Linnaean Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus organized

plants and animals into 7 hierarchical categories. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

AnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimatesHominidaeHomoHomo sapiens

Scientific (species) name Genus + epithet Written in Latin

Dead, but universal scholarly language

Italicized or underlined Ex: Canis familiaris

Mycobacterium leprae

Linnaean Taxonomy

Archaea Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell walls of various materials Heterotrophic and autotrophic Mostly extreme habitats

Bacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell walls of peptidoglycan Heterotrophic and autotrophic

Endosymbiotic Theory Lynn Margulis (1960’s) Ancestors of mitochondria and

chloroplasts were engulfed by eukaryotic cells.

Evidence – m&c… Have double membranes Have their own DNA Reproduce on their own Have their own ribosomes

Protista All eukaryotes not defined as plants,

fungi, or animals Algae and protozoans

Protista

Fungi Eukaryotic Uni- and multicellular Cell walls of chitin Heterotrophic

Fungi

Spread by growth…

…and spore dispersal

Fungi

Asexual Reproduction

Fungi

Plantae

Eukaryotic Multicellular Cellulose walls Autotrophic

Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular No cell walls Heterotrophic

Systematics“Our classifications will come to be

genealogies”Using…Morphology, embryology, paleontology, biochemistry

Phylogenetic Tree

Which of these trees depicts a different phylogeny from the other two?

1 2 3

Amphibians

Phylogenetic Tree - Tetrapods Groups - Amphibians, Birds, Mammals,

Reptiles Primitive Characteristics

Vertebrae, four limbs, heterotrophy, bilateral symmetryReptiles Birds

Feathers

MammalsOther Tetrapods

Ancestral Tetrapod

Amniotic Egg

Endothermy

Fur

Phylogenetic Tree - Domains(Carl Woese, U of Illinois)

Three domains of living things Reorganization: Archaea more similar to Eukarya

based on molecular data

Progenote

EukaryaProtista, Fungi

Plantae, AnimaliaBacteria

Eukaryotes

Archaea

Prokaryotes Membrane and ribosome structure