LHC Upgrade path • IniDal operaDon
– Ramp up to 1x1034 cm‐2s‐1
• Phase I upgrade – AJer ~2 years of operaDon (~2013.99999) – Replace 70 mm triplet quads with 120 mm quads
• Includes APUL projects (superconducDng separaDon dipoles, feedboxes, etc)
– β* goes from 50‐>25 cm – Luminosity goes to 2.5x1034 cm‐2s‐1
• Phase II upgrade – Second half of next decade (nominally 2020) – Luminosity goal: 1x1035
– Details sDll under study • New technology for larger aperture quads (Nb3Sn) • crab caviDes? • Improved injector chain (PS2 + SPL)
PSB SPL’ RCPSB
SPS SPS+
Linac4
SPL
PS
LHC DLHC
Outpu
t ene
rgy
160 MeV
1.4 GeV ~ 5 GeV
26 GeV 40 – 60 GeV
450 GeV 1 TeV
7 TeV ~ 14 TeV
Linac2 50 MeV
Proton flux / Beam power
Injector Upgrade
PS2 (PS2+) Linac4: PSB injector (160 MeV) SPL: SuperconducDng Proton Linac
(~ 5 GeV) SPL’: RCPSB injector
(0.16 to 0.4‐1 GeV) RCPSB: Rapid Cycling PSB
(0.4‐1 to ~ 5 GeV) PS2: High Energy PS
(~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz) PS2+: SuperconducDng PS
(~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz) SPS+: SuperconducDng SPS
(50 to1000 GeV) DLHC: “Double energy” LHC
(1 to ~14 TeV)
M. Benedikt, R. Garoby, CERN DG 7/13/09 3 E. Prebys, DOE Review, FNAL
CERN Mid Range Plans 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Priorities Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 1 LHC Operation assumed O O O O O Sh Sh O O Sh O O O Sh O O Sh Sh Sh O O 1 SPS operation and exploitation O O O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O Sh Sh Sh O O 1 PS Operation and Exploitation O O O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O Sh Sh Sh O O 1 Booster Exploitation and Operation O O O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O Sh Sh Sh O O 1 Source/LINAC2 op and exploitation O O O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O Sh Sh Sh Sh Sh
Linac3/LEIR/Ions Operation Sh Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O Sh Sh Sh O O 1 LHC 3-4 magnet repair for spares C C C C 1 Consolidation all accelerators C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 2 LINAC4 assumed C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Sh Sh Sh O O 2 Inner Triplets assumed C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Sh Sh Sh O O 1 AD assumed Sh Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O Sh Sh Sh O O 1 AEGIS C? C? C? C? O? O? O? O? O? O? O? O? ? ? 1 ELENA ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 1 CNGS Sh Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh Sh O O 1 East Hall (PS) Sh Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh Sh O? 0? 1 ISOLDE (REX) Sh Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh Sh O? 0? 1 nToF Sh Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh Sh O? 0? 1 North Area (Compass etc) Sh Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh O O O Sh Sh O? 0? 2 CAST/OSQAR ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 2 CTF3 Operation O O O O O O O? O? Sh O? O? O? Sh O? O? O? Sh O? O? O? 2 CLIC/ILC St St St St St St St *St? St? Td? Td? Td? Td? Td? Td? Td? Td? Td? Td? Td? Td? 2 Collimation Phase 2 St St St St St St St St St C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? 2 PS2 Study St St St St St St St St St St St * 2 PS2 Construction C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? 2 SPL (LP) St St St St St St St St St St St * 2 SPL Construction C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? 3 HIE ISOLDE C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? 3 High Field Quadrupoles R&D St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St 3 Medical Applications St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St St 3 Radiation Facilities (HiRadMat) C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? C? O? O? O? Sh Sh O? O?
O Operation C Construction Sh Shutdown St Studies O? * Council decision
Proposed working plan – not yet official
What is LARP?
The LHC Accelerator Research Program was established in 2003 to
• Advance InternaOonal CooperaOon in High Energy Accelerators
• Advance High Energy Physics • Help bring the LHC on and up to design performance quickly • Improve LHC performance by advances in accelerator understanding and
instrumentaDon • Use LHC as a tool to gain deeper knowledge of accelerator science and technology • Extend LHC as a fronDer HEP instrument with a Dmely luminosity upgrade
• Advance U.S. Accelerator Science and Technology • Keep skills sharp by helping to commission the LHC • Conduct forefront AP research and development • Advance U.S. capabiliDes to improve the performance of our own machines • Prepare U.S. scienDsts to design next generaDon colliders • Develop technologies necessary for next generaDon colliders
LARP Overview
• Advanced accelerator and technology research • Most tasks are either first in the world or pushing the
state of the art in some way
• Major contribuDons to the community
• 3 PAC09 invited talks • 33 PAC09 contributed papers
• EducaDon • 5 toohig fellows – 3 current, 2 ‘graduated’ • MulDple postdocs, several PhD thesis
LARP ‐ Magnets Development Establish Nb3Sn as a viable technology for the LHC Phase II upgrade
E. Prebys, DOE Review, FNAL
A/mm2
1000 A/mm2
LHC IR Upgrades Requirements
• Phase I upgrade quadrupoles – Aperture 0.12 mm – Gradient 120 T/m
– Field 8T – Conductor NbTi
• Phase II upgrade parameters sDll under study – Likely requires large aperture high field quadrupoles
• need to use of Nb3Sn conductor
LARP Magnet Program Components
1. Materials R&D: • Strand specification and procurement • Cable fabrication, insulation and qualification • Heat treatment optimization
2. Technology development with Racetrack Coils: • Subscale Quadrupole (SQ) • Long Racetrack (LR)
3. Cos 2θ Quadrupoles with 90 mm aperture: • Technology Quadrupole (TQ) • Long Quadrupole (LQ)
4. Cos 2θ Quadrupoles with 120 mm aperture: • High-Field Quadrupole (HQ) • Accelerator Quadrupole (QA)
Ongoing
Completed
~80%
~10%
Present focus: Long Quadrupole (LQ)
Scale up of TQ design from 1 m to 3.6 m length
• Coil parts, winding and curing: FNAL • Coil reac?on and po@ng: FNAL & BNL • Instrumenta?on traces, strain gauges: LBNL • Collar structure fabrica?on/assembly: FNAL • Shell structure fabrica?on/assembly: LBNL • Magnet test: FNAL
LQ Status and Plans April 2009 review following cool‐down test confirmed LQS Structure Readiness Four coils received (2 pracDce coils); last 2 LQS01 coils received in May Coil instrumentaDon & LQS01 assembly in June‐July; test in September‐October Addi?onal coil fabrica?on and magnet tests are planned for FY10
LQ coils (2/4)
Bladders
LQS Structure
LRS02 Magnet
PracDce coils
These items are presently at LBNL for assembly – visits are possible
Accelerator Systems Beam InstrumentaDon and RF To date the only hardware contribuDons installed to help the LHC reach its opDmal performance Luminosity monitor described earlier today
CollimaDon – Next Talk
Accelerator Physics
Will present highlights of selected acDviDes
15
Schowky Monitors • Advanced enabling technology for:
• Non invasive tune measurement for each ring from peak posiDons
• Non invasive chromaDcity measurements from differenDal width
• Measure momentum spread from average width
• ConDnuous online emiwance monitor from average band power
• Measure beam‐beam tune shiJ
Build in capability to monitor gain variation with time Measure individual or multiple bunches
A. Jansson, R. Pasquinelli - FNAL
16
Schowky ‐ Technical Approach • Center frequency of 4.8 GHz • 3dB BW ‐ 300 MHz
– Sufficient for 25ns bunch spacing
• Small longitudinal Z/n – No absorbers allowed
• Below frequency of Schowky band overlap
• Allows for adequate physical aperture
• Matched pairs of SiO2 coax cables
Synch Light Monitors Abort Gap
• Monitor radiaDon emiwed by dipole bend magnets and short undulator at low energy (< 2TeV)
• Extracted by mirror and transported/focused by a dedicated system – Image with cameras
• Measure – beam profile and – beam in abort gap
• Protons and Heavy Ions A. Fisher ‐ SLAC 17
DoE Review June 19‐20, 2008 19
unstable if νm=νz
AC Dipole Concept
AC D ipole
CDF D0
Design O rbitNatura l Oscil.Excited Oscil.
Long lasting large coherent oscillation with ε preserved
AC Dipole
Data from AGS
IP2 IP1
IP3 IP4
€
Z
(m )(s) =BmL
4π (Bρ)δ
βmβ(s)
€
δ− := ν −νm
δ+ := (1−ν ) −νm
20
AC Dipoles
• Started by Univ. of Texas – R. Miyamoto ‐ PhD thesis
• Incubated by LARP • Now at all three hadron colliders
• Much faster than other methods • Linear opDcs measurement
– Measure β funcDon and phase advance
– Measure β funcDon at IP – Linear coupling measurement
• Local coupling measurement • Non‐linear driving term
measurement • Dynamic aperture measurement
FNAL TeV @ 150 GeV
DoE Review June 19-20, 2008 Beam Instrumentation- A. Ratti 21
LLRF Modeling • Leveraging the experience with PEP‐II the group is acDvely working
to help model the LHC RF system and its components • The goal is to adapt and expand the exisDng models to a hadron
collider and storage ring • Supported beam commissioning by provided highly experienced
engineers during the tuning and hardware calibraDons before the 2008 run
• Measured transfer funcDons, open and closed loop
• Studying noise budget by modeling key components to qualify the impact of noise on emiwance growth (expected large)
Beam Beam CompensaDon InteracDon between the two crossing beams can be detrimental
Up to 16 consecuDve bunches interacDng with each other at the IP before/aJer collissions
Electron lenses are low energy (5‐10 keV) electron beams, stabilized in a solenoidal field, that interact with a hadron beam
The main focus of the electron lens work is head‐on beam‐beam compensaDon
Electron lenses with hollow beams may also be used to improve the collimaDon efficiency by enhancing diffusion for large amplitude parDcles
Previous beam‐beam work concentrated on experimental long‐range studies in RHIC with wires, and comparisons with simulaDons
Beam‐beam compensaDon concept with electron lens
• Exact compensaDon if x3(N1,N2) = x3(0,0) and x’3(N1,N2) =
x’3(0,0) :
1. Same amplitude dependent force in p‐beam and e‐beam lens, and 2. Phase advance between p‐beam and e‐beam lens is ΔΨ = kπ, and 3. No nonlineariDes between p‐beam and e‐beam lens
Wolfram Fischer ‐ BNL
24
p‐beam lens defocuses e‐beam lens focuses
p‐beam
CondiDon 1 cannot be realized with magnets, requires an electron beam
beam‐beam kick
magnet kicks
4 Labs collaboraDon lead by U. Wienands, SLAC 25
Possible PS2 Design Report Outline (Machine physics part)
• Coordination and basic lattice design
• Linear correction systems
• Non-linear dynamics and correction systems
• Collective effects and feedback systems – Space charge studies – Impedance estimates and instabilities – e- cloud effects and vacuum system requirements – Damping system specifications
• Collimation aspects
• Machine protection
• Instrumentation specifications and commissioning strategy
Source: Memo by M. Benedikt & Y. Papaphilippou
CERN
LARP!
U. Wienands, SLAC 26
The LARP PS2 Subtasks • Space‐Charge SimulaDons (Ryne, Qiang (LBNL); Spentzouris (FNAL))
– setup & verify model in codes (ML/I, SYNERGIA), simulate op. scenarios, halo development, beam collimaDon
• e‐Cloud build‐up & instabiliDes (Furman, Venturini (LBNL); Pivi, Wang (SLAC)) – simulate build‐up (POSINST, CLOUDLAND), study instabiliDes(WARP),
emiwance growth, miDgaDon strategies (coaDng)
• CollecDve InstabiliDes (Bane, Stupakov (SLAC)) – analyDc, possibly e‐m & beam simulaDons, growth rates, impedance budget.
• MulDbunch instabiliDes & feedback (Rivewa (SLAC)) – analyDc & simulaDons (PEP‐II codes), growth rates, conceptual design of f/b
systems.
• IPM (de Maria, Brown (BNL); Fisher (SLAC)) – Define requirements, conceptual design
SPS feedback control of e‐cloud instability
• LHC beam in the SPS (72 bunches per batch, 4 batches) is close to an instability threshold
• The instability is transverse, fast (rise Dme of hundreds of turns), and shows frequencies up to about 1 GHz
• The instability is caused by electron clouds and impedance
• SPS scrubbing is required every year aJer startup for a few days to reduce the secondary electron yield (SEY) of the chamber walls
• A fast transverse feedback is a way to suppress the instability
J. Byrd (LBNL), J. Fox (SLAC)
27
ProgrammaDc AcDviDes
• The LARP program has had good success integraDng US scienDsts into LHC acDviDes – Toohig Fellowship
• 2‐3 year PostDoctoral posiDon • Successful candidates choose their host lab • Spend ~50% of their Dme at host lab and 50% at CERN
– hwp://www.interacDons.org/toohig/index.html
– Long Trem Visitors program • LARP provides support for advanced postdocs or scienDsts to spend extended periods at CERN, working on predetermined projects.
32
Status
• LARP acDviDes at different maturity levels – From Beam instrumentaDon – waiDng for beam – To Magnets – need a few more years of R&D to define phase II upgrade magnets
• As in all healthy programs, there are always more good ideas than funding – Many labs support acDviDes through base programs
• When larger budgets are needed, the goal is to incubate acDviDes unDl they can be spun off as independent projects
Conclusions
• LARP plans to support the LHC throughout its life cycle, from early commissioning (beam instrumentaDon) to the phase II upgrade
• Close integraDon with CERN ensures LARP’s projects are in line with CERN’s needs (ie. PS2)
• LARP provides opportuniDes for young (and not!) scienDsts and engineers to contribute to HEP and the LHC