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This project is funded by the European Union
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) Civil Society Facility (CSF)
The views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission
A project implemented
by a consortium lead by
the Center for the Study
of Democracy
Examining the Links between Corruption
and Organised Crime
Content
• Objectives and context of the study
• Methodology of the study
• Organised crime and corruption
• Country clusters
• Institutional aspects
• Policy recommendations
• Take stock of existing studies on the link
• Identify the factors that bring about the use of
corruption by organised crime within the public and
private sectors
• provide a framework for future assessment of the
trends in the how corruption is used by organised
crime
• provide a framework for future assessment of the
effectiveness of the various preventive and
repressive measures
Study Objectives
EU Context
• The Hague and the Stockholm Programmes
• Europol’s efforts: OCTA reports
• The EC Staff Working paper: An examination of the
links between organised crime and corruption
• Lisbon treaty
• Domestic political agendas
Research methods
Data
sourc
es
Institution
s:
-Police
-Judiciary
-Customs
-Political
156 interviews
(law-enforcement, judiciary, private sector, academics, journalists, anti-corruption
authorities)
Semi-structured
interviews
6 country studies
(FR, NL, EL, BG, IT, ES)
Literature
review
Statistical data:
105 indicators /
indexes
Cluster / neural
network
analysis
Illegal
Markets:
-Cigarette
s
-THB
-Car-theft
-Extortion
MS
clusters
Private
sector Data
analy
sis
Use of corruption
by OC Institutional
effectiveness
Institutional setup
Political history
Immigration
Social stratification
Type of illegal market
Culture / informal
social relations
Business culture
Economic factors
Grey economy
Defining the link between corruption and OC
Statistical evidence: country clusters
Statistical evidence: country clusters
Cluster 1: Denmark, Finland, Sweden
Cluster 2:
Austrian, Belgium, Germany, Ireland,
Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain,
UK
Cluster 3: France
Cluster 4: Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Portugal
Cluster 5: Czech
Republic, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Malta,
Slovakia
Cluster 6: Italy
Cluster 7: Bulgaria, Poland, Romania
Weak link b/w
corruption &
OC
Strong link b/w
corruption &
OC
-50,0
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
IR NL AT SE DK UK BE FI DE FR ES IT EL SI CY CZ MT PT SK EE HU LT LV PL RO BG
GDP PPP per capita Corr Control Bribes
Corruption and GDP
• Police
• Judiciary
• Political corruption
• Customs administration
• Other institutions (depending on OC activity)
• Tax administration
• Museums (antiquities market)
• Ministries of agriculture / forest services (illegal logging)
• Ministries of economy / trade (arms trafficking)
Institutions and corruption
Recommendations to EC: independent
corruption monitoring
Corruption
monitoring
mechanism
Independent EU agency
Independent
information
collection
Data collection
tools
Benchmarking
indicators
Collect data on
anti-corruption
units
Alternative sources of informatio
n
• Move closer to a common definition of corruption
• Harmonise statistics on institutional corruption
• EU Survey to assess the level and impact of crimes
against business
• Increase funding support for empirically based
research on corruption
• Developing practical anti-corruption training
programmes (through DG JLS grant instruments)
Recommendations to EC
• Conduct impact evaluation of anti-corruption
policies
• Sharing information with the public
• Institutional monitoring mechanisms
• Increasing internal institutional detection
capacities
• Improve OC awareness of anti-corruption bodies
• Training and awareness raising amongst public
servants
• Working with the private sector
Recommendations to Member States
This project is funded by the European Union
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) Civil Society Facility (CSF)
The views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission
A project implemented
by a consortium lead by
the Center for the Study
of Democracy
Thank you !
BACK UP SLIDES
Scope: defining ‘organised crime’
Use of corruption by OC to target institutio
ns
General level of corruption in
country
Culture / informal social
relations
Regional specifics
(pressures)
Anti-corruption unit
Anti-corruption measures
Institutional setup (powers)
Economic factors (salaries)
Size / types of criminal market
Institutions and corruption
• Unreliable data (no index on ‘organised crime’)
• Data on corruption measures primarily perceptions /
petty corruption
• No explanations to describe the nature of the
relationship
• (many factors are not / are difficult to measure statistically)
• Difficult clustering (unclear boundaries between
clusters; single-country clusters)
Issues with statistical evidence and clusters
Use of corruption by OC to target
police
General level of corruption (judicial / political
corruption)
Culture / informal
social relations
Regional specifics
(pressures)
Immigration & OC
Internal affairs
unit s
Anti-corruption measures
Economic factors
(salaries)
Policies on illegal
markets
Size / types of criminal
market
Police corruption
Use of corruption by OC to target
politicians Local level corruption
Parliament corruption
Corruption in government
Political instability
Society / public perceptions
Political culture: patron-client
relations Secret societies
Class
Political cycles
Politisized administratio
n
Political corruption
Private sector corruption: illegal market
business cycle
• Notaries
• Bank employees
• Gambling facility employee
• Exchange bureau employee
• Retail store managers
• Dance club employees (security staff)
•Transport companies
•Security staff at ports
•Service staff at airports
• Cigarette factories managers
• Car-factory / dealer employee
• Museum workers
• Chemical plant workers Production
/ Procureme
nt
Trafficking
Laundering of
criminal proceeds
Distribution
Use of corrupti
on by OC
Government policies (taxes,
illegality)
Culture / informal
social relations
Regional specifics
(pressures)
Volume of trade / infrastructure
Type of illegal market Anti-
corruption measures
Effectiveness of law-
enforcement
Economic factors
(salaries)
Grey economy
Illegal market / OC activity and corruption
Trafficking in human beings and corruption
Recruitment
• Law firms – arranged marriages;
• Work/travel agencies
Transport
• Border Police
• Counselor services - visa applications
Exploitation
• Police officers – protection and non-interference
• Local authorities – licensing of premises, prostitutes
Laundering
• Stores, transport companies,
• Financial: change bureaus;
• Car-dealers
Type Grid Group Description MS observed
Donkeys Strong Weak work characterised by both isolations and
subordination: individual deviance of lower
level officer
All EU
Hawks
(rotten
apples)
Weak Weak a lot of freedom, distance from organisation,
individual deviance (example: higher rank
officers or officers working on highly
confidential material)
FR, ES, UK,
IT, SL, SE, NL,
AU, BE, EI,
DE
Wolves Strong Strong strong group identity creates a subculture
that facilitates organised deviance; group
protection against external controls
FR, ES, IT,
RO, CZ, BG,
PT
Vultures Weak Strong freedom to aggressively seek exploitable
situations, using the cover offered by the
group
BG, EL, RO,
CZ, LT, LA,
CY, PO
Police corruption
This project is funded by the European Union
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) Civil Society Facility (CSF)
The views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission
A project implemented
by a consortium lead by
the Center for the Study
of Democracy
Thank you !