Proceedings of the technical sessions presentedby the TMS Aluminum Committee
at the TMS 2010 Annual Meeting & Exhibition,
Seattle, Washington, USA
February 14-18,2010
Edited byJohn A. Johnson
APublication of
TMS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Light Metals 2010
Preface xxv
Editor's Biography xxvii
Program Organizers xxix
Aluminum Committees xxxv
The Aluminum Industry - An External Perspective (Customers,Competitors and Stakeholders)
The Aluminum Industry - An External Perspective (Customers, Competitors and
Stakeholders)
Challenges and Opportunites Relative to Increased Usage of Aluminum within the
Automotive Industry 3
M. Verbrugge, P. Krajewski, A. Sachdev, J. Schroth, D. Sigler, andB. Carlson
Author Index 1085
Subject Index 1091
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Light Metals 2010
Preface xx\
Editor's Biography xxvii
Program Organizers xxix
Aluminum Committees xxxv
Alumina and Bauxite
Bayer Process Chemistry and Alumina Quality I
Development of Particle Breakdown and Alumina Strength during Calcination 17
B. Raahauge, C. Jensen-Holm, and S. Wind
Effect of Environmental Light on the Raman Spectrum of Sodium Aluminate Liquors 25
J. Yin, W. Li, Z. Yin, Z. Liu, and Z. Su
Effect ofNa20 on Alumina Leaching and Self-Disintegrating Property of Calcium
Aluminate Slag 29
S. Huilan, W. Bo, and B. Shiwen
Improvement of Product Quality in Circulating Fluidized Bed Calcination 33
C. Klett, M. Missalla, and R. Bligh
Bayer Process Chemistry and Alumina Quality II
Segregation of Alumina - The Challenge for the Aluminium Industry 41
A. Wolf, and P. Hilgraf
Unique High-Temperature Facility for Studying Organic Reactions in the Bayer Process 47
A. Costine, J. Loh, R. McDonald, and G. Power
Technology Solutions to Increase Alumina Recovery from Aluminogoethitic Bauxites 53
A. Panov, A. Suss, and A. Fedyaev
New Polymers for Improved Flocculation of High DSP-Containing Muds 57
M. Davis, Q. Dai, H. Chen, and M. Taylor
Some Aspects of Tricalcium Aluminate Hexahydrate Formation on the Bayer Process 63
S. Franqa, P. Braga, J. Moraes, A. Borges, and J. Lima
vi
Process Improvements and Experiences - Red Side I
Study on Ore Dressing and Characterization of Different Granulometric Fractions that
Compound Bauxite from Para/Brazil 69
F. Silva, R. Santos, J. Sampaio, F. Garrido, and M. Medeiros
Autoclave Desilication of Digested Bauxite Slurry in the Flashing Circuit 75
A. Panov, A. Suss, I. Paromova, and A. Damaskin
The Effect of Anatase and Lime on the Transformation of Sodalite to Cancrinite in Bayer
Digestion at 250° C 81
B. Xu, P. Smith, C. Wingate, andL. DeSilva
Study on the Rheological Behavior of Crystallized and Crystallized - AmorphousBauxites 87
C. Barbato, S. Franga, and M. Nele
Process Improvements and Experiences - Red Side II
Effect of Digesting Conditions on Physical Properties of Diaspore Red Mud 95
L. Bao, T. Zhang, Z Dou, G Lv, X Wu, Y Guo, P. Ni, and J. Ma
Extracting Alumina from Coal Flyash through Sodium Alumlnate Solution in Soda-
sintering and Acid-leaching Process 101
J. Xue, L. Yan, and Y. Zhu
Improved Performance ofRed Mud Settlers at Worsley Alumina 107
D. Eckart, J. Kildea, P. Prinsloo, D. Nicholson, and E. Phillips
Redundancy of Security Filtration 113
P. Weer
Tricalcium Aluminate Hexahydrate (TCA) Synthesis and Characterization 119
M. Mohapatra, and S. Acharya
Effect of Carbide Slag on High Pressure Digestion Properties of Diaspore... 125
W. Bo, S. Huilan, and B. Shiwen
Bauxite Characterization and Handling
Reduction Roasting and Fe-Al Separation of High Iron Content Gibbsite-type Bauxite
Ores 133
G. Li, N. Sun, J. Zeng, Z. Zhu, and T. Jiang
vii
Study and Application of an Improved Sintering Process with Pre-drying of Raw Material
Slurries 139
H. Zhao, B. Lu, andH. Ma
The Black Bauxite 145
Z. Shangguan, and J. Du
Bayer Process and Soda-Lime Sintering Process of Special Diasporic Bauxite with HighSilica 149
C. Wenzhong, T. Weiwei, andZ. Hong
Industry Trends and Issues
Benefit-Cost Analysis at an Alumina Refinery ofPublic Sector 157
JV. Pinero
Heat Transfer in the Bayer Process 161
D. Thomas, andM. Evans
Sustainable Bauxite Mining - A Global Perspective 167
C. Wagner
The Need for Energy Efficiency in Bayer Refining 173
L. Henrickson
UC Rusal vs. Chalco, in Bauxite and Alumina 179
G. Djukanovic
A Case for Replication of Alumina Plants 183
A. Kjar
Alumina Precipitation
Study on the Precipitation Kinetics for Improving the Quality ofAlumina with Regard to
Fines and Attrition Properties 193
N. Krishnaswamy, N. Kshatriya, S. Dasgupta, and R. Jagannathan
Wet Oxidation ofBayer Liquor Organics: Reaction Mechanisms 209
J. Dong, J. Tardio, J. Loh, G. Power, C. Vernon, and S. Bhargava
The Roles of Adsorption in Hydrate Precipitation 215
J. Loh, G. Brodie, and F. Nairn
Influence of Decomposition Parameters on the Formation Rate of New CrystallizationsCenters of Aluminium Hydroxide , 221
R, Smiljanic, D. Lazic, D. Smiljanic, and Z. Zivkovic
viii
The Microstructure of Aluminum Hydroxide Powders 231
Y. Haiyan, L. Wen-cheng, and B. Shiwen
Author Index 1085
Subject Index 1091
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Light Metals 2010
Preface xxv
Editor's Biography xxvii
Program Organizers xxrx
Aluminum Committees xxxv
Aluminum Reduction Technology
Aluminium Smelter: Environment Health and Safety
Modern Potline Gas Treatment Technology for High Amperage Pots - The Alcoa
Fjardaal Experience 239
A. Moras, N. Dando, B. Cloutier, P. Dumortier, and H. Vendette
Heat Recovery from the Exhaust Gas of Aluminum Reduction Cells 243
M. Fleer, 0. Lorentsen, W. Harvey, H. Palsson, and G. Saevarsdottir
Increased Energy Efficiency and Reduced HF Emissions with New Heat Exchanger 249
A. Sorhuus, G Wedde, K. Rye, and G. Nyland
Reduction Line-5 DC Electrical Hazard 255
M. Shukralla
2008 Global Anode Effect Survey Results 259
J. Marks, and C. Bayliss
The Applicability of Carbon Capture and Sequestration in Primary Aluminium Smelters 265
S. Broek, and S. Save
Application ofa Method for the Determination of Pfc Emissions During Aluminum Pot
Startup 271
J. Maltais, J. Ross, andA. Marcoux
Dissolution Behavior of Aluminum Dross in Aluminum Electrolyte 277
W. Fu, Z. Wang, Y. Yang, andX. Hu
V
Aluminium Smelter: Equipment
Improving Heat Dissipation and Cell Life of Aged Reduction Lines at Aluminium
Bahrain (Alba) 285
A. Ahmed, K. Raghavendra, and B. Welch
Update on the Evaluation ofHF Emission Reduction Using Covered Anode Trays 291
J. Gagne, R. Minville, N. Dando, G. Dufour, M. Gershenzon, P. Champoux,andA. Moras
Automated Anode Gauging 295
S. Maqbali, C. Smith, J. Raman, M. Angirash, S. Abdullah, S. Thirunavukkarasu,
R. Kulkarni, P. Marchand, S. David, and P. Boucher
Keeping the Pace of Continuous Improvement by Retrofitting Pot Tending Machines 301
J. Barry, F. Roriguez, and J. Imery
New Concepts for Bulk Materials Plants for the Aluminium Producing Industry - From
Raw Material Receiving to Electrolysis Cells 305
S. Skirde
Alfeed, a New Alumina Feeding System to Aluminium Pots 311
S. Ose, A. Sorhuus, O. Bjarno, and G. Wedde
Electrolysis Pot J Hooks New Design: Positive Impacts on Performance and Environment 315
N. Dupas
Cleaning and Maintenance of Crucibles and Siphons/Tubes 319
D. Prive, P. Cote, and R. Boulianne
Erosion of Ferrous Alloys by Liquid Aluminum 325
M. Sidhu, and M. Krai
Hall-Heroult Cell: Technology
Development ofthe AP39: The New Flagship of AP Technology 333
L. Fiot, D. Munoz, X. Berne, C. Ritter, and 0. Martin
DX Pot Technology Powers Green Field Expansion 339
A. Zarouni, M. Zelicourt, M. Jallaf, K. Alaswad, A. Kumar, A. Reyami, V. Kumar,
D. Bakshi, J. Blasques, and I. Baggash
New Logistic Concepts for 400 and 500 kA Smelters 345
M. Meijer
xi
The Pot Technology Development in China 349
Z. Jia, Y. Xiaodong, and S. Kangjian
The Newly Advancement of SY400 Pot 355
S. Kangjian
Successful Commercial Operation ofNEUI400 Potline 359
XQi
Continues Advancement in Lanzhou Smelter 365
S. Kangjian, andJ. Chen
Baking Start-up and Operation Practices of 400kA Prebaked Anode Pots 369
Y Ban, X. Qi, D. Lv, J. Mao, Y. Mao, Z Wang, Z Shi, B. Gao, andX. Hu
Hall-Heroult Cell: Energy Conservation Through Cell Design and Process
Improvements
Wettable Athodes: An Update 377
R. Pawlek
Wettability of Liquid Aluminum on Carbon/Graphite/TiB2 CompositeCathode Materials 383
J. Xue, and X. Chen
Study on the New Reduction Technology for Energy Saving 387
F. Liu, and S. Gu
Effect of Atmosphere-Changing Sintering on the Corrosion Resistance of 17Ni/(10nio-
NiFe204) Cermet Inert Anode 391
L. Kai, T. Zhong-liang, L. Jie, L. Yanqing, and Z. Hong-liang
Liquidus Temperatures of Cryolite Melts with Low Cryolite Ratio 395
A. Apisarov, A. Dedyukhin, E. Nikolaeva, P. Tin'ghaev, O. Tkacheva, A. Redkin,
and Y. Zaikov
Industrial Test of Low-voltage Energy-saving Aluminum Reduction Technology 399
L. Jie, L. Xiao-jun, L. Yan-qing, X. Chang-chun, Z. Hong-liang, X. Jin, D. Feng-qi,L. Shi-wen, G. Qi-feng, and L, Yun-long
New Cathodes in Aluminum Reduction Cells 405
F. Naixiang, T. Yingfu, P. Jianping, W. Yaowu, Q. Xiquan, and T. Ganfeng
Calculation of the Aluminum Flow Field at the Interface of Molten Aluminum and
Electrolyte in the New Cathode Aluminum Cells 409
J. Yanli, P. Jianping, F. Naixiang, W. Yaowu, and Q. Xiquan
xii
Hall-Heroult Cell: Processes Modeling and Aluminium Smelter Modeling
Mathematical Modeling of Aluminum Reduction Cell Potshell Deformation
M. Dupuis
The Use ofCFD Simulations to Optimise Ventilation of Potrooms
A. Maarschalkerwaard
Safe and Efficient Traffic Flow for Aluminum Smelters
L. Tikasz, C. Read, R. Baxter, R. Fires, andR. McCulloch
Development and Application of anANSYS® based Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Anode
Stub Hole Design Tool
M. Dupuis
Design of a Bypass Joint for the Aluminum Reduction Cells
Y. Sarkis
3D Freeze Shape Study of the Aluminum Electrolysis Cells Using Finite Element Method
C. Xifeng, Z Hong-liang, Z. Zhong, L. Jie, L. Yanqing, X. Yujie, Z. Hehui,and L. Xiaojun
Hall-Heroult Cell: Processes Modeling and Measurements
CFD Modelling ofEffect of ACD and Anode Size on Alumina Mixing in Aluminium
Reduction Cells
Y. Feng, M. Cooksey, and P. Schwarz
Terminating Anode Effects by Lowering and Raising the Anodes - A Closer Look at the
Mechanism
J. Thonstad, andH. Vogt
Bath Temperature Inference through Soft Sensors using Neural NetworksF. Soares, R. Limao, and M. Castro
The Determination of Pot Current Distribution by Measuring Magnetic Fields
N. Urata, and J. Evans
Busbar Circuit Design and Installation for Boosting Already Boosted Pots
D. Champagne, D. Ziegler, A. Schneider, and D. Richard
Study of Surface Oscillation ofLiquid Aluminum in 168kAAluminum Reduction Cells
with a New Type of Cathode DesignW. Ziqian, F. Naixiang, P. Jianping, W. Yaowu, and Q. Xiquan
Xi"
Modelling and Optimization ofBusbar Configuration in Aluminum Electrolysis Cell with
Genetic Algorithm 489
M. Li
Hall-Heroult Cell: Process Control
Continuous Improvement in Aluminium Reduction Cell Process Performance with the
ALPSYS® Control System 495
S. Fardeau, B. Sulmont, P. Vellemans, and C. Ritter
A Nonlinear Model Based (NMPC) Control Strategy for the Aluminium Electrolysis
Process 501
S. Kolas, and S. Wasbo
CVG-venalum Potline Control and Supervisory Integrated System VEN-PCSIS 507
J. Ramones, F. Ramirez, M. Colmenares, J. Larez, and J. Gonzalez
Efficient Thermal Balance Strategy Developed by CVG Venalum 513
M. Colmenares, A. Ruiz, and J. Imery
Usage of Fuzzy Logic as a Strategy for the Aluminium Fluoride Addition in ElectrolyticCells 517
F. Soares
Development and Application of a Multivariate Process Parameters Intelligence Control
Technology for Aluminum Reduction Cells 523
Y. Xiaobing, and T. Qinghong
Hall-Heroult Cell: Raw Materials and Process Control
Rapid, Non-Destructive Analysis of% Gibbsite in Smelting Grade Alumina 531
K. Dando, and N. Dando
Aluminum Fluoride -A Users Guide 535
S. Lindsay
Alumina Dissolution Rate as Impacted by Ore Pre-treatments 541
X. Wang, J. Sorensen, N. Dando, and W. Xu
Processing of Anode Cover Material 547
I. Eick, B. Rausch, J. Chmelar, and U. Kohaupt
Statistical Investigation and Modeling of Bath Level in Hall-Heroult Cells 553
J. Tessier, and P. Doiron
xiv
In Situ Raman Experimental Study of Ionic Species in Cryolite Melts of Various
Composition 559
S. Vassiliev, V. Laurinavichute, Z. Kuz 'minova, G. Tsirlina, E. Antipov, A. Gusev,and D. Simakov
In Situ Cell Control 563M. Schneller
Determination of Cryolite Ratio of Aluminum Electrolytes 569
B. Gao, D. Li, Z. Shi, Z. Wang, andB. Ren
Author Index 1085
Subject Index 1091
XV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Light Metals 2010
Preface xxv
Editor's Biography xxvii
Program Organizers xxix
Aluminum Committees xxxv
Aluminum Rolling
Session I
Grain Interactions and Dislocation Density Evolution during Channel Die Compressionof Aluminum 579
A. Alankar, I. Mastorakos, and D. Field
Impact of Solute State and Precipitations on the Properties of 8xxx Alloys after Cold
Rolling and Recrystallization 585
G. Laptyeva, C. Schafer, K. Karhausen, V. Mohles, and G Gottstein
Expert5i - Intelligent Software Solution for Yield Optimization along the Production Line
of Aluminium Flat Rolled Products 591
S. Hillebrand, and U. Knaak
Possibilities of Laser Meaurement for Aluminum Processing 597
P. Sonntag
Author Index 1085
Subject Index 1091
xvi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Light Metals 2010
Preface xxv
Editor's Biography xxvii
Program Organizers xxix
Aluminum Committees xxxv
Cast Shop for Aluminum Production
Grain Refinement Alloying, Solidification and Shape Casting
On the Mechanism of Grain Refinement by Ultrasonic Melt Treatment in the Presence of
Transition Metals 607
D. Eskin, T. Atamanenko, L. Zhang, andL. Katgerman
Impurities in Al-5Ti-lB (wt.%) Grain Refiner Rod 613
B. McKay, G. Nunner, G. Geier, and P. Schumacher
Effects of Cooling Rate on Microstructure in En-Ac43000 Gravity Castings and Related
T6 Mechanical Properties 619
I. Todaro, R. Squatrito, A. Morri, andL. Tomesani
Evaluation of Transient Heat Transfer Coefficient Evolution in EN43000 GravityCastings towards Steel Chills with Different Interface Conditions 625
R. Squatrito, I. Todaro, and L. Tomesani
Furnace Technology and Melt Handling^^M^B«BUWH«BMWaWlMW~MH_MaPaMMlW«BwaHa^_a^^^^^~^^^~^^^^—l>^~MMW_«HMH^0h
Influence of Heating Technology on Melt Quality in Ladles for Road Transportation of
Liquid Aluminum Casting Alloys during Holding 633
B. Prillhofer, and J. Knaack
Crucible Transfer by Siphoning: A Review ofthe Benefits and the Latest Technology 639
J. Locatelli, and G. Liu
Energy Efficiency in Casthouse Furnaces 651
R. Voyer, andF. Caron
Establishing Operational Parameters ofAL-EMS using Numerical Simulations to
Promote Energy Efficiency during Final Heating in Aluminum Furnaces 657
R. Stal, U. Sand, and O. Hjortstam
xvii
Retrofitting Aluminum Melting Furnaces 663
T. Schmidt
Implementation of a Global Casthouse Furnace Energy Efficiency Program at Rio Tinto
Alcan 669
M. Roy, V. Goutiere, and C. Dupuis
Degreasing of Aluminium Turnings and Implications for Solid-State Recycling 675
J. Cui, A. Kvithyld, and H. Roven
Heating and Melting of Single Al Ingots in an Aluminium Melting Furnace 679
J. Furu, A. Buchholz, T. Bergstrom, and K. Marthinsen
Optimised Re-melting by the Use of Low-temperature Oxyfuel at Hydro Aluminium's
Primary Aluminium Casthouse, Ovre Ardal, Norway 685
H. Gripenberg, K. Torvanger, andJ. Lodin
Direct Chill and Conveyor Casting
Microsegregation of Direct Chill Ingot of Super High Strength Aluminum Alloy Cast
from Heavily Electromagnetically Stirred Melt 693
T. Umeda, P. Thirathipviwat, M. Suparadist, and H. Nagaumi
Utilizing Safety Pit Coating Repair Kits to Prevent Production Stoppages 697
A. Lowery, and J. Roberts
Effect of Application of Out-Of-Phase Electromagnetic Field on Horizorntal Direct Chill
Casting of 7075 Aluminum Alloy 703
Q. Zhu, Z. Zhao, X. Wang, and J. Cui
Next Generation ofAlmex Direct Chill Tooling Systems 709
S. Homer
Thermal Assessment ofthe Casting Operation at IMASA Shop 715
C. Mendez, C. Sanchez, G. Plascencia, M. Rubio, and D. Jaramillo
Cast House Productivity and Strip Casting
Means of Improving Casthouse Productivity 723
P. Whiteley
Estimating the Production Capabilities of Casthouse Equipment Configuration Options 729
P. Baker
xviii
Electrochemical Characterization of Trc 7072aa for Heat Exchangers 735
A. Dursun, B. Corlu, C. Inel, M. Dundar, R. Erdogan, and M. Urgen
Influence ofthe Cooling Water Temperature on Productivity and Product Quality in Twin
Roll Casting with Copper Shells 741
M. Badowski, E. Garate, and D. Armendariz
The Use of Copper Shells by Twin Roll Strip Casters 747A. Clemente, J. Tsiros, A. Arvanitis, D. Spathis, and H. Wobker
A TEM Study of the Microstructures of 3003 and 3003-Zr Alloys Produced by Twin Roll
Casting 753
B. Corlu, O. Duygulu, S. Ucuncuoglu, G. Oktay, A. Dursun, and M. Dundar
Casthouse Design for the Production ofAir-Cooled, Low-Profile Aluminium Sows 759
T. Plikas, T. Cesta, L. Gunnewiek, M. Trovant, R. Santiago, and J. Vanasse
The Measurement ofHeat Flow within a DC Casting Mould 765
A. Prasad, J. Taylor, and I. Bainbridge
Melt Oxidation, Inclusions and Hydrogen
Formation ofthe Solid Layer on the Top of Molten Aluminum 773
L. Damoah, and L. Zhang
Removal of Solid Inclusions from Molten Aluminium through Ceramic Foam Filtration 779
A. Engelbrecht
Strategies to Reduce Inclusion Input during Liquid Metal Transportation and Melt
Distribution while DC Casting of Al Alloys 785
B. Prillhofer, H. Bottcher, and H. Antrekowitsch
A New Multi Stage System ofFiltration Employing a Cyclone 791
J, Courtenay, and F. Reusch
Hazards Associated with the Use ofBone Ash in Contact with Molten Aluminum 797
D. Doutre
In-Situ Measurement ofDissolved Hydrogen during Low Pressure Die Casting of
Aluminium ...801
M. Hills, M. Henson, C. Thompson, B. Geddes, C. Schwandt, R. Kumar, and D. Fray
Author Index 1085
Subject Index 1091
xix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Light Metals 2010
Preface xxv
Editor's Biography xxvii
Program Organizers xxix
Aluminum Committees xxxv
Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production
Cathodes - Materials and Operation
Carburation Phenomenons At The Cathode Block/Metal Interface 811
M. Lebeuf, M. Coulombe, P. Chartrand, B. Allard, and G. Soucy
Erosion Measurements ofHigh Density Cathode Block Samples Through Laboratory
Electrolysis with Rotation 817
Y, Sato, P. Lavoie, and P. Patel
Thermo-Mechanical Characterisation of Graphitic and Graphitized Carbon Cathode
Materials Used in Aluminium Electrolysis Cells 823
D. Picard, W. Bouzemmi, B. Allard, H. Alamdari, and M. Fafard
Electrical Resistance of Graphitic and Graphitized Cathode Materials at Elevated
Temperatures 829
J, Xue, J. Zhu, and Y Song
Development of High Density Graphitized Cathode Blocks for Aluminium ElectrolysisCells 835
S. Larsen, X. Liao, H. Gran, S. Madshus, and J. Johansen
Sodium Diffusion in Cathode Lining in Aluminium Electrolysis Cells 841
Z. Wang, J. Rutlin, and T. Grande
Characterization of Sodium Expansion of Industrial Graphitic and Graphitized Cathodes 849
J. Xue, L. Wu, Q. Liu, Q. Niu, W. Wang, X. Hou, J. Zhu, andH. He
Corrosion Resistance of Cathode to NaF-KF-ALF3-Based Electrolyte 855H. Yan, W. Li, S. Qiu, and J. Li
Development Status of Processing Technology for Spent Potlining in China 859X Chen
XX
Non-Carbon Materials in Cathodes
Lower Aluminium Production Cost through Refractory Material Selection 865
O. Siljan, S. Slagnes, A. Sekkingstad, E. Furu, S. Aaram, and A. Solheim
Chemical Degradation Map for Sodium Attack in Refractory Linings 871
K, Tschope, T. Grande, and J. Rutlin
Reactions in the Bottom Lining ofAluminium Reduction Cells 877
A. Solheim, C. Schoning, andE. Skybahnoen
Sidewall Materials for the Hall-Heroult Process 883
R. Mukhlis, M. Rhamdhani, and G. Brooks
Excellent Cryolite Resistance and High Thermal Conductivity SiC Sidewall Material for
High-amperage Aluminium Reduction Cells 889
Z. Huang
Structure Design and Deformation Measurements of C/TiB2 Function Gradient Materials
for Aluminum Reduction Cathode 895
J. Xue, B. Li, and J. Zhu
Electrolysis Expansion Performance of TiB2-C Composite Cathode in
[K3A1F6/Na3A1F6]-A1F3-A1203 Melts 901
F. Zhao, L. Xiao-jun, L. Jie, L. Yan-qing, and T. Zhong-liang
Traditional and Inert Anode Materials
Higher Softening Point Pitch as Anode Binder Pitch 909
R. Wombles, S. McKinney, T. Golubic, and K. Sickels
Study of Resistivity - Real Density Correlation in CPC Calcination Control 913
O. Mascarenhas, A. Mathur, andJ. Botelho
The Comparison between Vertical Shaft Furnace and Rotary Kiln for Petroleum Coke
Calcination 917
Y. Sun, H. Xu, Y. Wang, Y. Cui, and C. Liu
Prebaked Anode from Coal - Utilization of Coal Extract as a Coke Feedstock 923
M. Hamaguchi, N. Okuyama, N. Komatsu, J. Koide, and K. Kano
Charcoal in Anodes for Aluminium Production 929
B. Monsen, A. Ratvik, and L. Lossius
xxi
Ball-milled Materials as Inert Anodes for Aluminum Production in KF-Alf3 Low-
temperature Electrolyte 935
S. Helle, B. Brodu, B. Davis, D. Guay, and L. Roue
Corrosion Behaviors ofNiFe204-NiO-Co304 Inert Anodes Materials in Na3AlF6-
AI2O3 Melts 939
/. Xue, T. Zeng, and J. Zhu
Effect of Sintering Parameters on Properties of 18NiO-17(Cu-Ni)-65NiFe204 CompositeCeramic Anode 945
J. Ma, Y. Chun, B. Li, Z. Xiao, and M. Fei
Research on Preparation and Properties of 18NiO-NiFe204 Composite Ceramic Inert
Anodes 949
J. Ma, Y. Chun, B. Li, Z. Xiao, and M. Fei
Effect of Adding Ni-Fe on Properties ofInert Anodes of NiFe204 Based Cermet 953
Z Hua, G. Yao, L. Wang, Z. Zhang, andL. Liang
Anode Green Mill
Use of Eddy Current Separator in Butts Processing 959
J. Chmelar, and H. Linga
From Technology Development to Successful Start-Up and Operations of Sohar : The
Potential of the Bi-Eirich Mixing Line 963
F. Morales, M. Gendre, N. Backhouse, B. Hohl, D. Stephenson, and M. Balushi
New Design ofProcess Area Based on Math Modelling and Simulation for Buss Kneader
Principle in the Application of Green Anode Paste Preparation 969
H. Siegenthaler, and J. Stampfli
Aluchemie Back to Benchmark 975
P. Claudel, andE. Smits
Successful Start up of the Combined Rhodax® and IMC® Processes at the Sohar Smelter 981
A. Pinoncely, J. Bigot, and C. Bouche
Amelios, A Performance Analysis Tool for Green Anode Plant 987
C. Bouche, O. Ganouni, andA. Molin
Anode Paste Plants: Innovative Solution for Optimum Emission Performances 993H. Vendette
xxii
Anode Baking/Anode Properties
On the Logistics of Rebuilding an Anode Baking Furnace while Maintaining Operation 999
R. Coulombe, D. Machado, J. Ferguson, and D. Carle
Specific Energy Consumption in Anode Bake Furnaces 1005
F. Keller, P. Sulger, M. Meier, D. Severo, and V. Gusberti
Desulphurisation Control during Anode Baking, its Impact on Anode Performance and
Operational Costs-Alba's Experience 1011
H. Abbas, K. Khaji, and D. Sulaiman
Systemic Analysis of Flue Wall Bricks Used in Anode Baking Furnaces 1015
B. Teider, P. Tiba, F. Figueiredo, J. Gallo, and V. Pandolfelli
Development of a New Improved Dry Alumina Scrubber for Emission Control from
Anode Bake Furnaces ..1021
P. Vasconcelos, andA. Mesquita
Baked Anode Density Improvement through Optimization of Green Anode DryAggregate Composition 1027
K. Khaji, and H. Abbas
Characterization of Surface Topography on Carboxy Reactivity Residue 1031
S. Rervik, L. Lossius, H. Linga, andA. Ratvik
Preheating and Operational Aspects
Loss in Cathode Life Resulting from the Shutdown and Restart ofPotlines at Aluminum
Smelters 1039
A. Tabereaux
Evaluation of Mothballing and Subsequent Restarting of S0derberg Cells 1045
V. Buzunov, V. Borisov, Y. Masyutin, D. Bolshakov, and A. Pinayev
Investigation ofthe Impact of Pre-Heating, Start-Up and Early Operation on Potlife 1051
J. Tessier, C. Duchesne, G. Tarcy, C. Gauthier, and G. Dufour
Analysis ofthe Coke Bed Preheating Method for Aluminium Cells 1057
M.AU
The Combined Flame and Aluminum Preheating Method 1063
T. Yingfu, F. Naixiang, P. Jianping, W. Yaoyu, and L. Jian
Cell Preheat on Full Line Current at Dubai 1067
A. AlZarouni, M. AlJallaf, A, Kumar, K. Alaswad, and J. Blasques
xxiii
Optimization of the Anode-Stub Contact: Material Properties of Cast Iron 1073B. Oye, E. Haugland, J. Hop, A. Nordmark, and M. Onsoien
Voltage Drop at the Stub-anode Connection as Related to the Carbon Equivalent of the
Cast Iron Collar 1079A. Nofal, M. Waly, A. Ahmed, M. Agour, A. Kandil, S. Mohamed, and M. Mourad
Author Index 1085
Subject Index 1091
xxiv
