List animals that migrate

DefinitionDefinition A regular, seasonal movement from one

area to another

All classes of animals migrate

InsectsInsects Monarch butterfly

Begin in Canada and Northern US in late August

End in Central Mexico migrants are usually 3 or

more generations removed from the monarchs that overwintered in Mexico during the previous winter

After their season in the migratory site, the female monarch reproductive organs become fully developed and mating takes place.

As they migrate north in the spring, they lay eggs on milkweed along the way

MammalsMammals Deer and Caribou

African ungulates

Whales Subpolar to subtropical

amphibiansamphibians Newts

Natal pond

Frogs

FishFish Sharks

Salmon Return to native streams

to breed

eels

Why do animals Why do animals migrat?migrat?

Advantages More food Water Decreased competition

for Space Food

Increased chance for reproduction

Reduced predation Reduced parasitism

Disadvantages Climate change Drought Food scarcity Predators Occasional death Increased body

maintenance costs Lower rank in winter

dominance hierarchy

How does a bird know How does a bird know when it is time to when it is time to

migrate?migrate? Internal (endogenous) –

hormonal Pineal gland Brain Endocrine system Pituitary gland

External (exogenous) – environment Changes in daylight Eye Visual cortex

How does the animal How does the animal know where it is know where it is

going?going? Orientation

Navigation

Environmental cues

How do birds migrate?How do birds migrate? Environmental cues

Zugunruhe

Celestial compasses

navigation

Indigo Buntings and Indigo Buntings and their use of star their use of star

constellationsconstellations Studied by Emlen

3 groups of chicks Chicks reared in a room with diffuse light at

night Chicks reared with a normal star map that

rotates around the north star Polaris chicks reared with an abnormal star

map that rotates around Betelguese which is a star on the southern constellation of Orion

European Starlings European Starlings StudyStudy

Displaced juveniles No navigation

Displaced adults Orientation and navigation

Earth’s Magnetic FieldEarth’s Magnetic Field

Other termsOther terms Zugdispostion

Zugstimmung

Types of bird Types of bird migrationsmigrations

Altitudinal Gallinaceous birds Raptorial birds

North – South pole

Waterfowl migration

When does migration When does migration occur?occur?

Circaannual

Circadian

HomeworkHomework Pick an animal and map it’s migration route.