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LIFE IN UPPER & LOWER CANADA 1815-1855
Chapter 1 & 2- Class NotesRebellions of Upper & Lower Canada
British North America Responsible Government
Borders what is now New Brunswick; northeast area of United States; & Great lakes
Upper Canada- Southern Ontario Lower Canada- Quebec and Newfoundland Upper and Lower Canada both British
Colonies Lower Canada mainly French speaking
“Canadiens” Upper Canada mainly English speaking
people
GEOGRAPHY OF UPPER AND LOWER CANADA
MAP OF UPPER & LOWER CANADA
Habitant: (French) tenant farmer; rent land; poor
Seigneur: (French) land owner; wealthy and powerful
Merchant: (English) business owner; fur & timber industry; wealthy and powerful
Professionals: (French & English) doctors, lawyers, etc.; middle class; seeking democracy
4 MAIN GROUPS IN LOWER CANADA:
Lower Canada wealthy seigneur and member of the Legislative Assembly
Had strong support of French land owning and political elite
Conservative- favored doing things traditional & slow way
Served as officer in militia by defending British North America from Americans during war of
1812 Elected speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada Became leader of the Parti Canadien political party
LOUIS-JOSEPH PAPINEAU
Governor-British appointed Legislative Council- English-speaking merchants
and seigneurs; friends of Governor; appointed not elected; veto power
Legislative Assembly voted by citizens Two political parties dominated- Chateau Clique,
Parti Canadien (Parti Patriote) Chateau Clique- Wealthy British and French who
supported British rule Parti Canadien- Wealthy and poor French- early
separatists
GOVERNMENT IN LOWER CANADA
GOVERNMENT IN UPPER & LOWER CANADA- CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, 1791
British merchants wanted to increase taxes for canals, harbors and roads for merchant use- few roads were built to help farmers
Increased immigration from Great Britain began to threaten French culture and language
1832, immigrant ship brought disease cholera, killed 5500 Legislative assembly(French-speaking) hard to make laws 1836, crops failed, Canadians face starvation 1837, economic depression, English merchants blamed
UNREST IN LOWER CANADA
British Army versus Patriote Army (Rebels) Began on November 23, 1837 at St. Denis; rebel
victory Rebels built a fortress at St. Charles to fight the British
but lost there and later at Saint-Eustache – Baker's Farm – Lacolle – Odelltown & Beauharnois
Pappineau fled to U.S After all the fighting 12 were hung 58 were sent to
Australia and 12 hundred were set free.
THE ARMED REBELLION IN LOWER CANADA
Pioneer homestead start from scratch and forced native inland
Most habitant were subsistence farmers meaning they only farm for their family
Life in towns was easier Town were hubs Town supplied a people with basic service Transportation mostly walking
LIFE IN UPPER CANADA
Lieutenant(British appointed) highest ranking
Legislative and Executive Council 2nd highest
Executive and Legislative dominated government business and social life
Legislative assembly (Elected by voters) 3rd highest
Had little power law has to be approved by council and Lieutenant
GOVERNMENT OF UPPER CANADA
Small group of powerful people in upper Canada As well as friends and supporters known as Tories Didn’t want US government to be part of
Canadian government Defended tradition Believed power should be in the hands of few
capable people (themselves) Believed Church of England should have power Loyal to Great Britain
FAMILY COMPACT
Opposed the power of family compact Wanted changes in government and society of upper
Canada Divided into moderate and radical groups. Robert Gourlay - plan to bring people from Britain to
farm in upper Canada William Lyon Mackenzie - 1824, established “the
colonial advocate” a newspaper that spoke out on land problems, power of family compact and question to who was a upper Canadian
Sir Francis Bond Head - Appointed Lieutenant - governor of Upper Canada in 1835, was Reformer for short period but rejected
WHO ARE THE REFORMERS AND WHAT DID THEY OPPOSE?
William Lyon Mackenzie turned people against government in Northern Toronto
Radicals wanted upper Canada like the American government
December 5 Mackenzie led 800 men down Yonge street in Toronto
In the United States Sir Francis bond head tried to raise an army to liberate upper Canada giving 120 hectares of land for whoever would join him
Caught for breaking legal neutrality between Canada and the US jail 11 months
ARMED REBELLION OF UPPER CANADA
Lower Canada became even worse than before the rebellion
Upper Canada afraid to speak out because moderate reformers were branded as rebels
Prime minister decided to send Lord Durham as governor general
AFTERMATH OF THE REBELLION
John George Lambton (Lord Durham) sent to Quebec City as governor general.
Suggested solutions for rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada.
Wrote “report on Affairs of British Canada” also known as Durham report
Named “Radical Jack” in British House of Commons because of radical policies.
Upper and Lower Canada unite and become one colony, called United Province of Canada - would unite English speaking people, would give them majority in gov’t
New colony should have responsible government - Local powers handled by colony: Imperial powers written, Governor advised by Executive Council only.
LORD DURHAM AND HIS REPORT
Aim: create single government, establish English as official language
Was first step toward Confederation Canada was split as Canada West (Upper
Canada) and Canada East (Lower Canada, Ontario)
In 1847, Lord Elgin became governor Executive Council/Cabinet got most power
and are responsible to Legislative Assembly Many members formed political parties to
achieve power. Nova Scotia:1847, New Brunswick: 1854,
Newfoundland:1855, Prince Edward Island: 1851. Received responsible gov’t in these years.
THE ACT OF UNION, 1841
THE ACT OF UNION, 1841
THE ACT OF UNION, 1841
PLANTING THE SEED OF NATIONHOOD 1815-
1855Why were some events in Canada’s history key in allowing us to become a nation?
WHO OCCUPIED EACH COLONY IN UPPER & LOWER CANADA?
Lower Canada
• Population increased from: 250 000 in 1806 to 717 000 in 1841•Very high birth rates among French speaking population•In addition British and American immigrants settled the eastern townships that had been set aside for English speaking farmers
Upper Canada
•Before 1812 loyalists settled upper Canada •After 1812 a wave of settlers from great Brittan took their place •Population Increased from: 71 000 in 1806 to 432 000 in 1841
Life in Lower Canada
Male ruling society 3 major groups- French Speaking Habitants, French
Speaking Professional Men, and English Speaking Merchants
The French scared of Adapting to the English way of life
Merchants were newcomers of lower Canada Wanted roads, and harbours-paid from government
taxes Professional Men well educated, wanted to lead the colonies Saw British as cultural threat formed a party called “ parti canadiens”
UPPER AND LOWER CANADA
3 main groups: French Speaking Habitants (Tenant Farmers) – Main Concern: Scarcity of
Land, Poverty, Fear of English Speaking new comers English Speaking Merchants (Rich, Powerful) – Main Concern:
Infrastructure French Speaking Professional Men (Newest “Group”) – Separate French/
Canadian nation
Life in Upper CanadaDaily Life in Upper Canada More fields were cleared in Upper Canada Villages began to grow in places that were not convenient for farmersKingston Developed as a British military for lake Ontario Was the largest and most important town in Upper Canada for many
yearsYork Queen’s rangers began clearing land to build a fort in 1793 In 1834, it was renamed Toronto
Services in the Towns By the 1840’s cities were installing sewer systems In the 1820’s and 1830’s started to establish volunteer fire
departments
Transportation Walking was often the safest and fastest way to get around Unpaved streets in towns were unpaved streets turned to mud
Louis-Joseph Papineau Strong supporter of the old French order in Lower Canada Served as a officer in the military defending British North America
during the war of 1812 Elected to be in the legislative assembly of Lower Canada in 1809 Leader of Parti Candien
Government of Lower Canada Established by Constitutional act in 1791 Power limited by governors and councils Members of legislative councils were voted in for life English concerns were usually different from French concerns The group which the most power was Chateau Clique Believed that power should be in hands of a few capable people Wanted the Roman Catholic church to stay power
Government of Upper Canada In 1830 government remained the same as the constitutional act in 1791 Two political groups the Torries and the Reformers Appointed Legislative council to Executive council Elected the Legislative Assembly
GOVERNMENT OF UPPER AND LOWER CANADA
French and English speaking merchants wanted different things for lower Canada
Merchants wanted to improve roads, canals and harbours Immigration caused problems Chateau Clique was encouraging immigration from great Britain In 1832 and immigrant ship brought a deadly disease, cholera The disease 5500 victims
THE UNREST IN LOWER CANADA
Lower Canada An armed conflict between lower Canada and the British Colonial,
power of that province The political leader was Joseph Papinea The Canadians were ready to fight on November 1837 British troops charged and the Rebellions lost The largest battle was held at St. Eustach on December 14, 1837 The Rebel leader, Dr. J.Q. Chenier along with rebels died The British robbed and burned their village
Upper Canada Rebellion against the British colonial government in 1837 and 1838 After the war of 1812 family compact owned most land “Crown
Reserves” and “Protestant Clergy” The lower Canada broke out in autumn 1837 Bond Head sent all
British troops to help suppress it Short Fight (less than 30 minutes) the battle finished and the rebel
forces retreated 1860’s former rebels compensated by the Canadian government
THE ARMED REBELLION IN UPPER AND LOWER CANADA
Upper Canada has an elite called Family Compact Was a small group of powerful people in the colony of upper Canada Along with friends and supporters were know as Tories Did not want Americans to be part of the government in Upper Canada Defended tradition (The things that had always been done) and opposed change Believed power should be in the hands of a few capable people (themselves) Believed the church of England should be powerful in the colony Were loyal to great Brittan and the British government They had power to stop any laws passed by the legislative assembly Most Family Compact members were British immigrants who arrived before the
1800’s
FAMILY COMPACT
What did they oppose? Opposed the power of the Family Compact Wanted changes in government and society of Upper Canada Divided into moderate and radical groups Included some radicals who later became rebels Robert Gurley (1778-1863) arrived in Upper Canada in 1817 His plan was to bring poor people to farm in New Britain He sent a questionnaire famers to see hoe their progress was He also asked them to name thing that prevented in their towns He criticized Family Compact
THE REFORMERS
Upper Canada was very short and disorganized London government was concerned about Rebellion Bond Head was recalled in 1837 he was replaced with Sir George
Arthur Lord Durham assigned to report grievances among the colonists
and find a way to appease them Lord Durham’s report led to the union of Upper and Lower
Canada into the province of Canada in 1840
AFTERMATH OF THE REBELLION
Two Major recommendations in his report are:1.The two colonies should become one called the United Province of
Canada2.The United Colony should have a responsible government The British imperial powers(?) should be sent out in writing. All other
legal power(?) Would be handled by the colonies Executive council and would be
advised The governor stayed neutral but signed things by the executive council The executive council was not picked from the government but was
chosen by leaders of other groups (legislative assembly) this is called “Responsible government”
Members of the executive council would stay in the council if half of the legislative assembly supports them
Personal Information 1792-1840 Arrived in Quebec city as a governor general of British north America in
1838 Interested in education the poor
LORD DURHAM’S REPORT
Since the Rebellion wanted a better and responsible government British passed a law called the Act of Union
British government acted on one of Lord Durham’s recommendations The act of union joined in Upper and Lower Canada as the united province The two aims of the British were to control the two colonies of Canada into
one and give the English people control of the newly named colony and to have a new colony with a responsible government
They also established English as the official language of government
THE ACT OF UNION (1841)
Copy down the following questions:
1.What was the Act of Union and how did it help to unite the Canada?
2.Who was Lord Durham? Why is he significant in Canadian History? How did his report help form the identity and culture of Canada?
3.Why was their unrest in Upper and Lower Canada? How did this unrest lead to the Rebellions of 1837-38?
4.What was the government in Upper Canada? What was the government in Lower Canada? Were they similar? Different? How so?
ASSIGNMENT
Key Events In Canadian History Which influenced The Nation We Have Today
REBELLIONSUPPER AND LOWER CANADA
1837 & 1838
Governance in the ColonyThe GovernorsLand IssueTransportation IssueSpecial Privileges for a few people
BACKGROUND TO THE ISSUE
Colony had elected Assembly representatives from each district
Made plans for colony needing approval of Governor & Councils
Executive & Legislative Councils appointed from ‘Upper Class’, & weren’t bound to follow wishes of the people
Real power was in the hand of the Governor & Councils, the people had no REAL influence
GOVERNANCE IN THE COLONY
British men appointed by English monarchUnfamiliar with local issues & conditionsDepended on the advice of their councilsUsually United Empire LoyalistsThey were wealthy & better educated so
better able to govern ordinary peopleAnglican (church) should have ‘position’
THE GOVERNORS
Best land given to Family Compact/friendsExec & Leg Councilors controlled 90% of land, not farmed,
would sell for a profit1/7 of land went to Anglican Church, not other religions
though (clergy reserves)New settlers received only poor,
uncleared farmland
LAND ISSUES
TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
Farmers needed roads to get to/from markets
Most were impassableGovt. collected taxes to build canals,
mainly used to benefit merchants & Family Compact/friends
Farmers felt govt. did not grant land/$ to them for land/tools
Bankers & merchants grew rich…
SPECIAL PRIVILEGES FOR A FEW
Governor appointed all officialsCouncils, judges, sheriffs, justice of peaceCoroners, customs officers, postal officials, immigration officers & Indian Affairs officials
As head of military he appointed 1500 officers
Made land grants & spent crown $ for pensions to friends
Good jobs to Family Compact & friends
LOWER CANADA (QUEBEC)
Louis-Joseph Papineau led the Patriots against the governor & the Chateau Clique, & loss of land to growing Anglophone population
Cultural conflict between French & English Cdns.Fr. dominated the Assembly, was controlled by the
Br. CouncilsCreated the 92 ResolutionsSome wanted USA Republic systemFall, 1837, armed revolt failed, vs. govt. & RC
church, again in 1838Papineau fled to USA, then France, returned &
Pardoned in 1845
William Lyon Mackenzie led the Reformers against the Family Compact
Did not support the Constitution Act of 1791 Believed in responsible govt. Demanded 2 constitutional reforms
Elected Legislative Council Executive council responsible to Assembly
Reformers were against Clergy Reserves, Land grants to the oligarchies, Influence of the Church of England Power of the Banks
UPPER CANADA (ONTARIO)
Protesting against the Oligarchies control
Desired a Responsible Government
Wanted less Church control
Assembly had to approve taxes or no collection would occur
Upper CanadaWilliam Lyon MackenzieThe ReformersVs. Family Compact
Lower CanadaLouis Joseph
PapineauThe PatriotsVs. Chateau Clique
REBELLIONS OF
CONSEQUENCES OF REBELLION
Rebellion Losses Bill
Led to the Durham Report of the 1840’s
French Assimilation into English Canada
Act of Union unites the ‘two’ Canadas
Achievement of Responsible Government
Led to Confederation in the 1860’s
LORD DURHAM’S REPORT
Durham's Recommendations to unite Upper and Lower Canada
to make the French a minority to assimilate or anglicize the
French majority in Lower Canada
to grant responsible government Consequences of Durham's
Recommendations Upper and Lower Canada were
united in 1840 Responsible government was
granted in 1848 leading to Confederation in 1867
Created the roots of today’s French ‘separatism’
REBELLIONS LOSSES BILL 1849
Reformers controlled the Assembly, their bill
sought to compensate those in what had been Lower Canada for damages that resulted from the rebellions.
was controversial because the Tories objected that many of the claimants were former rebels who were against the Crown.
was well received by French Canadians, but British elements opposed it so strongly that they attacked Elgin and burned the parliament building down in Montreal
CONFEDERATION 1867 The Province of Canada, (Ontario &
Quebec) New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
A system based on British Parliament Proposed limited central government
balanced by provincial power. Rejected the strict application of "rep by
pop.“ the senate represented regions Called for a two-chamber (bicameral)
parliament, including a (appointed) senate and a (elected) house of commons.
OUR THESIS• If in the position of the Reformers or Patriots,
a reasonable citizen would support ‘no representation = no taxes’ since a true democracy must have the citizen’s power move up to the ‘elected’ govt. officials, not from appointed officials ‘down’ to the citizens.
• If every ‘democracy’ ignored their citizens and gave special privileges to a few, rebellion and civil war would surely follow.
• Given that the rebellions led to Confederation 1867, which spawned the nation we have today, the rebels did the right thing and definitely helped to create the model of democracy that Canada represents today.
REFERENCES ec.europa.eu/education/img/flags/canada.gif www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/h2/f1/nlc006838-v6.jpg upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/
Canada_upper_lower_map.PNG/800px-Canada_upper_lower_map.
PNGcanadawiki.org/images/d/d5/Simcoeuppercanada.jpg www.cmhg.gc.ca/.../med/v2_c4_s17_ss04_01.jpg www.rootsweb.com/~srgp/director/gleason.jpg www.westminster.gov.uk/.../celebrating21.jpg homepages.ius.edu/raastron/Pics/farmers.jpg www.lbpsb.qc.ca/~history/m4u3l1.htm www.freewebs.com/.../whatwaslowercanada.htm www.joyceimages.com/images/Bank%20Royal
%20Visit.JPG
Unknown author.The Canadas. Retrieved May 30, 2007 from the internet:
http://www.answers.com/topic/the-canadas Canada Revisited textbook-pages 130-174
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MANISHA BASSAN
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