Liquid Anion Exchange Chromatographic Extraction...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2013 Article ID 103192 9 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013103192

Research ArticleLiquid Anion Exchange Chromatographic Extractionand Separation of Platinum(IV) with n-Octylaniline asa Metallurgical Reagent Analysis of Real Samples

Ashwini P Gaikwad Ganesh S Kamble Sanjay S Kolekar and Mansing A Anuse

Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Shivaji University Kolhapur Maharashtra 416 004 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Mansing A Anuse mansinganuseyahoocoin

Received 3 May 2013 Revised 21 July 2013 Accepted 22 July 2013

Academic Editor Concha Gimeno

Copyright copy 2013 Ashwini P Gaikwad et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

A simple and selectivemethodwas developed for the determination of platinum(IV)with n-octylaniline in toluene In present studythe use of n-octylaniline in toluene for the extraction of platinum(IV) from ascorbate media was carried out The effect of variousparameters such as pH equilibrium time extractant concentration and organic solvent on the extraction has been discussedThe back extraction of platinum(IV) has been performed On the basis of slope analysis the composition of the extracted specieswas determined as [RR1015840NH

2

+ Pt(Succinate)2

minus

](org) The interfering effects of various cations and anions were also studied and theselectivity of themethod is enhanced by using suitablemasking agentsThe proposedmethod is rapid reproducible and successfullyapplied for the determination of platinum(IV) in binary and synthetic mixtures The separation of pt(IV) from other associatedmetals has been studied Comparison of the results with those obtained using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer also testedthe validity of the method

1 Introduction

The platinum group of metals (PGMs Pt Pd Rh Ir Ru andOs) are extremely scarce in comparison to the other preciousmetals due to not only to their low natural abundance but alsoto the complexity of the processes required for their extrac-tion and refinement In comparison with other preciousmetals (Au andAg) these platinum groupmetals (PGMs) areextensively in the use as catalysts in the automobile chemicaland petroleum industries In automobiles Pt and Pd are usedas catalytic converter to reduce harmful emissions In thepetroleum cracking process the catalyst containing Pt and Pdhelps to break oil molecules into smaller organic molecules[1] Besides PGMs are also used as conductors in theelectrical and electronic industries in extrusion devices indental andmedical prostheses and in jewelry [2]Due to theirspecial chemical and physical properties the substitution ofPGMsby othermetals is difficult [3] Since the need for PGMsis increasing recovery of PGMs from spent catalysts is veryimportant

Economically the precious metals have been historicallyimportant as currency and remain important as investmentcommodities Gold silver platinum and palladium are inter-nationally recognized as forms of currency under ISO 4217[4] Technological and analytical platinum-containing solu-tions have diverse ratios of the concentrations of platinumand associate precious base and ferrousmetals acidities andsalt backgrounds This diversity arises from the complex andvariable composition of raw materials Naturally selectiveextraction and separation of platinum (as well as platinum-groupmetals and gold) from associatemetals become a prob-lem in subsequent hydrometallurgical processing of thesecomplex solutions Technological and analytical platinum-containing solutions have diverse ratios of the concentrationsof platinum and associate precious base and ferrous metalsacidities and salt backgrounds This diversity arises fromthe complex and variable composition of raw materials Amajor problem in developing extraction methods for theplatinum group metal ions especially for platinum(II) arisesfrom slow extraction rates Heating the solution [5 6] andor

2 Journal of Chemistry

the use of tin(II) chloride as a catalyst [7ndash9] have beencommonly used to accelerate the extraction Among thePGMs separations Pd(II)Pt(IV) mutual separation has beenextensively investigated due to its difficulty based on theirchemically similar properties The large difference in theextraction rate between Pd(II) and Pt(IV) from aqueouschloride solutions which is attributable to the extremely inertproperties of Pt(IV) compared with Pd(II) is usually appliedto their separation [10]

High molecular weight amines (HMWAs) find manyapplications in the solvent extraction of platinum(IV) fromweak organic acid and mineral acid medium These arep-octylaniline [11] N-octyl- NN-dioctyl aniline and NNN-trioctyl anilinium OO-di(isopropyl)dithiophosphates [12]N-n-octylaniline [13] Trioctylamine [14ndash19] alamine 336[20ndash23] alamine 300 [24] and quaternary amine base salts[25ndash32] However these amines show emulsion formationnarrow extraction pH range Extraction of platinum(II) bybisacylated diethylenetriamine [33] from hydrochloric acidsolution was studied Platinum can be separated by thismethod from nonnoble metals Extraction of platinum(II)was carried out from acidic solution at pH range 1ndash4 byusing two hydrophobic analogs of NNN1015840N1015840-tetrakis[2-pyr-idyl-methyl]-12-ethyl-enediamine (TPEN) NNN1015840N1015840-Tet-rakis[4-(2-butyloxy)-2-pyridyl-methyl]-12-ethylenediamine(TBPEN) and NNN1015840N1015840-tetrakis(2-quinolinylmethyl)-12-ethylenediamine (TQEN) [34] have shown enhanced sol-vent extraction performance in more acidic media thanTPEN The platinum ion was extracted in the deactivatedcatalyst for the hydrochlorination reaction of ethyne byacidic thiourea [35] solution N1015840N1015840-dihexyl and phenyl andN1015840-hexyl and phenyl derivatives of N-benzoyl thiourea [36]are very good reagents for pH selective extractions espe-cially for platinum Important interfering elements in theextraction of platinum as Cu Fe Ni Solvent extractionof platinum(IV) by NN-dihexyl-N1015840-benzoyl-thiourea [37]in toluene is substantially accelerated in the presence ofstannous chloride The extraction behavior of platinum(II)is not affected by the treatment of stannous chlorideLiquid-liquid extraction of the platinum(IV) with puresynthesized NN-diethyl-N1015840-benzoylthiourea (DEBT) [38]was carried out by optimizing the concentration of acidmole ratio of metal to chelating agent temperature andextraction timeThe extraction behavior of platinum(II) with13-dimethyl-2-thiourea (DMTU) [39] from a chloride so-lution was studied Bromocresol green ion as a counter anionand 12-dichloroethane as an extraction solvent were usedPlatinum(II) was quantitatively extracted into 12-dichlo-roethane within 15min The interferences of Mn(II) Cu(II)Zn(II) Pd(II) Ag(I) and Cd(II) were removed by addingsuitablemasking agentsThe extractant nonylthiourea (NTH)[40 41] in chloroform has been investigated for the ex-traction of platinum(IV) from chloride solution at ionicstrength 40M It has been found that chloride concen-tration has a negative effect on the extraction while pro-ton concentration has no effect N-Phenyl-N1015840-[o-(2-ethyl-hexylthio)phenyl]thiourea (PEPT) [42] which containeddonor atoms of sulfur and nitrogen was synthesized to

Table 1 Extraction behaviour of platinum(IV) as a function ofdiluents (Pt(IV) = 150 120583g Aq Org = 25 1 pH = 050 ascorbicacid = 001M equilibrium time = 3min and strippant = water(2 times 10mL))

Solvent Dielectricconstant (120576)

Percentageextraction (119864)

Distributionratio (119863)

Benzene 227 100 infin

Xylene 230 100 infin

Toluenelowast 238 100 infin

Chloroform 480 238 078Methyl isobutylketone 1310 608 387

n-Butanol 1780 No extraction mdashAmyl alcohol 1390 No extraction mdashAmyl acetate 1390 No extraction mdash12-Dichloroethane 1050 No extraction mdashlowastRecommended for general extraction procedure

develop a selective extractant for platinum(IV) from basemetals from acidic chloride media at 303K

In present study the use of n-octylaniline in toluene forthe extraction of platinum(IV) from ascorbatemediawas car-ried outThe extraction system is studied as a function of pHextractant concentration diluents and equilibrium periodThe conventional slope analysis method was employed foranalysis of species formed in organic phase The method isfree from large number of interferences due to various foreignions

The review of literature for comparison of liquid-liquidextractive separation of platinum(IV) is given in Table 1

2 Experimental

21 Instruments An Elico digital spectrophotometer model12 Chemito 215D with 1 cm quartz cells was used forabsorbance measurements and pH measurements were car-ried out using an Elico digital pH-meter model LI-127 Allweighing operations were carried out by using Tapsonrsquosanalytical single pan balance model 200 T having 0001 gaccuracy

22 Chemicals and Solutions Standard solution of plat-inum(IV) was prepared by dissolving 1 g of hydrogen hex-achloroplatinate (IV) hydrate H

2PtCl6sdotH2O (Johnson and

Matthey UK) in 1M hydrochloric acid and was standardizedgravimetrically [43] A working solution (100120583gmL) wasmade there by appropriate dilution All chemicals used wereof AR grade Double distilled water was used throughout

221 n-Octylaniline 01mol Lminus1 The extractant n-octylani-line was prepared by the method of Pohlandtrsquos [44] and its01M solution was prepared in toluene All other solutionswere prepared from AR grade reagents and aqueous solu-tions were prepared using water

Journal of Chemistry 3

Standard solutions of diverse ions were prepared by dis-solving AR grade reagents in water or dil HCl All the organicsolvents were used after double distillation All chemicalsused were of AR grade

23 General Extraction and Determination Procedure forPlatinum(IV) An aliquot of 150120583g platinum(IV) solutionwas mixed with a sufficient quantity of ascorbic acid to makeits concentration 001M in a total volume of 25mL of thesolutionThe pH of the aqueous solution was adjusted to 050by dilute sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutionThe solution was then transferred to a 125mL separatingfunnel and shaken with 10mL of 01M n-octylaniline intoluene for 3min After separating the two phases theaqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase wasstrippedwith two 10mLportion ofwater solutionAfter beingstrippedwithwater all the 150120583g platinum(IV) has come intothe aqueous phase So after stripping with water in organicphase have no any platinum(IV) which is tested by AAS

The stripped aqueous phase was evaporated to moistdryness and extracted into water

A percentage extraction (119864) andmetal distribution ratio(119863) were calculated according to (1) and (2) respectively

119864 =[119872]org

[119872]aqinittimes 100 (1)

119863 =[119872]org

[119872]aq (2)

where [119872]aqinit represents the initial concentration of metalion in the aqueous phase [119872]aq and [119872]org are the totalconcentrations of metal ion in the aqueous and organicphases after equilibrium respectively

231 Estimation Procedure for Platinum(IV) The result-ing aqueous phase was mixed with 5mL of concentratedhydrochloric acid in 25mL volumetric flask and 10mL of25 (WV) stannous chloride in concentrated hydrochloricacid and the solution was diluted to mark with water Theabsorbance of the resulted solution was measured at 405 nm[45] The concentration of platinum(IV) was found fromcalibration curve

3 Results and Discussion

31 Extraction as a Function of pH The extraction studiesof platinum(IV) were performed at fixed concentration of001M ascorbic acid and between pH 010 and 50 with a01M solution of n-octylaniline in toluene The pH rangeobserved for the quantitative extraction was 050ndash10 with n-octylaniline Hence the extraction of platinum(IV) was car-ried out at pH 050 for all extraction experiments (Figure 1)

32 Effect of Weak Organic Acid Concentration The extrac-tion of platinum(IV) was examined at pH 050 with 01M n-octylaniline in toluene in presence of varying concentrationsfrom 0001ndash01M of ascorbic acid The extraction of ion-pair complex of platinum(IV) was found to be quantitative

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6pH

Extr

actio

n (

E)

Figure 1 Plot of pH versus percentage extraction of platinum(IV)(150120583gmL) from ascorbic acid medium (001M) by using n-octylaniline (01M) as an extractant in toluene with 3min shakingtime

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 01Concentration of ascorbic acid (M)

Extr

actio

n (

E)

Figure 2 Extraction of platinum(IV) (150 120583g) with 01M n-octylaniline at pH 050 as a function of weak acid concentration

in the range of 0007ndash002M ascorbic acid Hence 001Mconcentration of ascorbic acid was used for further studieswhile zero extraction of platinum(IV) was found to be insodium salicylate malonate and succinate (Figure 2)

33 Effect of n-Octylaniline Concentration Extraction ofplatinum(IV) was carried out with various concentrationsof n-octylaniline in toluene To optimize the extraction


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 005 01 015 02 025 03 035 04

Extr

actio

n (

E)

n-Octylaniline (M)

Figure 3 Extraction of platinum(IV) (150 120583gmL) at pH 050from 001M ascorbic acid medium as a function of n-octylanilineconcentration

condition other parameters like pH period of equilibrationand diluent were kept constant The extraction was foundto be increased with increasing reagent concentration Theextraction of platinum(IV) was quantitative in the rangefrom 009M to 04M of n-octylaniline in toluene However10mL of 01M n-octylaniline in toluene was recommendedfor general extraction procedure (Figure 3)

34 Effect of Diluents The studies were then performed tofind out the most suitable solvent for the extraction of theion-pair complex of platinum(IV) It was found that a 01Msolution of n-octylaniline in benzene toluene and xyleneprovides quantitative extraction of platinum(IV)The extrac-tion of platinum(IV) was incomplete if n-octylaniline is dis-solved in chloroform (238)methyl isobutyl ketone (608)while no extraction in amyl alcohol 12-dichloroethane n-butyl alcohol and amyl acetate (Table 1) On safety groundtoluene was preferred to other solvents

35 Effect of Equilibration Time The extraction of plat-inum(IV) was studied for various time intervals in the rangeof 1ndash20min with 01M n-octylaniline It was observed thatunder the optimized experimental conditions a minimum2min time interval was required for attaining equilibriumin the sense to extract platinum(IV) quantitatively But withprolonged shaking over 10min there was decrease in thepercentage extraction of platinum(IV) due to the dissociationof ion-pair complex Hence in all further studies both thephases were equilibrated for 3min

36 Effect of Stripping Agent Platinum(IV) from organicphase was stripped with the two 10mL portions of variousstripping agents at different concentrations of mineral acids

Table 2 Extraction behavior of platinum(IV) as a function ofstripping agents (Pt(IV) = 150 120583g Aq Org = 25 1 pH = 050ascorbic acid = 001M equilibrium time = 3min and n-octylaniline= 01M in toluene)

Strippant molLpH Percentage extraction (119864)Ammonia 1ndash10 534HCl 1ndash3 167H2SO4 1ndash3 207HNO3 1ndash3 319HBr 1ndash3 123Waterlowast mdash 100NaCl 1ndash5 652Ammonia buffer pH-10 No strippinglowastRecommended for general extraction procedure

buffer solutions and some bases Platinum(IV) was quanti-tatively stripped with water (Table 2) However percentagerecovery of platinum(IV) from organic phase was found tobe incomplete with strippants ammonia hydrochloric acidnitric acid sulphuric acid sodium chloride and hydrobromicacid and no stripping in ammonia buffer (pH 10) In recom-mended procedure two 10mL portions of water were usedfor the complete stripping of loaded organic phase

37 Effect of Aqueous toOrganic VolumeRatio Theextractionof platinum(IV) was carried out in different aqueous volumesin the range 100ndash10mL from 001M ascorbic acid mediumwith 10mL 01M n-octylaniline in toluene (Table 3) Therewas observed quantitative extraction of platinum(IV) whenphase ratio AO maintained from 1 1 to 4 1 Thereforein the recommended procedure the phase ratio 25 1 wasmaintained through the all experimental study

38 Metal Loading Capacity of Extractant The influence ofthe initial platinum(IV) concentration 50ndash2500120583g on theextraction by 01M n-octylaniline in toluene was studied Itwas observed that varying the initial platinum(IV) concen-tration in the range of 50ndash1500120583g has no significant influenceon platinum(IV) extractionwith the 10mLof 01M extractant(Table 4) The maximum loading capacity of 10mL 01Msolution of n-octylaniline in toluene was found to be 1500 120583gplatinum(IV)

39 Nature of Extracted Species Attempts were made toascertain the nature of extracted species of platinum(IV)with the extractant using conventional slope analysismethodThe distribution ratio of platinum(IV) evaluated at differentconcentration in molar of ascorbic acid was used at fixed n-octylaniline concentration at pH 125 and pH 150 A graph oflog119863[Pt(IV)] versus log119862[ascorbate] gave a slopes of 28 and 30

respectively (Figure 4) Similarly a plot of log119863[Pt(IV)] versus

log119862[n-octylaniline] concentrations at a fixed pH 125 and pH 150

with 01M ascorbate gave slopes of 13 and 12 respectively(Figure 5) This indicates a mole ratio of platinum(IV)to ascorbic acid as 1 3 and that of n-octylaniline as 1 1Thus the extracted species was calculated to be an ion


Slope at pH 150 = 30Slope at pH 125 = 28

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

minus246 minus241 minus236 minus231 minus226 minus221 minus216 minus211Log C[ascorbate]

Log D

[Pt(I

V)]

Figure 4 Log-log plot of distribution ratio 119863[Pt(IV)] versus

Log119862[ascorbate] at fixed n-octylaniline concentration

minus11

minus09

minus07

minus05

minus03

minus01

01

03

minus21 minus18 minus15 minus12 minus09


Log C[n-octylaniline]

Log D

[Pt(I

V)]


Log119862[n-octylaniline] at fixed ascorbate concentration

association complex with the probable composition 1 3 1(metal acid extractant)

In the extraction of platinum(IV) with ascorbate medi-um first platinum(IV)was reduced to platinum(II) [46] thenit was converted into platinum(II) ascorbate as an anionand interacted with [CH

3(CH2)7C6H4NH3]+

(org) Hence the

Table 3 Extraction of platinum(IV) as a function of aqueous toorganic volume ratio (Pt(IV) = 150 120583g Aq Org = 25 1 pH = 050ascorbic acid = 001M equilibrium time = 3min and n-octylaniline= 01M in toluene)

Aqueous to organicvolume ratio


Distribution ratio(119863)

10 10 100 infin

20 10 100 infin

25 10lowast 100 infin

30 10 100 infin

35 10 100 infin

40 10 100 infin

50 10 946 437975 10 741 715100 10 594 365lowastRecommended for general extraction procedure

Table 4 Metal loading capacity of n-octylaniline (pH = 050Aq Org = 25 1 ascorbic acid = 001M equilibrium time = 3minand n-octylaniline = 01M in toluene)

Pt(IV) (120583g) Percentage extraction (119864) Distribution ratio (119863)50 100 infin

100 100 infin

150lowast 100 infin

200 100 infin

300 100 infin

400 100 infin

600 100 infin

800 100 infin

1000 100 infin

1500 100 infin

2000 815 11012500 395 163lowastRecommended for general extraction procedure

Table 5 Effect of foreign ions on the extraction of platinum(IV)(Pt(IV) = 150 120583g Aq Org = 25 1 pH = 050 ascorbic acid = 001Mequilibrium time = 3min and n-octylaniline = 01M in toluene)

Tolerance limit mg Foreign ion added25 Tartrate Mg(II)

15 Fe(III) Zn(II) Mo(VI) Se(IV) Ba(II)Ce(IV) oxalate citrate bromide

10 Ni(II) Co(II) U(VI) Hg(II)

5 Cu(II) Pb(II) Cr(VI) Cr(III) Bi(III)Te(IV) Cd(II) EDTA nitrate

2 Tl(I) Ca(II) Al(III) Cr(III) Cd(II)1 Ag(I) Os(VIII) Ru(III)05 Rh(III)a Pd(II)a Ir(III) Au(III)aMasked with 20mg tartrate

probable extracted species in toluene is [CH3(CH2)7C6H4

NH3sdot Pt(C

6H7O6)minus

3](org)


Table 6 Separation of platinum(IV) from binary mixtures

Amount of metal ion (120583g) Mass taken (120583g) Average () recoverylowast Chromogenic ligand Reference noPt(IV)Ir(III)

150100

995994 Stannous chloride-hydrobromic acid [44]

Pt(IV)Rh(III)a

150300

997992 Stannous chloride-KI [44]

Pt(IV)Pd(II)a

150200

998994 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Ru(III)

150200

992989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Au(III)

150200

998991 SnCl2 [44]

Pt(IV)Se(IV)

150200

997990 41015840-ChloroPTPT [48]

Pt(IV)Te(IV)

150200

998989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [49]

Pt(IV)Os(VIII)

150200

994990 Thiourea [44]

Pt(IV)Fe(III)

150500

994987 Thiocyanate [44]

Pt(IV)Cu(II)

1501000

990986 41015840-ChloroPTPT [50]

Pt(IV)Ni(II)

1501000

990979 DMG [46]

Pt(IV)Co(II)

150500


aMasked with 20mg tartratelowastAverage of five determinations

310 Effect of Various Foreign Ions on Percentage ExtractionThe effect of various diverse ions was tested when plat-inum(IV) was extracted with n-octylaniline in toluene Thetolerance limit was set as the amount of foreign ion causinga change plusmn2 error in the recovery of platinum(IV) It wasobserved that the method is free from interference from alarge number of cations and anions (Table 5)

Species like iodide thiocyanate thiourea palladium(II)and rhodium(III) interfere in the extraction of platinum(IV)However the interference of Pd(II) and Rh(III) was elimi-nated by masking with tartrate

4 Applications

41 Separation and Determination of Platinum(IV) fromBinary Mixture The separation of Pt (IV) from some com-monly associated metal ions like Ru(III) Au(III) Os(VIII)Se(IV) Te(IV) Fe(III) Co(II) Ni(II) and Cu(II) using n-octylaniline was achieved by taking advantage of the differ-ence in the extraction conditions of metal such as pH of theaqueous phase reagent concentration and use of maskingagent (Table 6) All the added metal ions remained quanti-tatively in aqueous phase from which they are determinedspectrophotometrically by standard methods [45 47ndash51]

Rh(III) and Pd(II) interfere in the extraction of Pt(IV)Rh(III) and Pd(II) were separated from Pt(IV) by maskingwith 20mg tartrate

42 Analysis of Platinum(IV) in Catalysts Sample Plat-inum(IV) activated alumina (01 g) was dissolved in 20mLaqua regia The solution was evaporated to moist drynessTwo 5mL portions of hydrochloric acid were added andevaporated till all the nitric acid was removed The residuewas extracted in 1M hydrochloric acid The solution wasfiltered and the filtrate was diluted to 100mL An aliquot ofthis diluted solution was analyzed for platinum(IV) contentby the proposed method It was found that there is a goodagreement with the certified value (Table 7)

43 Analysis of Platinum(IV) from Real Samples

431 Cytoplatin (Cisplatin Injection) The method permitsthe separation and determination of platinum(IV) fromdrug sample cytoplatin (cisplatin injection) and platinum-rhodium thermocouple wire Cytoplatin (cisplatin injection)is an antineoplastic agent with the biochemical propertiessimilar to those of bifunctional alkylating agents althoughnot yet clearly established its cytotoxic actions and antitumoractivity are consistent with the hypothesis that major cyto-toxic target of cisplatin in DNAThe drug covalently binds toDNA bases and disrupts DNA functions Cytoplatin appearsto enter cells by diffusion

Cytoplatin is a sterile solution of cisplatin IP 10mgmLsodium chloride IP 9mgmL in water for injection IP Cyto-platin containing cisplatin which is a heavy metal platinum


Table 7 Determination of platinum(IV) from catalysts

Sr no Alloy Platinum(IV) taken120583g

Platinum(IV)lowastFound by method in 120583g Average recovery RSD

(1) Pt-Pda-Rhacatalyst on alumina 150 1492 994 06

(2) Pt-Rhacatalyst on alumina 150 1495 996 04

(3) Pt-Pdacatalyst on alumina 150 1498 998 02

(4) Ptcatalyst on alumina 300 2995 998 02

aMasked with 20mg tartratelowastAverage of five determinationsComposition of synthetic mixtures in percentage(1) Pt 003ndash025 Rh 0005ndash003(2) Pt 003ndash015 Pd 002ndash012(3) Pt 003ndash020 Pd 003ndash0150 Rh 0015ndash005(4) Pt 03ndash08

Table 8 Analysis of platinum(IV) from real samples

Sample Manufacturer Amounttaken

Amount ofplatinum(IV)

foundRSD

Cytoplatin (cisplatin injection) Cipla Goa 200 120583gmL 1986 120583gmL 07

Platinum-rhodiuma thermocouple wire (Pt 87 Rh 13) Ruia ResistanceWire Pvt Ltd Mumbai 87 864 06

aMasked with 20mg tartrate

coordination complex containing a central atom of platinumis surrounded by two entities each of chloride ions and twoammonia molecules in cis geometry It has a melting point of207∘C

The empirical formula of the active compound isPtCl2H6N2with a molecular weight of 3001

A known volume (10mL) of cisplatin solution wasdigested in perchloric acidnitric acid (10 1) and evaporatedto dryness until organic matter was removed The obtainedresidue was dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid anddiluted with water to 10mL in a standard volumetric flask

An aliquot of the sample solution was taken and plat-inum(IV) was determined using the recommended proce-dure (Table 8)

432 Thermocouple Wire A known weight (0100) of ther-mocouple wire was preliminary fused with zinc powder andthe melt was cooled and dissolved in hydrochloric acid Theblack powder that remainedwas treatedwith 5mL aqua regiaAfter the reaction was over the whole solution was heatedwith two 5mL portions of concentrated hydrochloric aciduntil complete removal of oxides of nitrogen and diluted withdistilled water to 10mL in standard volumetric flask

An aliquot of sample solution was taken and plat-inum(IV) was determined using the procedure describedearlier The results of the analysis are given in Table 8

5 Conclusion

(i) Quantitative extraction of platinum(IV) was achievedin 3min with 01M n-octylaniline in toluene at pH050

(ii) Extraction reaction occurred through anion-ex-change mechanism

(iii) Developedmethod is efficient for quantitative separa-tion of platinum(IV) in presence of various interfer-ing cations and anions

(iv) The proposed extractive separation method is sim-ple rapid selective reproducible and suitable forseparation and determination of platinum(IV) fromassociated metal ions real samples and syntheticmixtures

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Sung H Han Professor Inor-ganic Nano-Materials Research Laboratory Department ofChemistry Hanyang University Seoul Republic of Koreafor constant encouragement They are thankful to UGC-SAPand DST-FIST Department of Chemistry Shivaji UniversityKolhapur


References

[1] J-Y Lee J R Kumar J-S Kim H-K Park and H-SYoon ldquoLiquid-liquid extractionseparation of platinum(IV)and rhodium(III) from acidic chloride solutions using tri-iso-octylaminerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 168 no 1 pp424ndash429 2009

[2] B Swain J Jeong S-K Kim and J-C Lee ldquoSeparation ofplatinum and palladium from chloride solution by solventextraction using Alamine 300rdquo Hydrometallurgy vol 104 no1 pp 1ndash7 2010

[3] C R M Rao and G S Reddi ldquoPlatinum group metals (PGM)occurrence use and recent trends in their determinationrdquoTrends in Analytical Chemistry vol 19 no 9 pp 565ndash586 2000

[4] K Fujiwara A Ramesh T Maki H Hasegawa and K UedaldquoAdsorption of platinum (IV) palladium (II) and gold (III) fromaqueous solutions onto l-lysine modified crosslinked chitosanresinrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 146 no 1-2 pp 39ndash50 2007

[5] E E Rakoskii N V Shveddova and L D Berliner ldquoSolventextraction of the platinum metals in the presence of stannouschloride and di-o-tolylthioureardquo Journal of Analytical chemistryof the USSR vol 29 p 1933 1974

[6] S J Al-Bazi andAChow ldquoPolyurethane foam for the extractionof rhodiumand its separation from iridiumrdquoTalanta vol 31 no6 pp 431ndash435 1984

[7] A Diamantatos and A A Verbeek ldquoMethod for the separationof platinum palladium rhodium iridium and gold by solventextractionrdquo Analytica Chimica Acta vol 91 no 2 pp 287ndash2941977

[8] Y A ZolotovOM Petrukhin VN SchevehenkoVVDunivaand E G Rukhadze ldquoSolvent extraction of noble metals withderivatives of thioureardquo Analytica Chimica Acta vol 100 pp613ndash618 1978

[9] M Mojski ldquoExtraction of platinum metals from hydrochlo-ric acid medium with triphenylphosphine solution in 12-dichloroethanerdquo Talanta vol 27 no 1 pp 7ndash10 1980

[10] M Cox ldquoSolvent extraction in hydrometallurgyrdquo in Principleand Practices of Solvent Extraction J Rydberg C Musikas andG R Choppin Eds vol 10 pp 357ndash412 Marcal Dekker NewYork NY USA 1992

[11] V V Belova and A A Vasileva ldquoThe extraction of platinumfrom sulfate solutions with p-octylanilinerdquo Izvestiya SibirskogoOtdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Khimicheskikh Naukvol 3 p 58 1986

[12] K K Turaev A K Turdikulov and G Z Mukimova ldquoExtrac-tion of sulfate complexes of platinum metals with binaryextractantsrdquo Ozbekiston Kimyo Jurnali vol 3 p 19 2002

[13] S S Kolekar and M A Anuse ldquoSelective liquid-liquid extrac-tion of platinum(IV) fromascorbatemedia byN-n-octylanilineits separation from associated elements and real samplesrdquoSeparation Science and Technology vol 38 no 11 pp 2597ndash26182003

[14] J Fu S Nakamura and K Akiba ldquoExtraction of platinum(IV)with trioctylamine and its application to liquid membranetransportrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol 30 no 4 pp609ndash619 1995

[15] J Fu SNakamura andKAkiba ldquoSeparation of preciousmetalsthrough a trioctylamine liquid membranerdquo Separation Scienceand Technology vol 32 no 8 pp 1433ndash1445 1997

[16] H Yoshizawa K Shiomori S Yamada et al ldquoSolvent extractionof platinum(IV) from aqueous acidic chloride media with

tri-n-octylamine in toluenerdquo Solvent Extraction Research andDevelopment vol 1997 no 4 pp 157ndash166 1997

[17] T Sadyrbaeva ldquoMembrane extraction of platinum(IV) by tri-n-octylamine in the presence of nickel(II)rdquo Rigas TehniskasUniversitates Zinatniskie Raksti Sderija 1 Materialzinatne UnLietiska Kimija vol 15 p 126 2007

[18] K Shiomori K Fujikubo Y Kawano Y Hatate Y Kitamuraand H Yoshizawa ldquoExtraction and separation of precious met-als by a column packed with divinylbenzene homopolymericmicrocapsule containing tri-n-octylaminerdquo Separation Scienceand Technology vol 39 no 7 pp 1645ndash1662 2004

[19] M A Barakat and M H H Mahmoud ldquoRecovery of platinumfrom spent catalystrdquo Hydrometallurgy vol 72 no 3-4 pp 179ndash184 2004

[20] M S Lee J Y Lee J R Kumar J S Kim and J S SohnldquoSolvent extraction of PtCl4 from hydrochloric acid solutionwith alamine336rdquo Materials Transactions vol 49 no 12 pp2823ndash2828 2008

[21] P P Sun and M S Lee ldquoSeparation of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) fromthe loadedAlamine 336 by strippingrdquoHydrometallurgy vol 109no 1-2 pp 181ndash184 2011

[22] J-Y Lee R Kumar J S Kim and J-S Sohn ldquoSolvent extractionof Pt(IV) from acidic chloride solutions using alamine 336rdquoin Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Recycling WasteTreatment and Clean Technology (REWAS rsquo08) pp 1755ndash1760Cancun Mexico October 2008

[23] P P Sun andM S Lee ldquoSeparation of Pt from hydrochloric acidleaching solution of spent catalysts by solvent extraction and ionexchangerdquo Hydrometallurgy vol 110 no 1ndash4 pp 91ndash98 2011


[25] V V Belova A I KholrsquoKin and T I Zhidkova ldquoExtraction ofplatinum-group metals from chloride solutions by salts of qua-ternary ammonium bases and binary extractantsrdquo TheoreticalFoundations of Chemical Engineering vol 41 no 5 pp 743ndash7512007

[26] H Watanabe A Kakui and K Nagao ldquoExtraction of plat-inum(IV) from hydrochloric acid solutions by dihexylsulfidecontaining micro amount of high molecular-weight amineunder irradiation of lightrdquo Shigen to Sozai vol 116 p 291 2000

[27] S Katsuta Y Yoshimoto M Okai Y Takeda and KBessho ldquoSelective extraction of palladium and platinum fromhydrochloric acid solutions by trioctylammonium-basedmixedionic liquidsrdquo Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Researchvol 50 no 22 pp 12735ndash12740 2011

[28] W P Singh ldquoExtraction of platinum-group metals with diqua-ternary ammonium saltsrdquo US Patents Published Application2004

[29] M Grote U Huppe and A Kettrup ldquoSolvent extractionof noble metals by formazans-I Comparative study on theextractability of Pt(IV) Pd(II) and Ag(I) by formazans com-bined with a liquid anion-exchangerrdquo Talanta vol 31 no 10 pp755ndash762 1984

[30] D Wenjun R Qingxin and C Ruona ldquoExtraction of thio-cyanate complexes of platinum group metals ions by MIBKrdquoGuijinshu vol 19 p 20 1998

[31] A Warshawsky ldquoSeparation of the rare platinum group ele-ments (rhodium iridium ruthenium osmium) by extractionwith solvating 120587-donor ligands and polymers in the thiocyanate


systemrdquo Separation and Purification Methods vol 12 no 2 pp119ndash141 1983

[32] T I Zhidkova V V Belova Y Y Brenno L L Zhidkov and AI KholrsquoKin ldquoPalladium extraction by a cyanex 301-based binaryextractant from chloride solutionsrdquoRussian Journal of InorganicChemistry vol 54 no 9 pp 1502ndash1506 2009

[33] R A Khisamutdinov S O Bondareva Y I Murinov and I PBaikova ldquoExtraction of palladium(II) platinum(II) and plat-inum(IV) by bisacylated diethylenetriamine from hydrochloricacid solutionsrdquo Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry vol 53no 3 pp 462ndash469 2008

[34] T Ogata K Takeshita G A Fugate and A Mori ldquoExtractionof soft metals from acidic media with nitrogen-donor ligandTPEN and its analogsrdquo Separation Science and Technology vol43 no 9-10 pp 2630ndash2640 2008

[35] Q Gaofei Z Ying L Qin J Wenwei W Jide and Y QinldquoProcess and application of recovering platinum from usedliquid-phase catalysts by solvent extraction with thioureardquoYingyong Huaxue vol 28 p 1337 2011

[36] K-H Konig M Schuster B Steinbrech G Schneeweis and RSchlodder ldquoNN-Dialkyl-N1015840-benzoylthioureas as reagents forselective extractions to separate and enrich platinum-groupmetalsrdquo Freseniusrsquo Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie vol 321no 5 pp 457ndash460 1985

[37] P Vest M Schuster and K-H Konig ldquoInfluence of tin(II)chloride on the solvent extraction of platinum group metalswith NN-di-n-hexyl-Nrsquo-benzoylthioureardquo Freseniusrsquo Journal ofAnalytical Chemistry vol 339 no 3 pp 142ndash144 1991

[38] M Merdivan R S Aygun and N Kulcu ldquoSolvent extraction ofplatinum group metals with NN-diethyl-N1015840-benzoylthioureardquoAnnali di Chimica vol 90 no 5-6 pp 407ndash412 2000

[39] Y Terada A Harada K Saito S Murakami and A Muro-matsu ldquoSolvent extraction of platinum(II) with 13-dimethyl-2-thiourea and bromocresol greenrdquo Bunseki Kagaku vol 52 no9 pp 725ndash729 2003

[40] A Uheida Y Zhang and M Muhammed ldquoExtraction ofplatinum(IV) with nonylthiourea dissolved in chloroform fromhydrochloric acid mediardquo Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchangevol 21 no 6 pp 827ndash840 2003

[41] A Uheida Y Zhang and M Muhammed ldquoThermodynamicmodeling of extraction equilibria of platinum and palladiumwith nonylthiourea from hydrochloric acid mediardquo SeparationScience and Technology vol 39 no 15 pp 3665ndash3677 2004

[42] M Iwakuma S Nakamura andY Baba ldquoSynthesis of a thioureaderivative containing a sulfur atom and extraction equilibriumof platinum(IV) from hydrochloric acidrdquo Solvent ExtractionResearch and Development vol 11 pp 103ndash110 2004

[43] T I Tikhomirova V I Fadeeva G V Kudryavtsev et alldquoSorption of noble-metal ions on silica with chemically bondednitrogen-containing ligandsrdquo Talanta vol 38 no 3 pp 267ndash274 1991

[44] C Pohlandt ldquoThe extraction of noble metals with n-octylanilinerdquo Talanta vol 26 no 3 pp 199ndash206 1979

[45] E B Sandell Colorimetric Determination of Traces of MetalsInterscience New York NY USA 3rd edition 1965

[46] H Li J Ding and J Wu ldquoPhysical properties and applicationperformance of platinum-palladium-rhodium alloys modifiedwith ceriumrdquo Guijinshu vol 18 p 42 1997

[47] Z Marczenko Spectophotometric Determination of ElementsEllis Horwood Limited Chichester UK 1976

[48] M A Anuse and M B Chavan ldquoStudies on extractionseparation of platinum metals and gold(III) with pyrim-idinethiol spectrophotometric determination of palladium(II)osmium(VIII) and ruthenium(III)rdquo Chemia Analityczna vol29 p 409 1984

[49] G B Kolekar and M A Anuse ldquoExtractive spectrophotomet-ric determination of selenium(IV) using 1-(41015840-bromophenyl)-446-trimethyl-14- dihydropyrimidine 2-thiolrdquo Research Jour-nal of Chemistry and Environment vol 2 p 9 1998

[50] G B Kolekar and M A Anuse ldquoExtraction separation andspectrophotometric determination of tellurium(IV) with 1-(4rsquo-bromophenyl)-446-trimethyl-14-dihydropyrimidine 2-thiolrdquoBulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan vol 71 no 4 pp 859ndash866 1998

[51] M A Anuse S R Kuchekar and M B Chavan ldquo1-(41015840-Chlorophenyl)-4 4 6-trimethyl-1 4-dihydropyrimidine 2-thiolas an effective reagent for the spectrophotometric determi-nation of copper after synergic extractionrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 25 p 1041 1986

Impact Factor 173028 Days Fast Track Peer ReviewAll Subject Areas of ScienceSubmit at httpwwwtswjcom

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013

The Scientific World Journal


the use of tin(II) chloride as a catalyst [7ndash9] have beencommonly used to accelerate the extraction Among thePGMs separations Pd(II)Pt(IV) mutual separation has beenextensively investigated due to its difficulty based on theirchemically similar properties The large difference in theextraction rate between Pd(II) and Pt(IV) from aqueouschloride solutions which is attributable to the extremely inertproperties of Pt(IV) compared with Pd(II) is usually appliedto their separation [10]

High molecular weight amines (HMWAs) find manyapplications in the solvent extraction of platinum(IV) fromweak organic acid and mineral acid medium These arep-octylaniline [11] N-octyl- NN-dioctyl aniline and NNN-trioctyl anilinium OO-di(isopropyl)dithiophosphates [12]N-n-octylaniline [13] Trioctylamine [14ndash19] alamine 336[20ndash23] alamine 300 [24] and quaternary amine base salts[25ndash32] However these amines show emulsion formationnarrow extraction pH range Extraction of platinum(II) bybisacylated diethylenetriamine [33] from hydrochloric acidsolution was studied Platinum can be separated by thismethod from nonnoble metals Extraction of platinum(II)was carried out from acidic solution at pH range 1ndash4 byusing two hydrophobic analogs of NNN1015840N1015840-tetrakis[2-pyr-idyl-methyl]-12-ethyl-enediamine (TPEN) NNN1015840N1015840-Tet-rakis[4-(2-butyloxy)-2-pyridyl-methyl]-12-ethylenediamine(TBPEN) and NNN1015840N1015840-tetrakis(2-quinolinylmethyl)-12-ethylenediamine (TQEN) [34] have shown enhanced sol-vent extraction performance in more acidic media thanTPEN The platinum ion was extracted in the deactivatedcatalyst for the hydrochlorination reaction of ethyne byacidic thiourea [35] solution N1015840N1015840-dihexyl and phenyl andN1015840-hexyl and phenyl derivatives of N-benzoyl thiourea [36]are very good reagents for pH selective extractions espe-cially for platinum Important interfering elements in theextraction of platinum as Cu Fe Ni Solvent extractionof platinum(IV) by NN-dihexyl-N1015840-benzoyl-thiourea [37]in toluene is substantially accelerated in the presence ofstannous chloride The extraction behavior of platinum(II)is not affected by the treatment of stannous chlorideLiquid-liquid extraction of the platinum(IV) with puresynthesized NN-diethyl-N1015840-benzoylthiourea (DEBT) [38]was carried out by optimizing the concentration of acidmole ratio of metal to chelating agent temperature andextraction timeThe extraction behavior of platinum(II) with13-dimethyl-2-thiourea (DMTU) [39] from a chloride so-lution was studied Bromocresol green ion as a counter anionand 12-dichloroethane as an extraction solvent were usedPlatinum(II) was quantitatively extracted into 12-dichlo-roethane within 15min The interferences of Mn(II) Cu(II)Zn(II) Pd(II) Ag(I) and Cd(II) were removed by addingsuitablemasking agentsThe extractant nonylthiourea (NTH)[40 41] in chloroform has been investigated for the ex-traction of platinum(IV) from chloride solution at ionicstrength 40M It has been found that chloride concen-tration has a negative effect on the extraction while pro-ton concentration has no effect N-Phenyl-N1015840-[o-(2-ethyl-hexylthio)phenyl]thiourea (PEPT) [42] which containeddonor atoms of sulfur and nitrogen was synthesized to

Table 1 Extraction behaviour of platinum(IV) as a function ofdiluents (Pt(IV) = 150 120583g Aq Org = 25 1 pH = 050 ascorbicacid = 001M equilibrium time = 3min and strippant = water(2 times 10mL))

Solvent Dielectricconstant (120576)


Distributionratio (119863)

Benzene 227 100 infin

Xylene 230 100 infin

Toluenelowast 238 100 infin

Chloroform 480 238 078Methyl isobutylketone 1310 608 387

n-Butanol 1780 No extraction mdashAmyl alcohol 1390 No extraction mdashAmyl acetate 1390 No extraction mdash12-Dichloroethane 1050 No extraction mdashlowastRecommended for general extraction procedure

develop a selective extractant for platinum(IV) from basemetals from acidic chloride media at 303K

In present study the use of n-octylaniline in toluene forthe extraction of platinum(IV) from ascorbatemediawas car-ried outThe extraction system is studied as a function of pHextractant concentration diluents and equilibrium periodThe conventional slope analysis method was employed foranalysis of species formed in organic phase The method isfree from large number of interferences due to various foreignions

The review of literature for comparison of liquid-liquidextractive separation of platinum(IV) is given in Table 1

2 Experimental

21 Instruments An Elico digital spectrophotometer model12 Chemito 215D with 1 cm quartz cells was used forabsorbance measurements and pH measurements were car-ried out using an Elico digital pH-meter model LI-127 Allweighing operations were carried out by using Tapsonrsquosanalytical single pan balance model 200 T having 0001 gaccuracy

22 Chemicals and Solutions Standard solution of plat-inum(IV) was prepared by dissolving 1 g of hydrogen hex-achloroplatinate (IV) hydrate H

2PtCl6sdotH2O (Johnson and

Matthey UK) in 1M hydrochloric acid and was standardizedgravimetrically [43] A working solution (100120583gmL) wasmade there by appropriate dilution All chemicals used wereof AR grade Double distilled water was used throughout

221 n-Octylaniline 01mol Lminus1 The extractant n-octylani-line was prepared by the method of Pohlandtrsquos [44] and its01M solution was prepared in toluene All other solutionswere prepared from AR grade reagents and aqueous solu-tions were prepared using water






119864 =[119872]org


119863 =[119872]org

[119872]aq (2)






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6pH

Extr

actio

n (

E)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Extr

actio

n (

E)





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 005 01 015 02 025 03 035 04

Extr

actio

n (

E)

n-Octylaniline (M)

















0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16


Log D

[Pt(I

V)]



minus11

minus09

minus07

minus05

minus03

minus01

01

03




Log D

[Pt(I

V)]





3(CH2)7C6H4NH3]+

(org) Hence the





10 10 100 infin

20 10 100 infin


30 10 100 infin

35 10 100 infin

40 10 100 infin




100 100 infin

150lowast 100 infin

200 100 infin

300 100 infin

400 100 infin

600 100 infin

800 100 infin

1000 100 infin

1500 100 infin









NH3sdot Pt(C

6H7O6)minus

3](org)




150100


Pt(IV)Rh(III)a

150300


Pt(IV)Pd(II)a

150200

998994 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Ru(III)

150200

992989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Au(III)

150200

998991 SnCl2 [44]

Pt(IV)Se(IV)

150200

997990 41015840-ChloroPTPT [48]

Pt(IV)Te(IV)

150200

998989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [49]

Pt(IV)Os(VIII)

150200


Pt(IV)Fe(III)

150500


Pt(IV)Cu(II)

1501000

990986 41015840-ChloroPTPT [50]

Pt(IV)Ni(II)

1501000

990979 DMG [46]

Pt(IV)Co(II)

150500





4 Applications



















foundRSD










5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References































































119864 =[119872]org


119863 =[119872]org

[119872]aq (2)






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6pH

Extr

actio

n (

E)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Extr

actio

n (

E)





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 005 01 015 02 025 03 035 04

Extr

actio

n (

E)

n-Octylaniline (M)

















0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16


Log D

[Pt(I

V)]



minus11

minus09

minus07

minus05

minus03

minus01

01

03




Log D

[Pt(I

V)]





3(CH2)7C6H4NH3]+

(org) Hence the





10 10 100 infin

20 10 100 infin


30 10 100 infin

35 10 100 infin

40 10 100 infin




100 100 infin

150lowast 100 infin

200 100 infin

300 100 infin

400 100 infin

600 100 infin

800 100 infin

1000 100 infin

1500 100 infin









NH3sdot Pt(C

6H7O6)minus

3](org)




150100


Pt(IV)Rh(III)a

150300


Pt(IV)Pd(II)a

150200

998994 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Ru(III)

150200

992989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Au(III)

150200

998991 SnCl2 [44]

Pt(IV)Se(IV)

150200

997990 41015840-ChloroPTPT [48]

Pt(IV)Te(IV)

150200

998989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [49]

Pt(IV)Os(VIII)

150200


Pt(IV)Fe(III)

150500


Pt(IV)Cu(II)

1501000

990986 41015840-ChloroPTPT [50]

Pt(IV)Ni(II)

1501000

990979 DMG [46]

Pt(IV)Co(II)

150500





4 Applications



















foundRSD










5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References



























































0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 005 01 015 02 025 03 035 04

Extr

actio

n (

E)

n-Octylaniline (M)

















0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16


Log D

[Pt(I

V)]



minus11

minus09

minus07

minus05

minus03

minus01

01

03




Log D

[Pt(I

V)]





3(CH2)7C6H4NH3]+

(org) Hence the





10 10 100 infin

20 10 100 infin


30 10 100 infin

35 10 100 infin

40 10 100 infin




100 100 infin

150lowast 100 infin

200 100 infin

300 100 infin

400 100 infin

600 100 infin

800 100 infin

1000 100 infin

1500 100 infin









NH3sdot Pt(C

6H7O6)minus

3](org)




150100


Pt(IV)Rh(III)a

150300


Pt(IV)Pd(II)a

150200

998994 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Ru(III)

150200

992989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Au(III)

150200

998991 SnCl2 [44]

Pt(IV)Se(IV)

150200

997990 41015840-ChloroPTPT [48]

Pt(IV)Te(IV)

150200

998989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [49]

Pt(IV)Os(VIII)

150200


Pt(IV)Fe(III)

150500


Pt(IV)Cu(II)

1501000

990986 41015840-ChloroPTPT [50]

Pt(IV)Ni(II)

1501000

990979 DMG [46]

Pt(IV)Co(II)

150500





4 Applications



















foundRSD










5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References




























































0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16


Log D

[Pt(I

V)]



minus11

minus09

minus07

minus05

minus03

minus01

01

03




Log D

[Pt(I

V)]





3(CH2)7C6H4NH3]+

(org) Hence the





10 10 100 infin

20 10 100 infin


30 10 100 infin

35 10 100 infin

40 10 100 infin




100 100 infin

150lowast 100 infin

200 100 infin

300 100 infin

400 100 infin

600 100 infin

800 100 infin

1000 100 infin

1500 100 infin









NH3sdot Pt(C

6H7O6)minus

3](org)




150100


Pt(IV)Rh(III)a

150300


Pt(IV)Pd(II)a

150200

998994 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Ru(III)

150200

992989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Au(III)

150200

998991 SnCl2 [44]

Pt(IV)Se(IV)

150200

997990 41015840-ChloroPTPT [48]

Pt(IV)Te(IV)

150200

998989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [49]

Pt(IV)Os(VIII)

150200


Pt(IV)Fe(III)

150500


Pt(IV)Cu(II)

1501000

990986 41015840-ChloroPTPT [50]

Pt(IV)Ni(II)

1501000

990979 DMG [46]

Pt(IV)Co(II)

150500





4 Applications



















foundRSD










5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References





























































150100


Pt(IV)Rh(III)a

150300


Pt(IV)Pd(II)a

150200

998994 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Ru(III)

150200

992989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [47]

Pt(IV)Au(III)

150200

998991 SnCl2 [44]

Pt(IV)Se(IV)

150200

997990 41015840-ChloroPTPT [48]

Pt(IV)Te(IV)

150200

998989 41015840-ChloroPTPT [49]

Pt(IV)Os(VIII)

150200


Pt(IV)Fe(III)

150500


Pt(IV)Cu(II)

1501000

990986 41015840-ChloroPTPT [50]

Pt(IV)Ni(II)

1501000

990979 DMG [46]

Pt(IV)Co(II)

150500





4 Applications



















foundRSD










5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References






































































foundRSD










5 Conclusion





Acknowledgments



References



























































References






















































































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Category:	Documents
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Liquid Anion Exchange Chromatographic Extraction...

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