Libro Nat Science

8/15/2019 Libro Nat Science

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Natural Science 4 is a collective work, conceived, designed

and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana,

under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.

WRITER

María Antonia Fernández

MANAGING EDITOR

Sheila Tourle

EDITORS

Beatriz García Hipólito

Mª Antonia Oliva

PROOFREADING

Jane Drummond

James Price

ILLUSTRATIONS

Alademosca il·lustració

Digitalartis

José Luis Navarro

Marcelo Pérez

José Santos

Do not write in this book.

Do all the activities in your notebook.

P R I M A R Y

Natural Science

Richmond


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Unit Natural Science syllabus Topics

1 Life processes

6

People and health

Nutrition

Systems involved in nutrition

2 Our senses

16

People and health

Sight

Hearing

3 People and health

26

People and health

Health

Prevention

TERM REVISION

4Classifyingliving things

38

Living things

Groups of living things

Animals

5 Plants

48

Living things

The parts of a plant

Photosynthesis

6Wild plantsand crops

60

Living things

Plant sensitivity

The life cycle of plants

TERM REVISION

7Forces andenergy

72

Matter and energy

The effects of forces

Gravity

8 Heat and light82

Matter and energy Heat

Conductors and insulators

9 Machines92

Technology, objects and machines

The pulley

The inclined plane

TERM REVISION

Cooperative project: Olive oil

CONTENTS

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Topics Know how to

Sensitivity

The nervous system

The locomotor system

Reproduction

Identify healthy diets

Touch

Smell

Taste

Looking after your senses

Interpret and use codes

Health care

Healthy habits

A healthy diet

Accident prevention

Mediate in a conflict

Plants

Algae

Fungi

Bacteria

Classify samples from living things

Plant respiration

Sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction

Plant classification

Draw a flower using a magnifying glass

Vegetation

Crop farming

The process of farming

Types of crops

Choose and look after a plant

Non-renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources

Transformation of energy

Uses of energy

Identify the effects of forces

Properties of light

Refraction

Composition of light

Reflection

Identify the primary colours of light

The lever

Complex machines

Operating parts

Gears

Build a catapult

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6 Wild plants and crops

Read and understand

Why do we need to eat tomatoes fast?

Years ago, tomatoes were only cultivated

in warm seasons. Why?

What are greenhouses made of? Why?

Why do scientists conduct experimentsin greenhouses?

Can you see different-coloured tomatoes

in the photo? Why?

SPEAKING. In pairs, talk about the types

of plants that are cultivated in greenhouses.

6.1 Growing tomatoes all year long

Tomatoes are delicious and nutritious. However,

tomatoes go off quickly, so we need to eat them fast.

Years ago, we did not have tomatoes in winter and

spring. This is because tomato plants only grow and

produce fruit under hot conditions.

Today, tomatoes are cultivated in greenhouses.

A greenhouse is a building made of glass or plastic

that allows light through but keeps the heat in.

This way, tomatoes can grow all year long. They just

need water and fertile soil.

Temperature and humidity can be easily controlled in

greenhouses. For this reason, scientists use them to

conduct experiments. These experiments test the best

conditions for growing different plants.

KNOW HOW TO

Describe how different

plants live.

Identify different types

of vegetation.

Describe crop farming.

FINAL TASK

Choose and look after

a plant.

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The characteristics of plants

Plants make their own food. This

process is called photosynthesis.

Most plants have sexual

reproduction. Flowers are the

reproductive organs of a plant.Other plants have asexual

reproduction.

1 What do plants need for

photosynthesis?

2 Name the parts of a flower.

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?

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How plants live

What do plants need to grow?

Plants only grow in places where they can get what they

need to survive. The place where a plant lives is called

its habitat.

Unlike animals, plants make their own food. This process is

called photosynthesis. Plants need sunlight, water, mineral

salts and carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis.

But not all plants need the same amount of these elements.

For example, plants that live in deserts need less water

than plants that live in rainforests. 1

Plant sensitivity

Like animals, plants respond to changes in the environment.

However, plants respond differently to animals because

they do not have sense organs. Most of their responses are

movements related to growth.

The roots grow downwards, in search of humidity.

The stem and the leaves grow towards light. If the plant

receives sunlight from one side, the stem and the leaves

grow in that direction.

Some plants are capable of rapid movement. Forexample, the mimosa plant closes its leaves when it is

touched. 2

6.2

1 Cactuses can live with very

little water.

2 Mimosa plant.

LEARN MORE

Plants change

Plants adapt to changes

throughout the four seasons.

For example, flowers grow in

the spring and leaves fall in the

autumn.

Some plants look different at

different times of the day. For

example, the hibiscus plant

opens its flowers during the

day and closes them at night.

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6

The life cycle of plants

The life cycle of a plant includes the different stages of its

life. Life cycles are not the same for all plants. There are

two main groups of plants: annual and perennial.

Annual plants. These plants complete their life cycle in

one year. They are born, grow and reproduce in the

spring and they die in the summer. Annual plants

disappear, but their seeds remain in the soil, and new

plants grow again each spring. 3

Poppies, sunflowers and cabbages are annual plants.

Perennial plants. These plants have got a long life cycle.

Some trees, such as olive trees and yews, live for

thousands of years. Their trunks and roots growthroughout their life cycle.

There are two types of perennial plants:

– Perennial grasses. The visible part of these plants

disappears every year, but some organs remain

underground. These organs grow new stems, flowers

and seeds in the spring. 4

– Trees and bushes. These plants grow throughout their

life cycle. They grow flowers and seeds in the spring.

Their leaves can be deciduous or evergreen.

Plants obtain what they need to survive in their

habitat. Depending on their life cycle, plants can be

annual or perennial.

6.3

3 Mountain grassland with

annual plants.

4 The iris is a perennial plant.

ACTIVITIES

1 SPEAKING. Do all plants have the same needs to survive?

Discuss with your partner.

2 ICT. Search the Internet for information about the oldest tree in the world.

Write down the most interesting facts about it.

3 WRITING. Choose an annual or a perennial plant and write its biography.

Include a drawing.

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Vegetation

Plants are affected by the climate, the relief, the humidity

and the soil in the place where they grow. Some plants

live in cold places while others live in warm areas. Some

plants need a lot of water while others live in very

dry areas.

Vegetation is all the plants in an area, region or country.

Forests, shrubland, grassland and deserts are areas

with different types of vegetation.

Look at the photograph of

the forest. Is there more

than one type of tree?

WORK WITH THE PICTURE

Forest

A forest is an area where many trees

grow close together. Some forests have

only one type of tree, for example, pineforests, holm oak forests and beech

forests. Other forests have many

different types of trees, for example,

rainforests.

Forests need good conditions, such as

high humidity and fertile soil.

Shrubland

A shrub is a bush. Shrubland is

an area dominated by bushes.

Bushes grow in places with poor soil

and low humidity.

Sometimes, after a very long periodof time, shrubland can grow into

a forest.

The Amazon rainforest is thelargest forest in the world.

Various types of bushes

make up this shrubland.

6.4

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6

Forests, shrubland, grassland and deserts are areas with

different types of vegetation.

ACTIVITIES

1

Match each characteristic to one of the four areas. drought high humidity arid soil bushes

2 SPEAKING. What type of vegetation do you like best?

Why?

3 ICT. Search the Internet for information about the African Savannah or the

Amazon rainforest. Describe the vegetation there.

6.6

Grassland

Grassland is an area dominated by grasses.

Trees and bushes are scarce. Grasslands are

found in places with long periods of drought where forests cannot grow.

Grasses die every year, but new grasses

grow from the seeds the following year.

In Africa, grasslands are called savannahs.

The African Savannah

is home to the zebra.

Desert

A desert is an area with arid soil and very

little water . There are very few plants.

Cactuses grow in deserts because they

need very little water. They store water

in their stems.

Temperatures can be very high during

the day and very low at night.

The Namib Desert, Africa.

6.5

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Crop farming

What is crop farming?

Crop farming is the activity of cultivating

plants to obtain different products. These

products are called crops.

Most crops are grown for food, for example,

cereals, fruit and vegetables.

Other crops are used as raw materials to

make other products, such as fabric,

cosmetics and medicines.

Crops are also used to feed animals, for

example, farmers grow hay for cows and

sheep.

The process of farming

The most important stages in the process of

farming are:

Ploughing. In this stage, farmers turn the

soil to make it ready for planting.

Sowing. Farmers carefully place seeds in

the soil.

Fertilizing. Fertilizers contain mineral saltsthat help plants to grow.

Irrigation. When rainfall is not enough,

farmers water their crops. There are

different irrigation methods: sprinkler,

drip and flood irrigation. 1

Fumigation. Farmers spray plants with

pesticides to stop insects harming the

crops.

Pruning. Some branches are cut from

trees and bushes. This helps the rest of

the plant to grow.

Harvesting. This is the final stage, when

farmers collect mature crops from fields.

6.7

Which method do you think uses the most

water? And the least?

WORK WITH THE PICTURE

1 Different irrigation methods. A. Sprinkler

irrigation. B. Drip irrigation. C. Flood irrigation.

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B

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6

Types of crops

There are different types of crops. We can classify them by

how much water they need to grow:

Dry crops. These crops only need rainfall. Someexamples are wheat, barley and olive trees. 2

Irrigated crops. Farmers need to water these crops.

Some examples are corn, tomatoes and rice.

We can also classify crops by plant type:

Herbaceous crops. These include cereals and garden

plants such as tomatoes, lettuce and potatoes. They

have to be planted every year.

Trees and bushes. These include fruit trees, olive treesand vines. They are only planted once and grow to

produce fruit. 3

Crop farming is the activity of cultivating plants to

obtain different products. We can classify crops by

their water needs or by plant type.

6.8

ACTIVITIES

1 Crop farming provides different products.

Make a list and explain why they are

important.

2 WRITING. Draw a comic strip representing the

process of farming and label it. Make sure you

include all the stages.

3 How do dry crops obtain water?

4 SPEAKING. Look at the picture on the right and

explain what type of crop it is.

5 ICT. Search the Internet for information about

the most typical crops in your area. What type

of crops are they? Share your information with

your classmates.

6.9

2 Wheat is a dry and

herbaceous crop.

3 The orange tree is an

irrigated crop.

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KNOW HOW TO

Choose and look after a plant

Choose a plant that you will be able to look

after easily. For example, if you don’t have

a garden, look for plants that can live insmall pots.

Choose a plant.

1 Look at the plants in the photos.

Which ones can you look after?

2 Choose a plant you like. Explain

your choice.

Learn to look after your plant.

3 Find out about your plant’s needs.

Search for information on the Internet

or in books or magazines, or ask

an adult.

4 Make an index card with tips for

looking after your plant.

It needs sunlight. Put it in a sunny area of your garden or near a window

if you keep it indoors.

It needs a lot of water in the summer, but little in the winter. Don’t spray

its leaves or flowers.

The soi l should be moist. Make sure there are holes in the bottom of

the pot to allow excess water to drain out.

Fertilize when the plant is blooming.

Prune it in the spring. Cut dry leaves at the stem joint.

Watch the leaves for pests. If you need to use a pesticide, read

the instructions carefully.

Looking after a geranium plant

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1 SUMMARY . Copy and complete with these words.

harvesting – shrubland – irrigated – stages – cultivating –

perennial – crops – habitat – sowing – herbaceous

The place where a plant l ives is called its .

The life cycle of a plant includes the different of its life. According

to the length of their life cycle, plants can be annual or .

Vegetation is all the plants in an area, region or country. Forests,

deserts, grassland and are areas with different types of

vegetation.

Crop farming is the activity of plants to obtain different products.

These products are cal led .

The most important stages in the process of farming are: ploughing,

, fertilizing, irrigation, fumigation, pruning and .

Crops can be dry or . They can also be crops or trees and

bushes.

2 WRITING. Write what type of vegetation you can see in each photo.

Then, write its characteristics.

3 THINK ABOUT IT. Can you identify which vegetation you have in

your area? Prepare a poster with photographs and label each plant

with its main characteristics.

6.10

6

Choose one of these activities:

A. Search for information about a desert: location,

name, size and main characteristics.

B. Choose an annual or a perennial plant and draw the different stages of its life cycle.

C. Write a story about a sad seed that cannot find the perfect place to grow.

Show your skills

FINAL ACTIVITIES

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TEST YOURSELF

Check your vocabulary

algae aquatic living things

which make their own food.

angiosperm a flowering

plant with beautiful flowers

that produces fruit with

seeds inside.

bacteria the smallest and

simplest living things.

bulb an underground stem with leaves that

stores food, like onions and garlic.

desert an area with arid soil, very littlewater and few plants.

elaborated sap the food that plants make.

fern a non-flowering plant with large leaves

and an underground stem.

fertilizing the process in which farmers

add fertilizers to the soil that contain

mineral salts that help plants to grow.

forest an area where many trees growclose together.

fumigation the process in which farmers

spray plants with pesticides to stop insects

harming the crops.

fungi living things that feed on other living

things and cannot move about.

grassland an area dominated by grasses.

gymnosperm a flowering plant with small,simple flowers that does not produce fruit.

Its seeds are grouped together in cones.

moss a non-flowering plant with tiny

stems, leaves and roots.

pollen grains formed in the stamens

of the flower.

photosynthesis the process by which

plants make their own food.

ploughing the process in which farmers

turn the soil to make it ready for planting.

raw sap the mixture of water and mineral

salts that plants absorb through their roots.

rhizome a specialized stem that grows

horizontally underground, like irises.

shrubland an area of vegetation

dominated by bushes.

stolon a specialized stem that growshorizontally above the ground, like

strawberries.

tuber an underground stem that develops

roots.

vegetation all the plants in an area, region

or country.

1 Describe the living things in the photographs.

A B C

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Check your progress

Copy and write the correct answers in your notebook.

1 The main types of fungi are

mushrooms, moulds and…

a. yeasts.

b. bacteria.

c. algae.

2 The smallest living things are…

a. algae.

b. bacteria.

c. fungi.

3 To carry out photosynthesis, plantsneed…

a. light and mineral salts.

b. water, mineral salts, and raw sap.

c. water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide

and light.

4 Flowers, seeds, bulbs and rhizomes

are related to…

a. plant respiration.

b. plant reproduction.c. plant classification.

5 Plants that produce fruits with seeds

inside are…

a. gymnosperms.

b. angiosperms.

c. ferns.

6 Gymnosperms

include…

a. roses and

daisies.

b. mosses and ferns.

c. cypress and fir trees.

7 Poppies are…

a. perennial plants.

b. bushes.

c. annual plants.8 Corn, tomatoes and rice are…

a. irrigated crops.

b. dry crops.

c. herbaceous crops.

Check your answers

Correct the answers you got wrong.

Write in your notebook which

lessons you need to practise again.

Some schoolchildren are going to visit the fields where

you cultivate plants for their flowers. Imagine how you

would use your plants to explain the following points:

What cultivated plants and wild plants are.

The different types of leaves.

The differences between grasses and bushes.

The parts of a flower.

Think like a floriculturist

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