LifeLife StoryStory
Francisco J. Barba RegidorFrancisco J. Barba Regidor20132013
Many different organisms ocupy our planet. Those differences are ranging both in shape, size and biological characteristics. Some of them are adapted to aquatic conditions, but some others are arranged to terrestrial environments. There are which prefer cold weather, but there are many others prefering hot climates.But, all of these living beings we are seeing today did not exist from the begining of the times.In the past, many different organisms with respect to the actuals were living in the Earth and we can know them throughout the fossils.
In the picture, e.g., a sample with thefossiliferous remainders (fossils) of Trilobites from the Paleozoic of Eastern
Canada.
http://mdbourrie.googlepages.com/7ae1.jpg/7ae1-full.jpg
FOSSILS: REMAINS OF LIVING BEINGS FOSSILS: REMAINS OF LIVING BEINGS FROM THE PASTFROM THE PAST
What’s a fossilWhat’s a fossil• A fossil is an organic trace buried by natural processes
and subsequently permanently preserved. The term “organic trace” is referred to skeletal material, impressions of organisms, excremental material, tracks, trails or borings. Human artifts are not regarded as fossils.
• Un fósil es un resto orgánico que ha sido enterrado por procesos naturales y posteriormente preservado permanentemente. El término “resto orgánico” se refiere a material esquelético, impresiones de organismos, pistas, huellas o perforaciones. Las obras humanas no son consideradas como fósiles.
From: Whitten & Brooks (1977). The Penguin Dictionary of Geology. Penguin Books Ltd.
INSECTS ON AMBER:
http://bp3.blogger.com/_vUKAvFJkvXY/Rc_11GJyvvI/AAAAAAAAAA4/-PoSpSK2w4c/s1600-h/amb-37.jpg
ORGANIC REMAINDERS OF FOSSIL FISH:
http://bp3.blogger.com/_vUKAvFJkvXY/Rc_19GJyvwI/AAAAAAAAABA/dUMP76-peYs/s1600-h/GreenRiver+Fish.jpg
TRACKS OF DINOSAURS: http://es.encarta.msn.com/media_201619532_961545275_-1_1/Huellas_f%C3%B3siles_de_dinosaurios_en_Tierra_de
_Cameros.html
Different types Different types of Fossilsof Fossils
FossilizationFossilizationFossilization is the natural process producing fossils, and it consists on the alteration of the remains of an organism, impres-sions or activities by physical, biological or chemical changes, retaining the original material in some form.La fosilización es el proceso natural que produce fósiles y consiste en la alteración de los restos, de las impresiones o de las actividades de un organismo por cambios físicos, biológicos o químicos, conservándose de alguna manera el material original.
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Science/Earth-
Sciences/Palaeontology/Fossils/Formation/Ammonites/Sequence-2/Sequence-2-
1.html
FossilizationFossilization: : thethe processprocess
http://www.dinosaur-farm.co.uk/pages/fossils/formation.html
Put in orden the dinosaur’s fossilization sequence.
1 2
3 4 5
The meaning of fossilsThe meaning of fossilsFossils represent:• Evidences of living beings existing in the past times.
• They show the characteristicis of these living beings (shape, size, food, environment, etc.).
• Which were their habitats.
• Which were their behaviour.
Reconstruction of Anomalocaris:http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/lagerstatten/Burgess/Anomalocarishunts.jpg
Claws of Anomalocaris:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/part-1020.jpg
Geologic time spiralGeologic time spiral
Geologic times and its magnitudeGeologic times and its magnitude
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Extinction_intensity.svg
The history of life on Earth shows a series of catastrophic events (peaks) and moments of
expansion of new forms of life (valleys).
v
p
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v
vv v
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http://www.bioinquiry.vt.edu/bioinquiry/Cheetah/cheetahpaid/cheetahhtmls/georecord.html
Over geological time, it appears that there has been a continuing trend toward diversification of living things, though, it can be seen at least four episodes of large disappearance of life forms (mass extinctions): see arrows… showing how the greatest extinction of life forms 270 million years ago, at the end of Paleozoic times!
http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/extinctions-nemesis.html
In fact, as it was compiled by D. Raup and J. Sepkoski of the Chicago University, extinctions of life happened on a succession of peaks having taken place at regular intervals of 26 to 30 million years (see arrows).
http://universe-review.ca/I10-38-evolution.jpg
Evolutionary radiation over geologic time
TheThe environmentsenvironments in in thetheoldestoldest times times forfor lifelife
• Bacteria were probably the first forms of life (3.800 m.y.).
• To produce organic matter and energy they should have lived in an environment rich in carbon dioxide and low oxygen.
• The activity of these primitive organisms would increase the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing progressively carbon dioxide.
• At this time, other forms of life were appearing successively essentially green algae (cyanobacteria) and various invertebrates.
Evolution of living beingsLife in the oldest Precambrian
Flagellated
Green algae
Diatoms
http://universe-review.ca/I10-77-Ediacara.jpg
Smithsonian Natural history Museum Edicara Diorama:
http://www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com/edicara.htm
Life in the Precambrian of Australia: a landscape with Dickinsonia sp. (right,
fossil)
Ogygopsis:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/ogygopsis5.jpg
Olenoides and Ogygopsis:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/olenoides-
ogygopsis5.jpg
Fossil fauna from Burgess Shale (1)
Fossil fauna from Burgess Shale (2)Claws of Anomalocaris:http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/part-1020.jpg
Anomalocaris reconstruction :http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/lagerstatten/Burge
ss/Anomalocarishunts.jpg
Anomalocaris briggsi, endemic to the Emu Bay Shale. http://members.tripod.com/~Cambrian/Anomalocaris
Vauxia (one of the numerous corals living on the floor of the Burgess Shale seas):http://www.mala.bc.ca/~earles/burgess/vauxia.jpg
Burgess shale landscape recontruction in the late Neoproterozoic period (ca. 800-542 Ma). From: http://www-eaps.mit.edu/geobiology/research/neoprot.html
NeoproterozoicNeoproterozoic: : wherewhere waswas thethe
IberianIberianPeninsulaPeninsula..?..?
Biota of the Burgess Shale: Sponges Vanuxia (1), Choia (2), Pirania (3); brachiopods Nisusia (4);polychaetes Burgessochaeta (5); priapulid worms Ottia (6), Louisella (7); trilobites Olenoides (8); otherarthropods Sidneyia (9), Leanchoilia (10), Marella (11), Canadaspis (12), Molaria (13), Burgessia (14),Yohoia (15), Waptia (16), Aysheaia (17); molluscs Scenella (18); echinoderms Echmatocrinus (19);chordates Pikaia (20); along with Haplophrentis (21), Opabina (22), lophophorate Dinomischus (23),proto-annelid Wiwaxia (24), and anomalocarid Laggania cambria (25). From The Fossils of the BurgessShales, by Briggs, Erwin and Collier, 1994).
From http://www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Cambrian/Amgan.htm
TheThe PaleozoicPaleozoic: a new Era…: a new Era…• There is great diversity in invertebrates.• Vertebrates begin their hatching with the
appearance of the fish in the middle of the Age.• The amphibians appear on Earth from fish with
lungs when the Age is already well advanced.• Terrestrial plants begin their appearance while
the fish are being developed.• Late Paleozoic reptiles begin to develop (first
dinosaurs).• It seems that life ... is no turning back.• Nevertheless, at the end of Paleozoic occurs most
biological crisis of the planet's history, with the disappearance of 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species.
Trilobites (1) live among many species that are not normally preserved. A typical Cambrian outcrop might produce only trilobites, brachiopods (2), mollusks (3), and crinoids (4). That is a tiny fraction of the full Cambrian biota, better represented by the roster of the Burgess Shale Cambrian Konservat-Lagerstatten. That community includes sponges Vauxia (5), Hazelia (6), and Eifellia (7); brachipods Nisusia (2); priapulid worms Ottoia (8); trilobites Olenoides (1); other arthropods such as Sidneyia (9), Leanchoilia (10), Marella (11), Canadaspis (12), Helmetia(13), Burgessia (14), Tegopelte (15), Naraoia (16), Waptia (17), Sanctacaris (18), and Odaraia (19); lobopods Hallucigenia (20) and Aysheaia (21); mollusks Scenella (3); echinoderms Echmatocrinus (4); and chordates Pikaia(22); among other oddities, including Haplophrentis (23), Opabinia (24), Dinomischus (25), Wiwaxia (26), Amiskwia (27), and Anomalocaris (28). ©2002 by S.M. Gon III (composition & linework) & John Whorrall. http://users.path.ox.ac.uk/~wjames/Evolution/evolution4_files/frame.htm#slide0006.htm
http://universe-review.ca/I10-28-Ordovician.jpg
Marine landscape at the Ordovician (Lower Paleozoic)
http://www.metahistory.org/Overview.php
Extinction at the end of the Ordovician
http://universe-review.ca/I10-29-Silurian.jpg
Marine landscape at the Silurian Times (Middle Paleozoic)
http://universe-review.ca/I10-30-fish.jpg
Marine landscape at the Devonian (Middle Paleozoic)
ImportantImportant changeschanges in in thetheatmosphereatmosphere……
• Oxygen is most abundant and this means that the ultraviolet rays will be filtered into the atmosphere, allowing the colonization of terrestrial environments by organisms (plants and animals).
• Terrestrial ecosystems appear...
http://www.ecuadorciencia.org/blog.asp?id=5327
Carboniferous terrestrial landscapes: large fern forests, large insects and vertebrates.
http://dustdevil.deviantart.com/art/Carboniferous-lands...
http://geologimania.blogspot.com/ http://home.c2i.net/earth/paleogeo/sen_karbon_detalj1.html
SigillariaCalamites
Lepidodendron
PermianPermian landscapelandscape: : terrestrial terrestrial vertebrates, to the powervertebrates, to the power!!
http://www.ebrisa.com/portalc/
http://universe-review.ca/I10-32-Permian.jpg
Permian terrestrial landscape : in continuity with the past.
Paleozoic fossils-guide
TRILOBITES
GRAPTOLITES
LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION
PALEOZOIC FOSSILS
PLANTS (with spores)
Mosses and ferns
NOT CHORDATA
Corals,
Moluscs
Arthropods
CHORDATA
Armoured fish
SIGILLARIA (tronco)
CALCEOLA
Braquiópodos
SPIRIFER
TEREBRATULA
TRILOBITE
Amphibian
LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION
The big Paleozoic changes in Life
http://www.biologyjunction.com/vertebrate_notes.htm
http://www.vi.cl/foro/topic/6988-capitulos-de-biologia-cuestiones-resueltas/page__st__220
The emergence of invertebrates and the appearance of the first terrestrial vascular plants in the Devonian and
early vertebrates (fish) in the middle of the age and evolution of these towards the amphibians and reptiles are some
of the most significant evolutionary aspects.
GeographyGeography in in thethe earlyearly CarboniferousCarboniferous
http://www.scotese.com/newpage4.htm
Iberian Peninsula
GeographyGeography late late CarboniferousCarboniferous
http://www.scotese.com/late.htm
Iberian Peninsula
In In thethe PermianPermian, , onlyonly oneone continentcontinent……
http://www.scotese.com/newpage5.htm
Iberian Peninsula
At the end of the Permian: At the end of the Permian: PangeaPangea ("all the earth")("all the earth")
MesozoicMesozoic oror SecondarySecondary EraEraIberian Peninsula
http://www.scotese.com/newpage8.htm
TriassicTriassiclandscapelandscape
http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo
Something more than mere changes in the geography of continents and oceans on the planet occur: besides breaking Pangea, living beings also contribute to change the face of the earth: gymnosperms begin to replace the ferns and among vertebrates, reptiles (dinosaurs) expand all ecosystems dominated by land, seas and air. occupy all ecosystems dominating the land, the seas and the air.
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/Science/Images/Content/triassic-dinosaurs-22937967-jupiter-xl.jpg
Tria
ssic
fau
na a
nd f
lora
http://universe-review.ca/I10-33-Triassic2.jpg
The first selection of dinosaurs
JurassicJurassic landscapelandscape::seas and seas and landslands
http://arquitecturadefpaisaje.blogspot.com/2009/04/el-jurasico-es-el-sistema-o-periodo.html
http://rutasporasturiasconpeques.blogspot.com/2009/03/costa-de-los-dinosaurios.html
Giant animals dominated the Earth in this period of the Mesozoic Era and would continue to do it throughout the next period, the Cretaceous: about 180 million years, if we count from the beginning of the Triassic…!
JurassicJurassic PaleogeographyPaleogeography (1(1))
http://www.scotese.com/jurassic.htm
Iberian Peninsula
JurassicJurassic PaleogeographyPaleogeography (2(2))
http://www.scotese.com/late1.htm
Iberian Peninsula
http://universe-review.ca/R10-08-Cretaceous.htmhttp://universe-review.ca/R10-19-animals.htm#Vendian
Jurassic (left)
and Cretaceous (right) life
CretaceousCretaceous PaleogeographyPaleogeographyIberian Peninsula
So were the continents when the dinosaurs went extinct... well, almost all dinosaurs
http://www.scotese.com/cretaceo.htm
FÓSILES DEL MESOZOICO
PLANTS ( with flowerss)
Gymnosperms (Conifera)(unprotected seed)
NOT CHORDATA
Echinoderma,
Molusks
CHORDATA
Crinoidea
Ammonoidea
Belemnite
LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION
MESOZOIC FOSSIL REPTILES
COTILOSAURIOS.
Más antiguos. Tipo cocodrilos
ICTIOSAURIOS. Con aletas. Carnívoros
PTEROSAURIOS. Con alas. Carnívoros. Precursores de las aves
DINOSAURIOS. Terrestres. Con grandes patas. Gran éxito evolutivo
Saurópodos. Diplodocus
Terápodos. Tyranosaurus
Estegosaurios. Estegosaurus
Ornitópodos. Triceratops
LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION
HERBIVOROUS DINOSAUR
FLYING PTEROSAUR
CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR
STEGOSAUR
TRICERATOPS
http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/jskiles/fliers/all_flier_prose/asteroid_toon/asteroid_toon.html
http://www.uprh.edu/exegesis/33/bruckman.html
The beginning of the Tertiary is marked by The beginning of the Tertiary is marked by a great cataclysma great cataclysm
A great cataclysm occurs in Yucatan (now Gulf of Mexico) in the late Cretaceous. Then a stretch of sea separated North from South America. Still had a long way to join the two
continents by the Isthmus of Panama. But the positions of all the continents were looking very much like the present. And mammals began to be a representative life
forms in the biosphere: its emergence and dispersal began.
http:/
/www
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Towards the end of the Tertiary (14 My Towards the end of the Tertiary (14 My ago), the world seems recognizable ago), the world seems recognizable
http:/
/www
.scote
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m/mi
ocen
e.htm
http://universe-review.ca/R10-09-Tertiary.htm
Tertiary fauna: Where are the dinosaurs?
TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY FOSSILS
PLANTS (with flowers)
Angyosperms(protected seed)
NOT CHORDATA
Nummulites
Echinoderms
Arthropods
CORDATA
Birds
Mammals
Humanremains
ArqueopterixMamut
Australopithecus
Nummulites
Echinoderms
LIVING BEINGS EVOLUTION
The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate mode for the last 30 million yearsmode for the last 30 million years
… and the last expansion of the polar ice sheets took place about 18,000 years ago.
http:/
/www
.scote
se.co
m/la
stice
.htm
http://www.awi.de/typo3temp/pics/374fcd2373.jpg
Major phylogenetic groups affected at each extinction pulse:1. Ordovician (440 mya). Extinction of deep-shelf benthic faunas including trilobites, graptolites, and conodonts. 2. Devonian (365 mya). Decimation of coral reefs, brachiopods, and calcareous foraminifera. 3. Permian (250 mya). Estimated 96% extinctions at species level in the marine realm, and for the first time, drastic reduction in the number of terrestrial tetrapod families. 4. Triassic (210 mya). Extinctions wiped out 23% of both marine and non-marine animal families, including sponges, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, brachiopods, insects, and vertebrates. 5. Cretaceous (65 mya). The extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs, plus substantial to complete losses among such diverse groups as ammonites, nannoplankton, rudists, and certain marine reptiles. The end-Pleistocene extinction event does not qualify as a mass extinction. It is better classified as a taxon-specific event, affecting primarily the Class Mammalia (although birds and, to a lesser extent, reptiles were also affected). Nor was it global, although later in the Quaternary many other regions were affected by dramatic losses of a similar sort.
http://www.amnh.org/science/biodiversity/extinction/Intro/OngoingProcess.html
K–T boundary along Interstate 25 near Raton Pass, Colorado. The iridium-rich ash (the boundary) is indicated by the red arrow. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary_extinction_event
Badlands near Drumheller, Alberta where erosion has exposed the K–T boundary. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary_extinction_event
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1541892/posts
HUMAN EVOLUTION
Australopithecus 2 m.y.
Homo ergaster 1 m.y.
800.000 y.
1,5 m.y.Homo habilis
Homo antecessor
Homo erectus
500.000 Y.
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
50.000 y.
30.000 y.
(Free hands)
(Tools)
(physical constitution)
(fire)
Cranialcapacity
Improved quality of life : > More varied, nutritious and hygienic diet.
> Greater resistance to disease
> Best defense conditions (weather, predators,...)
> More leisure time
HUMAN EVOLUTION
MORE FUNCTIONS
GREATER BRAIN CAPACITY
LARGER POPULATIONS: HIGH BIRTH RATES AND LOWER MORTALITY
GREATER CHANCE OF GENETIC CHANGES AND EVOLUTION
HUMAN EVOLUTION
For 5 millionyears
Australopithecus afarensis(“Lucy”)
Homo habilis
Homo ergaster
Homo erectus
Homo neanderthalensis
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo ergaster
Homo erectus
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
Human evolution through the skulls.
6TH. 6TH. LESSONLESSON: : LIFELIFE STORYSTORYFinal slide