LINUX COMMANDS

BYNIRMAL FELIX

INTRODUCTION

#Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development; typically all underlying source code can be freely modified, used, and redistributed by anyone.

#The Linux kernel was first released to the public on 17 September 1991, for the Intel x86 PC architecture. The kernel was augmented with system utilities and libraries from the GNU project to create a usable operating system, which led to an alternative term, GNU/Linux.

Directory commands:mkdir - make directoriespwd - print working directoryrmdir - Remove an existing directory chown - change file owner and groupchmod - change file access permissionscal month year - Prints a calendar for the specified month of the specified year.cat - Sends file contents to standard output. This is a way to list the contents of short files to the screen. It works well withpiping.wall - Prints a message to each user except those who've disabled message reception. Type Ctrl-D to end the message.w - Prints the current system users.free - Displays the amount of used and free system memory

FILE MANUPLATION:

cat filename -> It is used to Display File Contents cp source destination -> It is used to Copy mv oldname newname -> It is used to Move (Rename) rm filename -> It is used to Remove (Delete) pico filename -> It is used to Create or Modify file

● Printinglpr: It is used for `Printing'lprm:It is used for Removing a print joblpq: It is used for Checking the print queues

● Starting and EndingLogin : It is used to `Logging in'ssh : It is used to Connect to another machinelogout : It is used to `Logging out'

● File ManagementEmacs : It is used to `Using the emacs text editor'mkdir : It is used to `Creating a directory'cd : It is used to `Changing your current working directory'ls : It is used to `Finding out what files you have'cp : It is used to `Making a copy of a file'mv : It is used to`Changing the name of a file'rm : It is used to`Getting rid of unwanted files'chmod : It is used to`Controlling access to your files'cmp : It is used toComparing two fileswc : It is used toWord, line, and character countcompress : It is used toCompress a file

● Communicatione-mail:It is used for `Sending and receiving electronic mail'talk : It is used for Talk to another userStarting and EndingLogin : It is used for `Logging in'ssh : It is used for Connect to another machinelogout:It is used for `Logging out'

● Informationman: It is used for Manual pagesquota -v: It is used for Finding out your available disk space quotaical: It is used for `Using the Ical personal organizer'finger: It is used for Getting information about a userpasswd: It is used for Changing your passwordwho: It is used for Finding out who's logged on

● Job control

kill:It is used for `Killing a process'nohup: It is used forContinuing a job after logoutnice: It is used forChanging the priority of a job&: It is used for`What is a background process?'Cntrl-z: It is used forSuspending a processfg: It is used for`Resuming a suspended process'

Next: It is used forSelecting a Unix shellSee also: It is used forLearning the basic Unix toolsPrevious: It is used forUnix fundamentalsSite map Index: It is used forKeyword index to help pageswrite: It is used forWrite messages to another usersftp: It is used forSecure file transfer protocol

.user

who:Seeing Who is Logged In

whoami:seeing your user name

. Searching with grepgrep Command : grep "pattern" filenamecommand | grep "pattern" Search Patterns beginning of line ^ end of line $ any single character . single character in list or range [...] character not in list or range [^...] zero or more of preceding char. or pattern * zero or more of any character .* escapes special meaning \

.Automating Tasks pico Makefile : Create a Makefile make -n [target] :Test Makefile make [target] : Run make . Managing Disk Usage quota -v : Check Quota Df : Seeing Disk Usage du -s . Combining and Compressing Files tar cf file.tar file1 file2 ... fileN:Create a tarfile zip filename :Create a zipfile