Functions:
1. Rich energy source (2x carbohydrates)
2. Provides insulation
3. Provides protection against injury
4. Facillitates transport of Body fluids
5. Specific roles as vitamins and hormones
I. Structure and Features
A. Special properties* insoluble in water
* soluble in organic solvents
( butane, acetone, hexanes…)
* All contain
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
(Phosphate is common)
Examples:
*fats
*waxes
*oils
B. Functional Groups
Carboxyl C=O OH
Methyl H C H H
C. Triglycerides
Lipids made of three fatty
acids and one glycerol
D. Formula for Fatty acids
CH3(CH2)nCOOHMethyl carboxyl
Long carbon chain
( “n” can be 3- hundreds)
Example: Stearic acid(Beef Tallow)
CH3(CH2)16COOH
E. Dehydration Synthesis/ Condensation Reactions
One glycerol and three fatty acids bind together where the glycerol loses 3 “H” molecules and each fatty acid loses an “OH”. Three water molecules and one triglyceride is formed.
glycerol + 3 fatty acids = a fat or oil
+ =
R= long carbon chain
F. Van der Walls Forces
Harmonic oscillations between C-H bonds, where electrons travel backand forth creating a great force. The more carbon in the chain, the higher the forces.
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/h-bonding-vs-london-forces.shtml
G. Lipids are Amphipathic
A Hydrophilic (water-loving )polar
carboxyl end
A Hydrophobic (fear of water)
nonpolar methyl end
II. Types of Lipids
Fatty acids can be classified as saturated or unsaturated.
Saturated Unsaturated All C filled with Not filled with hydrogen hydrogen
contain all C-C contain at least single bonds one C=C double
High VDW forces Lower VDW forces
Longer chains Shorter chains usually solid at usually liquid at room room temperature temperature (higher melting (lower melting points) points) most often found most often found in animals (fat) in plants (oils)
A B
The straighter, saturated Fatty Acids all line-up veryclose together and stick to each other. These interactions make them less fluid and more solid (more like Fat).
The double bond gives unsaturated fatty acids a bend in the chain. This bend affects the chemical characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids. The bent unsaturated Fatty Acids can't get as close together, so they don't stick as much. They are more fluid (more like Oil).
Saturated Unsaturated
(saturated)
(saturated)
(unsaturated)
Examples in nature:
Summer /warm * become more saturated
* increase temp. cause double bonds to break, membranes become more solid, chains longer, higher melting point, harder to break
* 10W40 longer chains, saturated
* tropical plants, higher energy, worse for you. Ex. Palm oil, coconut oil
Goldfish pond
Car oil
Foods
Winter/ Cold
* become unsaturated * decrease temp. cause more double
bonds to form, membranes become more liquid, chains shorten, lower melting point, easier to break
* 10W30 shorter chains, unsaturated
* temperate climate plants, lower energy, healthier for you. Ex. Olive, corn, peanut oil
Goldfish pond
Car oil
Foods
Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes. Phospholipids are modified so that a phosphate group (PO4
-) is added to one
of the two fatty acid chains.
C.
D. Waxes
Waxes are an important structural component for many organisms, such as the cuticle, a waxy layer covering the leaves and stems of many land plants; and protective coverings on skin and fur of animals.
E. Steroids•All have a similar 4 ring structure•Side groups very
F. Soaps
• Salts of fatty acids
• Emulsifies not dissolves oil/lipids
Interesting fact
Olestra (also called Olean) is formed by chemical combination of sucrose molecules are much larger than those of ordinary fats, the body's digestive enzymes cannot break them down.
*not absorbed into the body.
*similar to insoluable fiber
*Olean passes through the
digestive tract without
Added dietary fat /calories.
Lap top review• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/molfat/index.html
( interactive overview of lipids)
• http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html (dehydration reactions)
• http://www.okstate.edu/hes/nsci/nutrition/NSCI2114/digestion.htm (select “Carbohydrate” and “Lipid Digestion” to see video reviews)
• www.teacherweb.com/MD/mounthebron/donoghue link to eScigs..click on eGuide 2.0 Student Resources, go to link
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