• Life in the Universe

Chapter 23

Cosmic Evolution• What is LIFE?

– Not so easy to answer, especially if we allow for types of life that are not found on Earth

• These are some generally agreed-upon characteristics that any life form should have:– Ability to react to environment– Ability to grow by taking in nourishment and processing it into

energy– Ability to reproduce, with offspring having some

characteristics of parent– Ability to evolve

Brief History of Life on Earth

• 4.4 billion years - early oceans form• 3.5 billion years - cyanobacteria start releasing

oxygen• 2.0 billion years - oxygen begins building up in

atmosphere• 540–500 million years - Cambrian Explosion• 225–65 million years - dinosaurs and small mammals

(dinosaurs ruled)• Few million years - earliest hominids

Necessities for Life – As We Know It.

• A nutrient source• Energy (sunlight, chemical reactions, internal heat)• Liquid water (or possibly some other liquid)

Could there be life on Mars?

Searches for Life on Mars

• Mars had liquid water in the distant past.• Still has subsurface ice; possibly subsurface water near sources of volcanic heat

In 2004, NASA Spirit and Opportunity rovers sent home new mineral evidence of past liquid water on Mars.

Latest Martian Probe: Curiosity will explore Mars as a potential habitat for life, past or present.

Previous twin rovers, Spirit and Opportunity found water on mars.

The Martian Meteorite debate

Composition indicates origin on Mars.

• 1984: meteorite ALH84001 found in Antarctica • 13,000 years ago: fell to Earth in Antarctica• 16 million years ago: blasted from surface of Mars• 4.5 billion years ago: rock formed on Mars

Does the meteorite contain fossil evidence of life on Mars?

Most scientists are not yet convinced.

Meteorite ALH84001 Nanobacteria Fossils?

Terrestrial Nanobacteria Fossils

Could there be life on Europa or other jovian moons?

• Ganymede, Callisto also show some evidence for subsurface oceans.

• Relatively little energy available for life, but there still may be enough.

• Intriguing prospect of THREE potential homes for life around Jupiter alone.

Ganymede Callisto

Titan

• The surface is too cold for liquid water (but there may be some deep underground).

• Has lakes of liquid ethane/methane on its surface.

Enceladus

• Ice fountains suggest that Enceladus may have a subsurface ocean.

Are There Habitable Planets Around Other Stars?

Definition:• A habitable world contains the basic necessities

for life as we know it, including liquid water.• It does not necessarily have life.

Constraints on star systems:

1) Old enough to allow time for evolution (rules out high-mass stars - 1%)

2) Need to have stable orbits (might rule out binary/multiple star systems - 50%)

3) Size of “habitable zone”: region in which a planet of the right size could have liquid water on its surface

Even with these constraints, billions of stars in the Milky Way could potentially have habitable worlds.

The more massive the star, the larger its habitable zone— and the higher probability of a planet existing in this zone.

Search for Extrasolar Planets

• Kepler (launched in 2009) will monitor 100,000 stars for transit events for 4 years.

• 105 so far

• Later: SIM and TPF interferometers may obtain spectra and crude images of Earth-size planets.

• Extrasolar: Orbiting stars other than our sun. (The term exoplanet is also used.)

Spectral Signatures of Life

Earth

Venus

Mars

Oxygen/ozone

Are Earth-like planets rare or common?

Elements and Habitability

• Some scientists argue that the proportions of heavy elements need to be just right for the formation of habitable planets.

• If so, then Earth-like planets are restricted to a galactic habitable zone.

Impacts and Habitability

• Some scientists argue that Jupiter-like planets are necessary to reduce rate of impacts.

• If so, then Earth-like planets are restricted to star systems with Jupiter-like planets.

Climate and Habitability

• Some scientists argue that plate tectonics and/or a large moon are necessary to keep the climate of an Earth-like planet stable enough for life.

The Bottom Line

We don’t yet know how important or negligible these concerns are.

The Search for Extraterrestrial IntelligenceSETI

Factors to consider when calculating the number of technologically advanced civilizations per galaxy:

Most of the factors are highly uncertain.

Possible results range from 1 communicative civilization within a few dozen light years to us being the only

communicative civilization in the Milky Way.

The Drake Equation

*LZc p L l SN N f n f f F

SETI experiments look for deliberate signals from extraterrestrials

The Arecibo MessageAt dedication of Arecibo Radio

Observatory, blocks of 1679 pulses were

emitted toward globular cluster M13.

The pulses can be arranged in only two ways: 23 rows of 73

or 73 rows of 23.

Resulting 23x73 grid contained basic

information about our human society.

We are also communicating—although not deliberately—through radio waves emitted by broadcast stations.

These have a 24-hour pattern, as different broadcast areas rotate into view.

Communication Through Leakage!!

If we were to deliberately broadcast signals that we wished to be found, what would be a good frequency?

There is a feature called the “water hole” around the radio frequencies of hydrogen (21 cm) and the hydroxyl molecule (18 cm). The background is minimal there, and it is where we have been focusing many of our searches.

The Water Hole

How difficult is interstellar travel?

Current spacecraft travel at <1/10,000c; 100,000 years to the nearest stars

Pioneer Plaque

Voyager I and II Phonograph Records

Difficulties of Interstellar Travel

• Far more efficient engines are needed.• Energy requirements are enormous.• Ordinary interstellar particles become like cosmic rays.• Social complications of time dilation.

Where are the aliens?

Fermi’s Paradox

• Plausible arguments suggest that civilizations should be common. For example, even if only 1 in 1 million stars gets a civilization at some time 100,000 civilizations

• So why we haven’t we detected them?

Possible solutions to the paradox1) We are alone: life/civilization is much rarer than

we might have guessed.• Our own planet/civilization looks all the more

precious…

2) Civilizations are common, but interstellar travel is not because: interstellar travel is more difficult than we think. the desire to explore is rare. civilizations destroy themselves before achieving

interstellar travel. they are simply avoiding us.

These are all possibilities, but not very appealing…

Possible solutions to the paradox

3) There IS a galactic civilization…

… and some day we’ll meet them.

Possible solutions to the paradox

The End.

Remember, astronomy is something you can continue on your own.

Go outside and look up.

Have a good life.