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Galaxy FCT Hydrogen Solutions Private & Confidential @ 2019 Transitioning from Fossil Fuel to Renewable Energy Solid H2 - A Potent Catalyst to Fast Track the Journey
Galaxy FCT Hydrogen Solutions
Private & Confidential @ 2019
Transitioning from Fossil Fuel to Renewable Energy
Solid H2 - A Potent Catalyst to Fast Track the Journey
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“This century will witness a major transformation in how energy is acquired, stored and utilized globally. At this point … changes are clearly discernable but more profound ones are still to come” Richard Eisenberg, Harry Gray and George Crabtree
(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 7 October 2019)
the time has already arrived … for a major paradigm shift in Hydrogen
Logistics
Renewable Energy Today A Critical Reality Check
Low Cost Renewables Technology Political Will
Global Awakening
Intermittency Transmission
Storage Resource Location
Incumbency Stranded Costs Limited Time Limited Funds
Maximize RE Generation Optimize Location Solid H2 Logistics
Substitute Fossil Fuel
- S W T O
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Renewable Energy is one of, if not the most potent tool in the hands of mankind to deal with the imminent threats of climate change today …
can we make it more effective?
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“Supercharging” Renewable Energy Paradigm Shift to a Solid H2 Carrier
• Producing Solid H2 close to RE Farms mitigates intermittency – excess electricity generated (beyond which the grid is unable to take) will no longer be wasted/curtailed.
• Once produced, Solid H2 is cheap, easy and safe to store and transport to the end user wherever they may be … using existing transportation infrastructure.
Produce NaBH4 Close to RE Farms
Entire Logistic Process Using Solid H2
H2 “On Demand” at User Location
Spent H2 Carrier (NaBO2)
Solid H2 Carrier (NaBH4)
Production
Regeneration
Cost per kWh
Capex
Hydrogen Generation by Hydrolysis
More Stations with lower CAPEX investment
Climate Change Threat Levels
Efficiency
Location
Electricity
Cost of NaBH4
Production Scale
Storage Cost
Transport Cost
Curtailed Energy
Cost Analysis
Production Costs
Storage
Transport
Safety
Upfront CAPEX
User End Costs
Gas/Liquid H2
High
High
High
High
High
High
Solid H2
High
Low
Low
Low
Low/Scalable
Low
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• Transmission Infrastructure will no longer be the bottleneck or the choke-point for Renewable Energy …
• Funds available should be focused on generating as much Green Energy as we can – for Maximum Impact
A Deeper Review of Hydrogen Logistics Let’s Compare Conventional (Gas/Liquid) with Solid H2
Solid H2 Anchoring the New Green Energy Logistics Parallels with Hydrocarbon Logistics … only BETTER
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Upstream/ Production
Transportation
Storage
Refinery/Power Generation
Last Mile Distribution
Oil/Gas wells, Onshore and Offshore. Typically most productive and lowest cost fields are targeted. Where it is Gas, LNG plants may be required.
Pipelines or large Tankers to transport crude oil to refineries and petrochemical complexes worldwide.
Large Tank Farms located in strategic locations all over the world – both for trading as well as strategic energy reserve
Refining crude into products that can be used to generate energy. Gasoline to power mobility and fuel oil/gas for Power Plants to generate electricity
Gas Refilling Stations for mobility and electricity distributed by Grid.
Wind/Solar (RE) Farms are the equivalent of the oil/gas fields. Again, best to exploit most productive locations on planet earth.
By converting at site to Solid H2 means that energy can be transported in the same way as Oil Barrels (cheaper, easier and safer)
Storage of Solid H2 is again cheaper, easier and safer (ambient temperature, no pressure, non flammable)
No need additional refining. Solid H2 just needs to be converted to H2 Gas “on demand” by Hydrolysis – no need additional energy input at user location.
Hydrogen Refilling Stations for mobility where logistics is carried out in solid H2. Modular and Scalable.
Hydrocarbons
Solid Hydrogen
Last Mile Issues
Safety
Upfront CAPEX
Flexibility
OPEX
Public Objection
Externalities
Gas/Liquid H2
Difficult
High
Low
High
Very Likely
High
Solid H2
Manageable
Low/Scalable
High
Low
Unlikely
Low
Hydrogen Logistics – The Last Mile Gas/Liquid has some Very Difficult Inherent Issues
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Even with the huge subsidies spent globally to encourage growth of Hydrogen Infrastructure, the results are still less than encouraging …
perhaps its time for a paradigm shift?
Safety, Storage and Practicality
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A Deeper Dive into Some Key Technical Issues
Safety Issues and Mitigation Measures Bulk Storage of High Pressure Hydrogen Gas … Root of the Danger
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Large Volume Storage of High
Pressure Hydrogen Gas
None of the mitigation measures today can negate the fact that Hydrogen Gas is inherently explosive once exposed to Oxygen. Any large volume storage of H2 under
high pressure is a latent risk that is extremely difficult to remove
GFCT Solution for Safety Mitigation Not Just Safety, but also … the Perception of Safety
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The GFCT Difference
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/why-don-t-the-public-see-hydrogen-as-a-safe-energy-source
Hydrogen power is here to stay. How do we convince the public that it’s safe? (Apr 2019)
Surveys from World Economic Forum shows that about 90% of respondents don’t mind travelling in H2 vehicle, but over 30% feel that H2 as fuel is dangerous (i.e. storage)
http://www.hydrogenfuelnews.com/a-hydrogen-refueling-station-explosion-in-norway-halts-fcev-car-sales/8537681/
A hydrogen refueling station explosion in Norway halts FCEV car sales (June 2019)
https://www.afr.com/companies/energy/safety-the-gateway-to-community-licence-for-hydrogen-20190924-p52uhu
Safety the Gateway to Community Licence for Hydrogen (Financial Review
Sept 2019)
https://www.hydrogenfuelnews.com/chemical-plant-explosion-in-california-leaves-hydrogen-car-drivers-without-fuel/8537653/
An explosion at an Air Products facility resulted in hydrogen shortage in California
(June 2019)
According to preliminary investigation findings, the explosion occurred as a tanker truck was being filled with hydrogen
Its not just safety which is crucial, but also the perception of safety … the absence of large high pressure H2 tanks will go a long way to assuring the fears of people living or working in close proximity to refuelling facilities … Implementation will be difficult unless the “NIMBY” factor is addressed.
H2 released on demand at user site
https://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Fuel-Cells/Fatal-Explosion-Slams-South-Koreas-Hydrogen-Future.html
Fatal Explosion Slams South Korea’s Hydrogen Future (Sept 2019)
Resident groups are protesting hydrogen stations in their area following the explosion of a hydrogen storage tank in Gangneung that killed two and injured six – destroying a complex half the size of a soccer field.
Two gasoline stations chosen as the site to add H2 pumps in April have also since declined and the city had to find alternative sites …
Minimize quantity of H2 stored under pressure
Transportation and Storage of Feedstock in
Solid Form (non flammable, ambient temperature and no pressure required)
The “True” Cost of H2 Storage The Limitations of Conventional Methods and Why the Costs Add Up
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High Pressure Gas and Liquid H2
Storage
The “true cost” of storing Hydrogen Gas is often understated … especially the externalities they costs (which are never accounted for) and the lack of flexibility
which adds on many costs are often under the radar.
High Upfront CAPEX – to cater for future demand
from day one
Location once fixed is costly to change due to
safety infra required
Replenishment frequency increases with
increased usage
External “costs” imposed upon neighboring real estate
and community
Facility size limited by size and capacity of
Tanks
Anything other than short term storage is
impractical and too costly
The “True” Cost of H2 Storage Where Solid H2 Logistics Makes the Difference
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Solid H2 Logistics
Adopting Solid H2 Centric Logistics removes many of the “hidden” or “unaccounted costs” that comes with the conventional manner of handling H2 Logistics today … this
will be key to “fast tracking” the transition to Renewable Energy
Modular and Scalable, Capex can be added as
demand increases
Reactor can be Skid Mounted and moved to
different location without great expense
Large Quantities of Feedstock can be stored
with little additional expense
Low External “costs” on neighboring real estate and community as high pressure H2 gas storage is minimized
Rate of H2 Release Can also be increased in a
modular way
Once in NaBH4 form, long term storage is simple
and cheap
GFCT H2 Generator – Robust and Scalable Hydrolysis – A Chemical Based Reaction
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Modular and Scalable. Reactor chamber can be added in parallel if greater quantity of H2 is required.
Chemical reaction in Reactor is exothermic – in a controlled
environment.
Reactor conforms to O&G Safety Standards and capable of continuous operations.
Reactor can be configured to operate without power input
from grid (if required)
Overall system robustness is high because:
• Storage of NaBH4 (solid) at ambient temperature without pressure;
• Non-flammable and all logistics can be handled using existing logistic infrastructure;
• Low-cost method of long term Energy Storage – no need for specialized equipment (except for waterproofing and humidity control)
• NaBH4 can be used as energy feedstock at any location where we place a reactor, regardless whether there is electricity supply or not.
Conclusion
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Let’s Unleash the Full Potential of Renewable Energy TODAY
Solid H2 – Anchoring New Energy Logistics Can “Solid H2” Really Rise to the Challenge?
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Most critically, this paradigm shift means we focus available investment dollars in producing maximum quantity of Green Energy to “fast track” substitution of fossil fuels AND we can act
immediately (without waiting for expensive infrastructure)
No Feedstock Bottlenecks
Sodium
Boron
Established Process
Sustainable and Renewable
Hydrolysis - Process Simplicity
Logistics Utilizing Existing Infrastructure
Low Upfront Capex
Water
Electricity
Electricity from renewable energy. Boron abundant and can be re-cycled. Sodium from Salt and Water is abundant.
“Brown Schlesinger” is a 50 year old process for producing NaBH4. Market demand has been relatively flat so far. Global annual prod approx. 100K tons
Once produced, Solid H2 can be stored, distributed and moved around using existing transport and storage infrastructure. Ambient temperature, no pressure required and non flammable.
It’s an exothermic reaction under controlled conditions within GFCT’s Patented Reactor. No external power input is necessary for this process to work – hence maximum flexibility for deployment and applications.
Unlike O&G and H2 (Gas/Liquid), it is possible to create a Solid H2 ecosystem with relatively much lower upfront CAPEX. Its Modular and is Scalable as demand increases.
Flexibility and Resilience
Operational Simplicity provides maximum flexibility in the way energy is stored and distributed. Resilience is also maximized because the amount of infrastructure exposed to natural elements is minimized. With more violent weather and disruption from climate change, this energy logistic ecosystem would certainly be more robust and resilient than what we have.
Perfect Companion for Renewable Electricity Solid H2 the Electricity Grid – Gives RE the “Reach” it Never Had
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GFCT SystemApplications
Hydrogen Refilling Stations
MobilityTrucks, Busses
Trains, Ships, Cars Forklifts & UAVs
Emergency Power
telco towers, bunkers, green data
centers
Remote Electrification
CriticalServices
Renewable Energy Mitigating
Curtailment & Enabling Export of
Green H2
Mixed Gas H-CNG Stations
Cold Chain Logistics
Private & Confidential - Galaxy FCT
The perfect “Last Mile” Solution for Mobility
Interim Mitigation of Hydrocarbon usage (Mixed gas)
Solution to address “Intermittency” in renewable energy generation and transmission
Further development for “on-board” units to
power larger vehicles (esp Ships, Trucks, Trains and Planes)
Ability to provide immediate power supply to remote
areas without grid connectivity
Can revolutionize the way we store energy for future
use and as strategic Energy Reserves
RE connected to the grid will always be the lowest cost option … but they are costly and complex to implement. Solid H2 can complement the Grid TODAY in all areas where it is not present or deficient.
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Climate Change is in our face – whether we like it or not … Solid H2 Logistics unleashes the full
potential of renewable energy TODAY to give it as good a fight that we can within the resources and
time that we have.
GALAXY FCT Sdn Bhd
Intellectual Property
Know how on Chemicals, Raw Materials, Systems, Scaling, Recycling & Manufacturing Mechanical, Pneumatic, Electrical, System, Computer Science and Marketing,
*Highest Hydrogen Density (84kg H2/m3) *Most Scalable H2 On-demand Generator (smallest footprint) *Proof of concept done. Prototypes completed (3rd generation) *Chemistry & Material Science Program Completed *Moving to Commercialization Stage *Commencing NaBH4 recycling Program
Worldwide Patent Filed
GFCT is ready to discuss partnership collaboration modalities with various different stakeholders in the Hydrogen Fuel space to find areas of joint development and modes of
collaboration which could be mutually beneficial.
Further Enquiries: Keen Ye – [email protected] Tel: +1 914 434 3310 or +60 10 2218 938
