LFRamos - Review of Literature

Review of LiteratureReview of Literaturein Science Reports.in Science Reports.

1. SETTING THE STAGE:1. SETTING THE STAGE:

The Intel INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND The Intel INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FAIR (ISEF) ENGINEERING FAIR (ISEF)

ISEF Sites 1997-2010ISEF Sites 1997-2010

2007Albuquerque, NM

1997 & 2002Louisville, KY

2008Atlanta, GA

2001San Jose, CA 2010

1998Fort Worth, TX

1999Philadelphia, PA

2000Detroit, MI

2005Phoenix, AZ

2004Portland, OR

2009Reno, NV

2006Indianapolis, IN

An overview of ISEF 2009 ...An overview of ISEF 2009 ...

555555 ISEF-affiliated fairs. ISEF-affiliated fairs.

428

20

4

35

38

2

OTHERS –American Samoa 8Guam 3Puerto Rico 15Virgin Islands 2

AsiaAsia

Israel 1Jordan 3Kazakhstan 1Lebanon 1Saudi Arabia 3

China 8Chinese Taipei 3Hong Kong 2India 2Japan 2Malaysia 2Pakistan 1Philippines 2Singapore 1South Korea 2Sri Lanka 1Thailand 2Vietnam 1

Affiliated Fairs - 38

Philippine ISEF-Affiliated FairsPhilippine ISEF-Affiliated Fairs

850132. Intel Basic Philippine Science Fair

850332. Intel Philippine Applied Science Fair

Director: Dr. Lolita M. AndradaBureau of Secondary EducationDepartment of EducationPasig City

Sponsors: Department of Education &Intel Technology Philippines, Inc.

Photo by LFRamos

Awards at the Intel ISEFAwards at the Intel ISEF

Intel BEST OF CATEGORY AWARDS. $5,000 scholarship and an Intel® CentrinoTM notebook computer. Plus, a $1,000 grant to the school & the Intel ISEF Affiliated fair.

GRAND AWARDS. Presented in each of 17 categories:

1st Place $3,000 cash award 2nd Place $1,500 cash award 3rd Place $1,000 cash award 4th Place $500 cash award

SPECIAL AWARDS. Grants, scholarships, internships, and scientific field trips from governmental, industrial and educational institutions representing a wide variety of scientific disciplines, which are affiliated with the Intel ISEF as Special Awards.

2009 BEST of the Best.2009 BEST of the Best.

Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award. A $50,000 scholarship for the top three student winners.

Li Boynton, 17, of Houston, TX; Tara Adiseshan, 14, of Charlottesville, VA; and Olivia Schwob, 16, of Boston, MA

Our ISEF GRAND AWARD winnersOur ISEF GRAND AWARD winners



20092009

Fourth Award (Team, Microbiology).Fourth Award (Team, Microbiology).Screening for Quorum Sensing Inhibitors

from Surface-Associated Bacteria of Halymenia durvillaei.

Kevin David & Orven Dumaong, PSHS-Main, QC


20072007

Fourth Award (Behavioral & Social Sciences).Fourth Award (Behavioral & Social Sciences).Ethnomathematics in the Geometric Patterns in

Woven Fabrics of the Indigenous Kalingas of the Philippines. . Hester Umayam, PSHS-Cagayan Valley

Fourth Award (Microbiology).Fourth Award (Microbiology).Fish Mucus: Its Potential Antimicrobial Effects on

Human Pathogens and Possible Role in Innate Immunity. Melvyn Barroa, Capiz NHS

Fourth Award (Team, Biochemistry).Fourth Award (Team, Biochemistry). Screening, Isolation, and Characterization of

Fluorescent Proteins from Nudibranchs.Razel Ventura, Janine Santiago & Mara Villaverde, PSHS-Main


20062006

Third Award (Zoology).Third Award (Zoology).Biofuel and Soaps from Janitor Fish

(Pterygoplichthys pardalis) Oil. Raymond Amurao, Marikina Science HS

Third Award (Team, Physics).Third Award (Team, Physics).Elastomeric Grating for Wavelength Switching

in Optical Communication Systems. Katrina Guevara, Ace Palabrica & Nicole Yazon, PSHS-

Main QC


20052005

Fourth Award (Botany).Fourth Award (Botany).Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Tabernaemontana pandacaqui PoirPoir (Pandakaki) (Pandakaki)

as Rice Bug as Rice Bug (Leptocorisa acuta) (Leptocorisa acuta) Eradicator.Eradicator.Daisy P Galapia, Sinait Natl High School

Third Award (Microbiology).Third Award (Microbiology).Biologically Potent Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Obtained from Tetrodotoxin-Rich Organs of Puffer Fishes (Arathron hispidus, Arathron manillensis, Chelenodon patoca).

Joey D Mangadlao, Agusan del Sur NHS


20042004

Fourth Award (Medicine & Health).Fourth Award (Medicine & Health).Biologically-Guided Isolation of the Antimicrobial Component

on the Sea-Snake Laticauda colubrina Schneider Venom.Joy Anne Aquino, E Rodriguez Junior High School

Third Award (Team, Chemistry).Third Award (Team, Chemistry).Development of a Chemically Modified Carbon Paste

Electrode from Green Mussels (Perna viridis) for the Analysis of Lead (II) Through Voltammetry.

Anne Velasquez, Katrina Rivera & Alan Gonzales, Manila Science HS

Fourth Award (Team, Environmental Sciences).Fourth Award (Team, Environmental Sciences).Lumos: A Simple, Rapid, and Inexpensive Dissolved Oxygen

Determination of Wastewater Samples Using the Tube Bioluminescence Extinction Method of Vibrio fischeri USTCMS 1063.

Jayson Obos, Trina Napasindayao & Melanie Melchor, QC Science HS


20022002

First Award (Microbiology).First Award (Microbiology).Antibiotic Substance Obtained from the

Parotid Gland Secretions of the Toad (Bufo marinus).

Prem Rara, Integrated Dev Sch – MSU-IIT

First Award (Team, Physics)First Award (Team, Physics)A Novel Application of Locally Formulated

Cholestric Liquid Crystals in Dosimetry.Allan Estrella, Jeric Macalintal & Richard Manapat,

Manila Science HS


20002000

Fourth Award (Team, Botany)Fourth Award (Team, Botany)Histochemical Tests and Antibacterial Effect

of Oak-Leaf Fern ( Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) J.Sm) Extracts. Osmund Amoroso, Ray Oco & Leo Carrillo, Central Mindanao Univ Laboratory HS

Our ISEF SPECIAL AWARD winnersOur ISEF SPECIAL AWARD winners


20092009

22ndnd Award, American Assn for Clinical Chemistry Award, American Assn for Clinical ChemistryStudy of the Cytotoxicity against Human Lung (A549)

and Colon (HCT 116) Carcinomas, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potentials of Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) Bile.

Angeli Joyce Dy, Capiz Natl HS

22ndnd Award, American Statistical Association Award, American Statistical AssociationMathematical Models for the Gender Determination of

Philippine Eagles (Pithecophaga jefferyi).Jovani Tomale, Davao City Natl HS


20082008

Distinguished Achievement Award of $1,500 & Trip to the SEG International Distinguished Achievement Award of $1,500 & Trip to the SEG International Exposition and Annual Meeting. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. Exposition and Annual Meeting. Society of Exploration Geophysicists.

Construction of a Mechanical Prototype of a Microtremor Recorder Based on Electromagnetic Induction. .

Adrian Patacsil, Marvin Ambrosio & Rachel Cahilog, PSHS-Main

20072007

Scholarship Award of $1,000. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Scholarship Award of $1,000. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance/The Lemuelson Foundation.Alliance/The Lemuelson Foundation.

The Potential of Marine Bioluminescent Bacteria as Antibacterial Agents Against Two Major Rice Diseases Caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola.

Luiji Suarez, Dona Hortencia Salas Benedicto Natl HS

20062006

Scholarship Award of $1,000. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Scholarship Award of $1,000. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance/The Lemuelson Foundation.Alliance/The Lemuelson Foundation.

Elastomeric Grating for Wavelength Switching in Optical Communication Systems.

Katrina Guevara, Ace Palabrica & Nicole Yazon, PSHS-Main QC


20042004

1st Award of $1,000. American Veterinary Medical 1st Award of $1,000. American Veterinary Medical Association. Association.

Biologically-Guided Isolation of the Antimicrobial Component on the Sea-Snake Laticauda colubrina Schneider Venom.

Joy Anne Aquino, E Rodriguez Junior High School

20032003

22ndnd Award of $250 & Certificate. American Intellectual Award of $250 & Certificate. American Intellectual Property Law Association.Property Law Association.

Antibacterial Agent Obtained from the Midgut of Cattle Leeches (Hirudinaria manilensis).

Efrellene Galula, Agusan del Sur Natl HS


20012001

Special Award. Patent & Trademark Office. US Dept of Special Award. Patent & Trademark Office. US Dept of Commerce.Commerce.

Phytoplankton Productivity Forecasting in the South China Phytoplankton Productivity Forecasting in the South China Sea Using Neutral Networks.Sea Using Neutral Networks.

Reinabelle Reyes, PSHS-Main QC

20002000

Honorable Mention of $100. Eastman Kodak Company.Honorable Mention of $100. Eastman Kodak Company.Histochemical Tests and Antibacterial Effect of Oak-Leaf

Fern ( Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) J.Sm) Extracts. Osmund Amoroso, Ray Oco & Leo Carrillo, Central Mindanao Univ

Laboratory HS

2. MOVING FORWARD.2. MOVING FORWARD.

VisionVision: Each Philippine school has a : Each Philippine school has a culture of excellence in science & culture of excellence in science & technology and research technology and research

Mission: Mission: To produce students imbued To produce students imbued with knowledge, skills and attitudes who with knowledge, skills and attitudes who are globally competitive in science and are globally competitive in science and technology for national development.technology for national development.

IPSF: VISION-MISSION

WHY do a science project?WHY do a science project?

DepEd curricular requirement?Interest in current issues: potential

treatments/cures for diseases, alternative energy sources, environment

Curiosity. Want to find answers.Quest for inventions/new discoveries.Fun. Inspired by sci-fi movies.Tool to social-network, travel.Honors.Money?

Needs to Complete a Science Project.Needs to Complete a Science Project.

PEOPLE- Students- Adults (Teachers, Parents,

Community of mentors/experts, andQualified Scientists)

FACILITIES / RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS- Non-Regulated (Home, School Labs, Zoos, etc.)- Regulated (Universities, Agencies, etc)

TIME- 12 continuous months between

January 2009 and May Next 2010

RESEARCH RULES/GUIDELINES

OTHERS

Students.Students.

In Grades 9-12 or equivalent.In Grades 9-12 or equivalent.

Has not reached 21 yrs of age on or before May Has not reached 21 yrs of age on or before May 2010. 2010.

Parents.Parents.

May be the Adult Sponsor (Sci Research Adviser).

Give encouragement, support, and guidance.

Make sure that the project is primarily the work of the child.

Help the child use and strengthen the skills he or she has learned and develop higher-level skills. The main goal should not be the ribbon or prize.

Help the child design a project that is safe and properly supervised.

Help the child plan to prevent a last minute project. Some projects may take 6 to 10 months.

From http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/

Adult SponsorAdult Sponsor

• Maybe a teacher, parent, university professor or scientist in whose lab the student is working.

Has solid science background & in close contact with student during the course of the project.

Works with student to assess possible risks to ensure health & safety of the student.

MUST know the rules esp. of potentially dangerous research.

OVERSEES THE PROJECT.

From http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/

Qualified Scientist(s)

Designated Supervisor(s)

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Scientific Review Committee (SRC)

Mentor(s)

Community.Community.

Timeline.Timeline.

Jan 2009

May 2010

New Year

Feb 2010

Sept 2009

Oct-Nov 2009

Division SciFair

Regional SciFair

National IPSF

ISEF

• TOPIC SELECTION / INFORMATION RESEARCH.• RESEARCH PLAN.• SRC/IRB BEFORE EXPERIMENTATION.

• EXPERIMENTATION.• REPORT WRITING.• SRC REVIEW BEFORE THE FAIRS.

• PROJECT DISPLAY.

Apr-May . Vacation

ISEF Rules & Guidelines.ISEF Rules & Guidelines.

Ethical Statement

Responsibilities

SRC/IRB review & approval before experimentation begins.

Restrictions regarding research using human subjects, vertebrate animals. PHBAs, & hazardous chemicals & devices.

Risk assessments as needed.

* Copy of ISEF 2010 Rules & Forms in CD.

Science ProjectScience Project

SCIENTIFIC-METHOD-BASED RESEARCH

NON-INQUIRY-BASED RESEARCH

LIFE SCIENCES.

SCIENTIFIC-METHOD-BASED SCIENTIFIC-METHOD-BASED RESEARCHRESEARCH

APPLIED SCIENCES.

ENGINEERING PROJECTS. Engineering goals, development process, evaluation of

improvements.

NON-INQUIRY-BASED RESEARCHNON-INQUIRY-BASED RESEARCH

COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECTS. New or improved algorithms, simulations, modeling,

‘virtual reality’, etc.

MATHEMATICS PROJECTS. NEW proofs, solving equations, etc.

THEORETICAL PROJECTS. Thought experiment, math modeling, new theories, concept formation, etc.

17 CATEGORIES17 CATEGORIES ANIMAL SCIENCESANIMAL SCIENCES

BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL SCIENCESBEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL SCIENCES

BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGYCELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

COMPUTER SCIENCECOMPUTER SCIENCE

EARTH & PLANETARY SCIENCEEARTH & PLANETARY SCIENCE

ENGINEERING: Electrical & MechanicalENGINEERING: Electrical & Mechanical

17 CATEGORIES17 CATEGORIES ENGINEERING: Mat’ls & BioengineeringENGINEERING: Mat’ls & Bioengineering

ENERGY & TRANSPORTATIONENERGY & TRANSPORTATION

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCESMATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

MEDICINE & HEALTH SCIENCESMEDICINE & HEALTH SCIENCES

MICROBIOLOGYMICROBIOLOGY

PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMYPHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

PLANT SCIENCESPLANT SCIENCES

ISEF Categories & SubcategoriesISEF Categories & Subcategorieshttp://www.societyforscience.org/isef/students/research_categories.asp

A Definition: Science ProjectA Definition: Science Project

COMPLETED SCIENCE PROJECT is “an amalgam of reading, writing, spelling, grammar, math, statistics, ethics, logic, critical thinking, computer science, graphic arts, scientific methodology, self-learning of one or more technical or specialty fields, and (if the project qualifies for formal competition) public speaking and defense in front of expert judges.”

3. INFORMATION 3. INFORMATION RESEARCH.RESEARCH.

Reading.Reading.

AVAILABLE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

Traditional Print Sources/Publications.

Internet-only Sources.

Caution: The internet may be the most convenient starting point for information research but it is not always the best.

Reading.Reading.

TRADITIONAL PRINT SOURCES.

Books & Textbooks. Dated/takes time to publish. Newspapers. Up-to-date, factual/opinionated.

Academic & Trade Journals. Most up-to-date info and research in industry, business and academe. Gives overview of current & past research, theories & history, specific processes & research.

Govt Reports & Legal Documents. Useful info. Press Releases & Ads. Special interest group. Flyers, Pamphlets, Leaflets. Reputable sources? Multimedia. Radio, TV, etc.

Reading.Reading.

INTERNET-ONLY SOURCES.

Websites. Vary in quality of info & validity of sources.Solid academic resources including on-line journals & sites of

universities & scholarly or scientific organizations.

Weblogs/Blogs. Credibility of sources/bloggers?

Message boards, discussion lists, & chat rooms. Plenty of boards that are unhelpful and poorly researched.

Multimedia. Online broadcasts and news, images, audio files, and interactive websites.

What to look for in a Web site.What to look for in a Web site.

Authority. Author [given?]? Qualifications?Any link to her or her position?

Affiliation. Website sponsor? Author affiliated with reliable institution?

Audience Level. Don’t use sites intended for elementary pupils or too technical for you.

Currency. Current? Dated? Info up-to-date?

Content Reliability/Accuracy.

What to look for in a Web site.What to look for in a Web site.

Content Reliability/Accuracy.◦ Material on the Web site reliable & accurate?◦ Information factual, not an opinion?◦ Information verifiable in print sources?◦ Source of information clearly stated, whether original

or secondary research material?◦ How valid is the research source?◦ Does the material presented have substance & depth?◦ Arguments based on strong evidence and good logic?◦ Author’s view impartial & objective?◦ Author’s language free of emotion & bias?◦ Site free of errors in spelling & grammar – signs of

carelessness of presentation?◦ Additional electronic & print sources provided to

complement/support Web site materials?

Wikipedia ArticlesWikipedia Articles

Often one of the first results listed

Check for school policies

Can be useful for:◦getting an overview◦generating new ideas◦pointing to other sources

Evaluating Sources: Using WikipediaEvaluating Sources: Using Wikipedia

Example of sources and further reading in the Wikipedia Henry VIII article:

Taking notes from research reading.Taking notes from research reading.

Know what kind of ideas you need to record. [Relevant ideas, facts and theories that help answer your question]

Do NOT write down too much. Compress ideas in your own words. You may quote ideas that are memorably phrased.

Label notes intelligently. Take notes that allows for later use (i.e., when you write your report).

The Writing Jobs. The Writing Jobs.

Research Plan.The results of your information research should enable you to map out your experimental design or research plan.

Research Report.You can now write your Review of Literature.

Science Project Report.Science Project Report.

SECTIONS (ISEF)

Title Page & Table of Contents.

Introduction.

Materials & Methods.

Results.

Discussion.

Conclusions.

References/Bibliography.

SECTIONS (I-SWEEP)

Cover PageTable of Contents.Abstract.Introduction.

Materials & Methods.

Results.

Discussion.

Acknowledgment.

References/Bibliography.

Review of Literature / Literature Review?Review of Literature / Literature Review?

Literature Review accounts for what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researches; provides the ‘meaningful context’ of the project within the ‘universe of already existing research’ [knowledge already established].

It presents the justification of the project – why it needs to be done, how different it is from others, how it fits within current knowledge, and what it is expected to contribute

IT IS PART OF THE INTRODUCTION TO A RESEARCH REPORT OR THESIS.

Whether or not you write a section called “Literature Review”, you are expected to present the research with knowledge of existing research.

What else in the INTRODUCTION?What else in the INTRODUCTION?

SETS THE SCENE FOR THE PROJECT REPORT.

Includes the PURPOSE, the HYPOTHESIS, PROBLEMor ENGINEERING GOALS;

Explanation of what prompted the research, and is hoped to be achieved;

Which are all consolidated with the body of the literature review.

IT IS NOT AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Citation Styles: APA or MLA?Citation Styles: APA or MLA?

In-Text Citations & Bibliography Format.

APA (American Pyschological Association) Style

MLA (Modern Language Association of America) Style

Other Styles. (Chicago, ASA).

Types of APA PapersTypes of APA Papers

The Literature Review --i.e. the summary of what the scientific literature says about the topic of your research -- includes title page, introduction, list of references

The Project Report-- the description of your experimental research-- includes title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references, appendices, tables & figures

Ethical Statement.Ethical Statement.

“SCIENTIFIC FRAUD AND MISCONDUCT ARE NOT CONDONED AT ANY LEVEL OF RESEARCH OR COMPETITION.

“SUCH PRACTICES INCLUDE PLAGIARISM, FORGERY, USE OR PRESENTATION OF OTHER RESEARCHER’S WORK AS ONE’S OWN AND FABRICATION OF DATA.

“FRAUDULENT PROJECTS WILL FAIL TO QUALIFY FOR COMPETITION IN AFFILIATED FAIRS OR THE INTEL ISEF.”

Unethical Examples.Unethical Examples.

Outright theftPassing off an engineering thesis as one’s own.

FraudRefashioning a previous year project as done during the current year

Selecting data points to create target results

PlagiarismCut-and-paste method of writing the review of literature

Some Acts of Plagiarism.Some Acts of Plagiarism.

Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper /Copying an entire paper or article from the Web [the cut-and-paste syndrome].

Hiring someone to write your paper.

Copying large sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation.

Exemptions: your own experiences, test results, photographs, common knowledge.

PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATIONPARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION

Summarize major point or argument of the Summarize major point or argument of the author(s). Reference to the work is acceptable.author(s). Reference to the work is acceptable.

SUMMARIZING.SUMMARIZING.

HOW TO USE IDEAS OF OTHER PEOPLE.HOW TO USE IDEAS OF OTHER PEOPLE.

Use the author’s ideas and put them in your own Use the author’s ideas and put them in your own words. Changing just a few words is PLAGIARISM.words. Changing just a few words is PLAGIARISM.

PARAPHRASING.PARAPHRASING.

Using author’s exact words. Use quotation marks, or Using author’s exact words. Use quotation marks, or indent if more than 3 lines.indent if more than 3 lines.

QUOTING DIRECTLY.QUOTING DIRECTLY.

Avoiding Plagiarism.Avoiding Plagiarism.

Paraphrasing, Summarizing.Paraphrasing, Summarizing.

Examples to Compare.

The original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

Paraphrasing, Summarizing.Paraphrasing, Summarizing.

Examples to Compare (cont’d).

An acceptable summary:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version:Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

“Pozzolanic materials are utilized essentially as active addition to the clinker of cement primarily for echnological, economical and environmental reasons. [-xxx-] These reasons alone fully justify the utilization of active addition of pozzolan to cement in construction, cement and concrete industries (Talero, 1990).

- - - -

“These pyroclastic and lahar deposits are currently being studied and developed for various applications in agriculture, ceramics, foundry works, entomology, soil engineering, and civil engineering works (Bernardo, 1994; Almeniana, 1992; Pagbilao et al., 1992; Mendoza et al;, 1992; Acda et al., 1992; Metra et al., 1992). Lahar and volcanic ash are basically pumiceous material consisting of feldspar, quartz, and amphiboles which are essentially silicate materials rich in aluminum, calcium, potassium and sodium (Shimizu et al., 1993). Initial study presented by Shimizu and Jorillo (1992) at the International Scientific Conference on Mt Pinatubo showed that the lahar material is highly siliceous material with relatively good degree of amorphousness …”

Source: Jorillo, P. A. and Verdejo, B. D. (1995, June). Pozzolanic Behavior of Mt Pinatubo Ejecta Under Natural and Accelerated Curing Condition. Philippine Engineering Journal. 16(1). pp. 49-72.

PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATIONPARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATIONIn-text Citations, APA StyleIn-text Citations, APA Style

Free Articles Online.Free Articles Online.

HighWire Press. Stanford University http://highwire.stanford.edu/lists/freeart.dtl

American Journal of Botany http://www.amjbot.org/collected/geneticsandmolecularbiolog

y.shtml

Amer Soc for Microbiology. Molecular & Cellular Biology.

http://mcb.asm.org/ The Royal Society of Mathematical, Physical and

Engineering Sciences http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/461/2064/3785

.full.pdf+html

In-text Citations – APA Style.In-text Citations – APA Style.

Works by a Single Author

The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.

from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)

If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative cite only missing information in parentheses.

Simon (1945) posited that

In 1945 Simon posited that


Works by Multiple Authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&).

as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)

In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."

as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated


Works by Multiple Authors

When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.

Kahneman, Knetsch, & Thaler (1991) found

In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.

Kahneman et al. (1991) found


Works by Associations, Corporations, Government Agencies, etc.

The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)

When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations.

(NIMH, 2007)


Works with No Author

When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.

on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)

Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)

Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.

on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)


Specific Parts of a SourceTo cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for

quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.

(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)

De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to be reaching ... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218).

If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation "para." or the heading and following paragraph.

(Mönnich & Spiering, 2008 para. 9)

Reference List – APA Style.Reference List – APA Style.

Information Needed to Identify/Retrieve a Source

ORDER. Alphabetical by authors’ last names. Alphabetically within the same list using the title for sources with no authors

AUTHORS. Write out last name and initials for all authors of a particular work, using an ampersand (&) when listing them. Example: Smith, J.D., & Jones, M.

TITLES. Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.

PAGINATION. Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.


Information Needed to Identify/Retrieve a Source

Indentation. The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".

Underlining vs. Italics. It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.


Information Needed to Identify/ Retrieve a Source Accessed Online.

Internet Address. A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.

Date. If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.


Examples. Sources Accessed Online.Article from an Internet-only journal.

Hirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8). doi:10.1045/july2008- hirtle

Journal article from a subscription database (no DOI)

Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. Fortune, 158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO.

American Psychological Association (APA) STYLE American Psychological Association (APA) STYLE SOURCE - BOOKSSOURCE - BOOKS

Last Name, Initials. (Date of publication). Last Name, Initials. (Date of publication). Title of Book. Title of Book. Place of Place of Publication: Publisher.Publication: Publisher.

Book by single author:Book by single author:Pratt, A. (1994). Dancing with goddesses: archetypes, poetry, and empowerment. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Book by two or more persons:Book by two or more persons:Dutton, W.H., Kahin, B., O’Callaghan, R., and Wickoff, A.W. (Eds.), (2005). Transforming enterprise. Cambridge: MIT Press.

SOURCE – Articles in Newspapers/PeriodicalsSOURCE – Articles in Newspapers/Periodicals

Last Name, Initials. (Date of publication). Title of Article. Last Name, Initials. (Date of publication). Title of Article. Title of Periodical. Title of Periodical. Volume#(Issue#). p.#/pages.Volume#(Issue#). p.#/pages.

Newspaper article with an author: Newspaper article with an author: Hefferman, V. (2006, April 14) The evil screen’s plot to take over the 2- and-under world. The New York Times. p. E1.

Article from a magazine/scholarly journal:Article from a magazine/scholarly journal:Appadurai, A. (2000). Grassroots globalization and the research imagination. Public Culture. 12(1). 1-19

American Psychological Association (APA) STYLE American Psychological Association (APA) STYLE SOURCE – Web sitesSOURCE – Web sites

Document title, a date (of publication or update), a date of retrieval, and an Document title, a date (of publication or update), a date of retrieval, and an URL. URL is critical for corroboration.URL. URL is critical for corroboration.

A Web page:A Web page:Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace. (2006, August 10). RN papers and artifacts arriving in Yorba Linda. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from http://www.nixonfoundation.org/

Entire Web site:Entire Web site:New York Public Library Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. In motion: the African-American migration experience. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from http:/www.inmotionaame.org/home.cfm

Online Subscription Sources:Online Subscription Sources:1. Newspaper Article from Lexis NexisX versus Y. (2006, June 20). The Toronto Star, p. C01. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from Lexis Nexis database.

2. Scholarly Journal from JSTOREscobar, A.J. (1993). The dialectics of repression: the Los Angeles police department

and the Chicano movement, 1968-1971. The Journal of American History. 79(4). 1483-1514. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from JSTOR database.

Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE SOURCE - BOOKSSOURCE - BOOKS

Last Name, First Name. Last Name, First Name. Title of BookTitle of Book. . City: Publisher, Year.City: Publisher, Year.

Book by single author:Book by single author:Malavet, Pedro A. America’s Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the US and Puerto Rico. New York: New York University Press, 2004.

Book by two or more persons:Book by two or more persons:Butler, Judith, Laclau, Ernesto, and Zizek, Slavoj. Contingency, Hegemony, Universality. London: Verso, 2000.

SOURCE – Articles in Newspapers/PeriodicalsSOURCE – Articles in Newspapers/Periodicals

Last Name, First Name. “ Title of Article.” Publication Info (varies depending Last Name, First Name. “ Title of Article.” Publication Info (varies depending on type of publication)on type of publication). .

Newspaper article with an author: Newspaper article with an author: Steele, Alan. “Redlands a Key Stop for Riders.” Riverside Press Enterprise 25 July 2005: C01.

Article from a magazine/scholarly journal:Article from a magazine/scholarly journal:Sullivan, Robert. “Global Shopping.” Vogue March 2006: 303.

Last Name, First Name. “Web page.” Web site. Date of Creation. Date of Access <</>address</>>.

A Web page:A Web page:“Stephen Colbert.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 14 Aug 2006

<</>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Colbert</>>.

An Entire Web site.An Entire Web site.Seti @ home. 14 Aug 2006 <</>http://setiahome.berkeley.edu</>>.

Online Subscription Sources:Online Subscription Sources:Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Date of Publication. Database

Title. Place of Access. Date of Access <</>address</>>.

1. Newspaper Article from Lexis NexisBugeja, Michael J. “Facing the Facebook.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 27

January 2006. Lexis Nexis. Armacost Library. 14 Aug 2006 <</>http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe</>>.

2. Scholarly Article from JSTORBurton, Julianne. “The Camera as Gun.” Latin American Perspectives 5.1 (1978).

JSTOR. 14 Aug 2006 <</>http://www.jstor.org/research</>>.

Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE SOURCE – Web sitesSOURCE – Web sites

Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE Modern Language Assn of America (MLA) STYLE In-Text CitationsIn-Text Citations

Document sources in the paper by citing author & publication date. Document sources in the paper by citing author & publication date. This helps reader locate information source in the bibliography.This helps reader locate information source in the bibliography.

Basic format for a quotationBasic format for a quotation..Malavet suggests that the “danza is part of a long construction of Puerto Ricanart as being white because it was made for whites” (109).

Basic format for summary or paraphraseBasic format for summary or paraphrase..Puerto Ricans have used their difference from “real Americans” to empower themselves, creating a cohesive cultural identity (Malavet 101).

A work with more than one authorA work with more than one author..Despite misconception of “Aboriginal customary economic relations of and between Aboriginal groupings are markedly distinct from, and yet not incommensurable with … market” (Langton, Mazel and Palmer 307).

In subsequent citations, you may list all authors as above OR use firstauthor’s name followed by “et al”.

Source: University of Redlands – MLA Style Guide at http://www.redlands.edu

APA & MLA2009 Posters.APA & MLA2009 Posters.

APA & MLA2009 Posters.APA & MLA2009 Posters.

Elements of a Successful Science Project ..Elements of a Successful Science Project ..

PROJECT DATA BOOK (JOURNAL)

RESEARCH PAPER

ABSTRACT

Research Data Book.Research Data Book.

Should contain the following with ALL ENTRIES DATED, ALL PAGES SEQUENTIALLY NUMBERED –

Information research records Research activities (diary/journal) Approved Research Plan Data tables (with appropriate units) Print-outs from analytical equipment and the like Pictures taken by researchers

There are rules regarding errors in record keeping.- Cross-out instead of erasing, correction initialled/dated- Tearing off pages not allowed- Blank/Empty page sections crossed out with notation “no entry”.

Accurate & detailed notes are essential in writing a logical and winning project.

Good notes show consistency and thoroughness to judges

4. Abstract Writing.4. Abstract Writing.Source:

John Cole, Intel ISEF D & S Chair.“Mastering the Abstract Writing Process”

What Is an Abstract?What Is an Abstract?

A brief, written explanation of the research project, consisting of a succinct description of the project’s purpose, the procedures followed, the data collected, and the conclusions reached.

A clear and simple summary statement of the main points of the experiment

An abstract gives the essence of the project An abstract gives the essence of the project in a brief but complete form to judges and the in a brief but complete form to judges and the public viewing the project.public viewing the project.

NO MORE THAN 250 WORDS.

FOR CONTINUATION PROJECTS:

The abstract must focus on the current year's research and give only minimal reference to previous work.

Sample Abstract TemplateSample Abstract Template

TitleNameSchool

Purpose of project / experiment:

An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project.

A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.

Summarize procedures, emphasizing the key points or steps:

A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the investigation was conducted.

Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation.

An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be included.

Detail succinctly observations/data/results:

This section should provide key results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn.

It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts or graphs.

State conclusions/applications.

Sample AbstractSample Abstract

Effects of Marine Engine Exhaust Water on Algae Effects of Marine Engine Exhaust Water on Algae

Mary E. JonesMary E. JonesHometown High School, Hometown, PAHometown High School, Hometown, PA

This project in its present form is the result of bioassay experimentation on This project in its present form is the result of bioassay experimentation on the effects of two-cycle marine engine exhaust water on certain green the effects of two-cycle marine engine exhaust water on certain green algae.algae. The initial idea was to determine the toxicity of outboard engine The initial idea was to determine the toxicity of outboard engine lubricant. Some success with lubricants eventually led to the formulation of lubricant. Some success with lubricants eventually led to the formulation of "synthetic" exhaust water which, in turn, led to the use of actual two-cycle "synthetic" exhaust water which, in turn, led to the use of actual two-cycle engine exhaust water as the test substance. engine exhaust water as the test substance.

Toxicity was determined by means of the standard bottle or "batch" Toxicity was determined by means of the standard bottle or "batch" bioassay technique. Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus sp. bioassay technique. Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus sp. were used as the test organismswere used as the test organisms. . Toxicity was measured in terms of a Toxicity was measured in terms of a decrease in the maximum standing crop. The effective concentration - 50% decrease in the maximum standing crop. The effective concentration - 50% (EC 50) for Scenedesmus quadricauda was found to be 3.75% exhaust (EC 50) for Scenedesmus quadricauda was found to be 3.75% exhaust water; for Ankistrodesmus sp. 3.1% exhaust water using the bottle water; for Ankistrodesmus sp. 3.1% exhaust water using the bottle techniquetechnique. .

Anomalies in growth curves raised the suspicion that evaporation was Anomalies in growth curves raised the suspicion that evaporation was affecting the results; therefore, a flow-through system was improvised affecting the results; therefore, a flow-through system was improvised utilizing the characteristics of a device called a Biomonitor.utilizing the characteristics of a device called a Biomonitor. Use of the Use of the Biomonitor lessened the influence of evaporation, and the EC 50 was Biomonitor lessened the influence of evaporation, and the EC 50 was found to be 1.4% exhaust water using Ankistrodesmus sp. as the test found to be 1.4% exhaust water using Ankistrodesmus sp. as the test organism. Mixed populations of various algae gave an EC 50 of 1.28% organism. Mixed populations of various algae gave an EC 50 of 1.28% exhaust water. exhaust water.

The contributions of this project are twofold. First, the toxicity of two-cycle The contributions of this project are twofold. First, the toxicity of two-cycle marine engine exhaust was found to be considerably greater than reported marine engine exhaust was found to be considerably greater than reported in the literature (1.4% vs. 4.2%). Secondly, the benefits of a flow-through in the literature (1.4% vs. 4.2%). Secondly, the benefits of a flow-through bioassay technique utilizing the Biomonitor was demonstrated.bioassay technique utilizing the Biomonitor was demonstrated.

PurposePurpose

MethodsMethods

DataData

ObservationsObservations

ConclusionsConclusions

ApplicationsApplications

Product list.Product list.

BEFORE EXPERIMENTATION.

RESEARCH PLAN

AFTER EXPERIMENTATION

RESEARCH PAPER.

ABSTRACT.

DISPLAY.

PROJECT DATA BOOK / JOURNAL

A Definition: Science ProjectA Definition: Science Project

COMPLETED SCIENCE PROJECT is “an amalgam of reading, writing, spelling, grammar, math, statistics, ethics, logic, critical thinking, computer science, graphic arts, scientific methodology, self-learning of one or more technical or specialty fields, and (if the project qualifies for formal competition) public speaking and defense in front of expert judges.”

5. PROJECT DISPLAY5. PROJECT DISPLAY

04/10/23 98

What a Well-Designed Project What a Well-Designed Project Board Should AccomplishBoard Should Accomplish

Provides judges and the public with an overview of your project when you are not there to explain

Emphasizes succinctly the scope of the project, the nature of the research, and the results

Demonstrates the authority of the researcher in the neatness and correctness of the information presented

04/10/23 99

Examples of Examples of Freestanding DisplaysFreestanding Displays

04/10/23 100

Tabletop DisplaysTabletop Displays

04/10/23 101

Dimensions of Project DisplayDimensions of Project Display

The permitted height (floor to top) from the floor to the top of the project is 108”/274 cm.

04/10/23 102A Few Rules to FollowA Few Rules to Follow

Keep the display simple. Avoid clutter. Judges and the public viewing the board must be able to comprehend quickly what your research involved.

Use no more than two or three colors, and choose colors appropriate to your subject.

Arrange the information logically.

Label all data tables, charts, graphs, or photographs you use.

04/10/23 103

What the Board Should DisplayWhat the Board Should Display

PurposePurpose

HypothesisHypothesis

MaterialsMaterials

ProcedureProcedure

TitleTitle

(Keep it (Keep it simple)simple)

GraphsGraphs

PicturesPictures

DataData

ResultsResults

ConclusionConclusion

AbstractAbstract

Other Other RequiredRequired

PaperworkPaperwork

04/10/23 109

The Project TitleThe Project Title

Again, keep it simple and short. It should be readable from a minimum of six feet.

Try to develop a phrasing that captures attention but succinctly represents your research.

04/10/23 111

Examples of Items Not Examples of Items Not Allowed Allowed The example on The example on right illustrates right illustrates soil or waste soil or waste materials not materials not properly sealed properly sealed in acrylic.in acrylic.

The example at left The example at left illustrates plant illustrates plant and soil materials and soil materials properly encased properly encased in acrylic.in acrylic.

04/10/23 112

Photographs of Photographs of vertebrate animals in vertebrate animals in lab procedures, lab procedures, unnatural unnatural environments, or stress environments, or stress situations not allowedsituations not allowed. Containers of Containers of

plants and dirt plants and dirt not allowed.not allowed.

Glass items not Glass items not allowed.allowed.

04/10/23 113

Sharp objects, Sharp objects, such as this such as this needle, are not needle, are not allowed.allowed.

Plant and other Plant and other drieddriedmaterials scattered materials scattered forfordecoration are notdecoration are notallowed.allowed.

04/10/23

How to Credit Photos/ImagesHow to Credit Photos/ImagesAny photos,

images, and graphs used in the display must be credited. If the finalist created all photos/images, a single credit is sufficient.

If your display If your display includes an electrical includes an electrical or engineering or engineering design , make design , make certain that there is certain that there is no exposed wiring no exposed wiring and connections and connections without non-without non-conducting shielding conducting shielding or a grounded metal or a grounded metal box or cage.box or cage.

The project to the The project to the right illustrates a right illustrates a display that would display that would not be approved.not be approved.

Unofficial abstracts

displayedInappropriate pictures of animals

No Photo Credits

Examples of Typical Violations

Correct DisplayCorrect DisplayUsing Table Using Table

Tri-fold board does not Tri-fold board does not extend over edges of the extend over edges of the provided table, which is provided table, which is 30” by 48”.30” by 48”.Required paperwork is Required paperwork is properly displayed on front properly displayed on front of table.of table.All images properly All images properly creditedcredited

04/10/23 118ReferencesReferences

ISEF Rules Wizard http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/students/wizard/index.asp

The Rules Wizard has been designed as a first step to help you determine what forms and approvals are necessary before beginning a science fair project intended for competition at an ISEF-affiliated fair or the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.

D & S Inspectors Manual: http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/document/hubman.asp

This site contains a training PPt. for Host Committee D & S Inspectors that provides additional information on appropriate displays.

SRC PowerPoint: http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/ The Scientific Review PowerPoint reviews regulations for projects.

Reviews role of supervisors, etc., and all required paperwork.

See You at IPSF/ISEF 2011!See You at IPSF/ISEF 2011!

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