.

The lexicon shows, for instance, thatthe word translated to fear comesfrom a root meaning to run; the word

soul stems from a root meaning tobreathe; the root meaning of the wordfor life (zoe) is reflected in our Eng.word vitality.

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Use of Lexicons

2) Etymology

Words are not like disconnected atoms;they grow from roots and they formclusters in families.

So, words, like people, have ancestorsand display family relationships.

The lexicon serves as an index toderivation by enabling the reader totrace family relationships to their sourcewherever possible.

f i

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Use of Lexicons

3) Classification of usage

Since one word may be used in avariety of ways, the NT lexicon offersan attempted classification of usage.

Here the lexicographer must play therole of an interpreter and state whatappears to him to be the specific

meaning of the word in a given passage He then cites other instances of

identical or similar usage under a singleheading.

f i

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Use of Lexicons


The student must learn always toexercise the greatest care and not toinfer without examination that all thepassages cited are exactly similar.

He should regard what the lexiconpresents as an index to evidence, and

the classification of usage as onespecialists opinion based upon thatevidence.

U f L i

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Use of Lexicons


He must then weigh this evidence forhimself in the light of the specificcontexts where the word occurs.

U f L i

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Use of Lexicons

4) Discrimination of synonyms

One of the most rewarding uses of theNT lexicon is the discrimination of thosewords which occasionally may be usedinterchangeably.

The lexicon shows why in certain casesone would be appropriate and the other

not.

For e.g., a person can be tested or triedin many ways.

U f L i

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Use of Lexicons


James (1:12) declares that the manwho endures temptation is blessed, forwhen he is tried, he shall receive the

crown of life.Temptation and tried cannot be

interchanged here without doingviolence to James meaning.

The fine shades of meaning inherent inGreek synonyms are not always madeexplicit in English translations.

U f L i

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Use of Lexicons


In Eng., one word sometimes is used totranslate several words in Greek.

Typical examples of such words in NTvocabulary are love, fear, labor,power, know, send, ask,tempt, gift, and so on.

Lexicons may attempt to provide a basisfor distinction by means of special notesat the ends of articles.

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U f L i

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Use of Lexicons

Old Friends (known words)

Every beginning Gk student knowso;noma, name; why bother to use the

lexicon.

The big lexicon sketches the vividassociations made by the ancientsbetween the name and the qualities

possessed by a person or thing.

It details the implications of all phrasesinvolving the name of God and Christ.

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U e of Le i o

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Use of Lexicons

Old Friends (known words) The word o;noma, does not itself mean all

the things suggested.

But the lexicon invites consideration ofcontexts in which the word takes onmeaning beyond the its mere dictionarymeaning.

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Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons

Local Color (understanding theenvironment of words)

One ought not only remain open to newand increased appreciation of oldfriends.

It is equally rewarding to understandtheir environment.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


It is also rewarding to understand theenvironment of words.

The primary function of Moulton-Milligan is to recreate the world inwhich the NT vocabulary wasemployed.

M-M is not a comprehensive lexicon adiscriminating selection of words thatshed fresh light on the NT.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


In Acts 20:30 Paul views with concernthe inevitable arrival of false teachers.

The word avpospaw,translated entice is

found in a papyrus of the 3rdc. B.C.

You wrote me not to withdraw thegang (of workmen engaged in thecopper mines) from Philoteris beforethey had finished their work.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


Withdraw in the sense of breach ofcontract is found in numerous formaldocuments.

Between the lines of Acts 20:30 we mayfind the suggestion that the disciples

were under contract to serve the Lordand that false teachers will urge themto break the contract.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


No new definition is attached to theword, but the word undergoesrejuvenation and suggests to theexpositor an appropriate contemporarylegal illustration.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


In Rom. 15:28 Paul tells the Romansthat he intends to complete thecollection he has undertaken and willstop by on his way to Spain after hehas made delivery to the saints in

Jerusalem. The word here used for making

delivery is sfragi,zw..

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


The papyri suggest customs similar tothe sealing of railroad boxcars.

In one papyrus a shipmaster isinstructed to write a receipt for grainshipped on a government transport,

and he is to seal a sample to preventthe grain from being tampered withduring transit.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


In another a merchant writes: If youcome, take out six artabaeof vegetableseed, sealing it in the sacks in orderthat they may be ready.

Paul will take all steps to ensure proper

delivery of the collection and eliminateany cause for scandal.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


The problem of disorderly people orloafers in the Thessalonian

congregations is sharpened by thematerial under avtakte,win M-M.

In a papyrus dated A.D. 66 a contractof apprenticeship stipulates that thefather must make good any days duringwhich his son plays truant or fails toattend.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons

Local Color (understanding the environment

of words)

Similarly a weavers apprentice must make upany days he is absent owing to idleness or ill

health beyond the 3-week vacation and sickleave allowed during the year.

These papyri parallels to 2 Thess. 3:11suggest that some Thessalonian employers

were fuming at a message which in theirjudgment was capsizing the economic order.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons

Local Color (understanding the

environment of words) Primary function of Moulton & Milligan,

The Vocabulary of the Greek

Testament, illustrated from the Papyriand Other Non-Literary Sources, is torecreate the world in which the NTvocabulary was employed; is not a

comprehensive lexicon but a selectivelist of words that shed fresh light on theNT.

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Pedigree (word families)

Words are like people; to know themwell one must meet them on their ownlevel, in their own environment; in

different circumstances they reactdifferently; like a face they take onvarying expressions.

Some of them move from place toplace; some never return to their earliersurroundings.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


But to know their past is to know a littlebetter what makes them act as they doin the present.

BAGD is not intended to be a historicalsurvey of NT Greek.

MM deals only with the papyri, and tosome extent with inscriptions.

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Use of Lexicons

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Some understanding of LSs usefulnessmay be gained from the study of aword such as kakoh,qeia,.

Paul uses the word in a catalog of sinsin Rom. 1:29.

BAGD offers the glosses malice,

malignity, craftiness. BAGD offers Aristotles definition, ___

means always to assume the worst.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


But LS under the adjective form notesthat it is especially used in the sense of

thinking evil, prone to put the worst

construction on everything.

Would this not be more helpful thanmalignity in Moffatt and the RSV, or

craftiness in the NRSV?

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In Biblical documents the implicationsof sin are more clearly defined, butthe original idea of failure to achieve

ones purpose sharpens the contrastbetween moral expectations and actualachievements.

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Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons


That the word parrasia(boldness) iscomposed of two words, pasand rasisand literally means saying everything

might not be recognized without thehelp of LSJM (the components areentered in parentheses).

The references to Athenian love of freespeech help accent the type offearlessness displayed by the apostlesin Acts 4.

Use of Lexicons

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Use of Lexicons

A Notable Asterisk

The more comprehensive a lexicon becomes,the more complete is its listing of words.

Koehler-Baumgartner signals the occurrences

of certain words and forms with numbers inparentheses.

BAGD simply places a single asterisk at theend of articles in which all occurrences in the

NT and apostolic fathers has been noted anda double asterisk when only the NT passagesare listed in full.

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A Notable Asterisk

So the student is spared the need forchecking in an additional tool, in thiscase a concordance.

For e.g., one can see at a glance thatmathetriaoccurs only once in the NT(Acts 9:6).

No other woman in the NT is describedby this term.

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Use of Lexicons

Because lexicons synthesize material,

you may uncover something passedover by the editors due to the fact thatthey were dealing with broader issues

then the one you have beenresearching.

A knowledge of the use ofconcordances and lexicons will prepare

you for engaging in one of the mostexciting of biblical pursuitswordstudies.

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