LIMBIC SYSTEM-„visceral brain“- emotional reactions- sexual behaviour- care for offspring- social behaviour- memory- control of autonomic functions

Cortical parts

• inner zone: hippocampus, gyrus dentatus, subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum, indusium griseum

• outer zone: area enthorhinalis (28), lobus piriformis, gyrus cinguli

• neocortical paralimbic cortex: insula, anterior pole of temporal lobe, medial and orbital part of frontal lobe

Nuclei (tele-, di-, mesencephalon, pons)

• corpus amygdaloideum

• septum verum

• nucleus accumbens

• ncl. corporis mammillaris

• ncl. habenularis

• ncl. anteriores thalami

• ncl. interpeduncularis

• ncl. tegmentalis dorsalis Guddeni

• ncl. parabrachiales med.+lat.

Nuclei (aminergic nuclei)

• cholinergic nuclei: ncl. basalis Meynerti, ncl. tractus diagonalis Brocae + septalis med. v septum verum, ncl. preopticus magnocellularis v hypothalamu

• dopaminergic nuclei: pars compacta substantiae nigrae, nucleus subbrachialis formationis reticularis (= area tegmentalis ventralis Tsai)

• noradrenergic nuclei: locus coeruleus• serotonergic nuclei: ncl. raphei med.+dors., ncl.

centralis superior tegmenti Bechterevi (v RF)• histaminergic nuclei: ncl. tuberomamillaris

hypothalami

White matter of LSFornix• columnae (pars tecta – fibrae pre- +

retrocommissurales, pars libera)• corpus• crura (+ commissura fornicis = Lyra Davidis)• fimbria hippocampi (lying on hippocampus in

cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis)• taenia fornicis = attachment line of plexus

choroideus ventriculi lateralis to fornix

White matter of LS

• Striae longitudinales corporis callosi medialis + lateralis

• Cingulum – association fascicle in gyrus cinguliGyrus cinguli = area subcalosa, area cigularis ant.+post., area retrosplenialis, presubiculum

• Commissura anterior• Tractus mammillothalamicus +

mamillointerpeduncularis• Fasciculus longitudinalis posterior

Olfaction

cortex piriformis – anterior pole of temporal lobe

• cortical part of amygdala

• uncus gyri parahippocampalis

• anterior end of gyrus parahippocampalis

• main olfactory centre – orbitofrontal cortex

Main output axis of limbic system

Septum verum hypothalamus RF of mesencephalon

• along fasciculus medialis telencephali = MFB

• part of gyrus parahippocampalis facing cornu inferius centriculi lateralis (5cm long)

• Alveus = fibre layer on hippocampal surface, under ependyma– contains fibres running in fimbria hippocampi

• Regio I-IV (CA 1-CA 4)– Stratum moleculare (+ substratum lacunosum)– Stratum oriens– Stratum pyramidale– Stratu radiatum

• Gyrus dentatus– Stratum moleculare, granulare, multiforme

Hippocampus proprius = cornu Ammonis

• Hippocampal formation = hippocampus, subiculum, gyrus dentatus

• Gyrus dentatus– under fimbria hippocampi, medially to

hippocampus– narrowing towards temporal lobe pole– termianes as oblique taenia Giacomini (separating

uncus)– when reaching splenium corporis callosi gyrus

fasciolaris indusim griseum+striae longitudinales corporis callosi

• subiculum (archicortex) – superior part of gyrus parahippocampalis

• presubiculum (periarchicortex)

• periarchicortical band on medial surface of temporal lobe

• medially to subiculum

• parasubiculum (periarchicortex)

Subicular complex

Hippocampus - connections• afferents: olfaction, g. cinguli via cingulum, orbital cortex via

fasc. uncinatus, amygdala area entorhinalis (28) H.

hypothalamus, septum, contralateral hippocampus fornix H.

• efferents: from subiculum area entorhinalis (28)– fornix (precom.) septum, hypothalamus (area

preoptica), striatum ventrale, orbital and anterior cingulate cortex

– fornix (precom.) ncll. anteriores thalami– fornix (postcom.) corpus mamillare

Hippocampus - lesion

• lesion of declarative memory (facts, events)– little retrograde amnesia – full antegrade amnesia (except short-time

memory)

• amnesia of corpora mamillaria– chronic alcoholism– can cause Korsakov´s psychosis (amnestic

confabulatory syndrom)

• Hippocampal formation = hippocampus, subiculum, gyrus dentatus

• Gyrus dentatus– under fimbria hippocampi, medially to

hippocampus– narrowing towards temporal lobe pole– termianes as oblique taenia Giacomini (separating

uncus)– when reaching splenium corporis callosi gyrus

fasciolaris indusim griseum+striae longitudinales corporis callosi

• subiculum (archicortex) – superior part of gyrus parahippocampalis

• presubiculum (periarchicortex)

• periarchicortical band on medial surface of temporal lobe

• medially to subiculum

• parasubiculum (periarchicortex)

Subicular complex

Corpus amygdaloidum (= amygdala = nucleus amgydalae) = archistriatum

• morphologic and developmental basal ganglion• function and conections with limbic systém• location: temporal lobe, in front of cornu inferius

ventriculi lateralis and caudaa ncl. caudati• complex of nuclei• control of hypothalamus „drive-related behaviour“• subjective feelings (fear, agression)• bilateral lesion no agressivity

Corpus amygdaloidum - division

• cortex periamygdalaris

• young – baso-lateral part – connection to cortex

• old – cortico-centromedial part – connection to olfaction; hypothalamus and brain stem

Petrovický, 2008

Corpus amygdaloidum - connections

• afferents: rich sensory and visceral

• efferents: – stria terminalis (along ncl. caudatus and v.

thalamostriata) septum + hypothalamus– ventral amygdalofugal pathway (under ncl.

lentiformis) septum + hypothalamus + piriform, orbital and antrerior cingulatecortex, ncl. accumbens, ncl. dorsomedialis thalami

Insula

???

• area 13-16

• visceromotor innervation of GIT

• emotion of pain

• speech

• limbic function

Two main limbic subsystems

• Hippocampus ( gyrus cinguli + parahippocampalis neocortex) ~ ncll. anteriores thalami + corpus mamillare

• Corpus amygdaloideum ( prefrontal (orbital) cortex and anterior temporal cortex neocortex) ~ ncl. dorsomedialis thalami

Circuits of limbic system

• Limbic circuit of basal ganglia

hippocampus, gyrus cinguli, orbitofrontal cortex, temporal cortex

ncl. accumbens substantia nigra pallidum ventrale thalamus orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex

beginning of motor respons

visceromot respons via hypothalamus

Circuits of limbic system

• Papez´s limbic subcortical circuit (John Papez 1937)hippocampal formation fornix corpora mamillaria fasciculus mamillothalamicus ncll. anteriores thalami area cingularis posterior hippocampus + area entorhinalis

• recent, short version skips hypothalamus

BRAIN VENTRICLES

andMENINGES

Meninges

• pachymeninx = dura mater• dura mater cranialis

• dura mater spinalis

• leptomeninx– arachnoidea mater

• arachnoidea mater cranialis + spinalis

– pia mater• pia mater cranialis + spinalis

Dura mater• dura mater

cranialis– falx cerebri– tentorium cerebelli

(+ incisura tentorii)

– falx cerebelli– diaphragma sellae– cavum trigeminale

• dura mater spinalis (= saccus)– pars duralis fili

terminalis

Dura mater – Arteries

• brain– a. meningea ant. a. ethmoidalis ant. a.

ophtalmica a. carotis int.– a. meningea media a. maxillaris a. carotis ext.– a. meningea post. a. pharyngea asc. a. carotis

ext.– rr. meningei a. occipitalis, a. vertebralis

• spinal cord– corresponds to spinal cord arteries

Dura mater – other supply

• Veins: brain – corresponds to arterires spinal cord – plexus venosi vertebrales

interni• Lymph: along veins to closest lypmh nodes

!!! No lymphatic drainage in brain !!!• Nerves: brain

– r. tentorii n. V1

– r. meningeus n. V2, V3, X, C1-C3 (+ XII)

spinal cord – rr. meningei nn. spinales

Spaces around dura mater

• spatium epidurale – virtual space in brain– bleeding from aa. menigeae or disrupted venous

sinuses– exsits around spinal cord (saccus d.m.)

• spatium subdurale – virtual space in both– bleeding from bridging veins

Arachnoidea mater

• spatium subarachnoideum – bleeding from Willis´s circle (often inborn aneurysmas)

• liquor cerebrospinalis (CSF)• cisternae subarachniodeales

• Virchow-Robin´s spaces• arachnoidea mater cranialis

– granulationes arachnoideales Pacchioni (in foveolae granulares of calvaria) – resorption of CSF

• arachnoidea mater spinalis

Cisternae subarachnoideales• c. cerebellomedullaris post. (= c. magna)• c. cerebellomedullaris lat.• c. fossae lateralis cerebri• c. chiasmatis• c. interpeduncularis• c. ambiens• c. pericallosa• c. pontocerebellaris• c. laminae terminalis• c. quadrigeminalis (= c. venae cerebri magnae)• c. lumbalis

Pia mater

• pia mater cranialis– tela choroidea ventriculi IV., III– plexus choroideus ventriculi IV.,III.– plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis + glomus

choroideum

• pia mater spinalis– lig. denticulatum– septum cervicale intermedium– pars pialis fili terminalis

Liquor cerebrospinalis(cerebrospinal fluid - CSF)

• pellucid, yellowish, alkalic

• plasma ions, little proteins and glucosis

• 2-5 lymphocytes per 1mm3

• total amount 100-180 ml, ¼ in ventricles

• daily production: 500 ml

• puncture – lumbal L3-4, suboccipital

• role of lymph in CNS

Brain ventricles • ventriculi laterales• ventriculus tertius• ventriculus quartus – communication with

spatium subarachnoideum• ventriculus lumbalis (Krausei)

false ventricles (no CSF !!!) • ventriculus quintus Arantii, Wenzeli, Vieussensi = cavum

septi pellucidi (10%)• ventriculum sextus Vergae = cavum psalterii

– between posterior 1/3 of truncus corporis callosi and commissura fornicis (psalterium), in case of their non-fusion

Ventriculus quartus• floor: fossa rhomboidea Arantii• ceiling (= tegmen)

– vellum medullare sup. Willisi s.Vieussensi– fastigium– vellum medullare inf.– apertura mediana v.q. (= foramen Magendi)– obex (caudally)

• recessus lateralis – apertura lateralis v.q. (= foramen Luschkae) – paired

• aqueductus mesencephali Sylvii – communication to IIIrd ventricle

Ventriculus tertius

• foramen interventriculare Monroi• apertura aqueductus mesencephali Vieussensi• taenia thalami + stria medullaris thalami• adhesio interthalamica (80%)• recessus:

– suprapinealis– pinealis– supraopticus– infundibuli– triangularis

Ventriculus lateralis

• paired• cornu frontale/anterius• pars centralis (atrium)• cornu occipitale/posterius

(bulbus) – calcar avis, eminentia collateralis Meckeli

• cornu temporale/inferius - hippocampus

- stria terminalis- lamina affixa- taenia choroidea

Circumventricular organs

missing HE barrier• area postrema

– by trigonum n. X - vomitting• organum subfornicale• organum subcommissurale• organum vasculosum laminae terminalis

– receptors for angiotensin II– secretion of hypothalamic products

• recessus pinealis, suprapinealis, infundibuli- derivates of ependym in ventricles- 3 types of cells: ependymal, secretory, tanycytes

Brain arteries• circulus arteriosus Willisi

– a. cerebri anterior, media, posterior cortical branches– a. communicans ant. (1) et post. (2) cortical branches – a. choroidea ant.(Willis), rr. posteriores (a. cerebri

post.)– aa. centrales deep structures

• anteromediales• anterolaterales (a. hemorrhagica Charcoti for putamen stroke) !!!• posteromediales• posterolaterales

– aa. vertebrales• a. inferior posterior cerebelli

– a. basilaris• a. inferior anterior cerebelli a. labyrinthi• aa. pontis, aa. mesencephalicae• a. superior cerebelli

Charcot´s artery/ies

• aa. centrales anterolaterales

• rr. laterales striati, „arterie lenticulostriatae“

• branches from Willis, M1 or a. choroidea anterior

• supply to striatum, pallidum and capsula interna

• lesion: contralateral hemiplegia

Recurrent artery of Heubner

• branch from a. communicans anterior or A1/A2 segment of a. cerebri anterior

• caput ncl. caudati, crus anterius capsulae internae, anterior part of nucleus lentiformis, thalamus, hypothalamus and olfactory brain

• lesion: hemiplegia with faciobrachial predominance

Arteries of spinal cord1. longituidnal:

– a. spinalis ant. /unpaired, ventrally/ a.vertebralis– aa. spinales post. /4, dorsally/ a. inf. post. cerebelli

a. basilaris

2. transverse:branches of various arteries

rr. spinales aa. radiculares ant.+post. aa. sulcomarginales

+ vasocoronae

Sources of rr. spinales• a. vertebralis • a. cervicalis ascendens• a. cerviclais profunda• aa. intercostales posteriores• aa. lumbales• a. iliolumbalis• aa. sacrales laterales

aa. radiculares • irregular• 5-9• a. radicularis magna

Adamkiewiczi

Brain veins

1. vv. trunci encephali– v. pontomesencephalica (unpaired, in sulcus basilaris)

• vv. pontis + vv. medullae oblongatae

– vv. cerebelli v. cerebri magna, sinus rectus, transversus, sigmoideus, petrosus sup.

2. deep veins (= vv. profundae cerebri)– v. basalis Rosenthali ( vv. c. ant., v. c. media prof.) v. c.

magna

– v. c. magna Galeni (unpired, short) sinus rectus

– v. c. interna• v. thalamostriata sup. + v. choroidea ant (+ v. septi pellucidi ant.)

Brain veins3. vv. superficiales cerebri

• vv. superiores sinus sagittalis sup.

• v. media superficialis sinus cavernosus / sphenoparietalis

v. anastomotica sup. Trolardi

v. anastomotica inf. Labbéi

• vv. inferiores sinus petrosi sinus transversus