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List of Contents State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

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List of Contents

Page

List of Tables I

List of Figures III

List of Abbreviations V

Executive Summary IX

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 The Rationale 3

1.2 The Approach and Methodology 5

1.3 PSIR Framework

5

Chapter 2: Pressure 9

Chapter 3: State 15

Energy Supply

3.1 Lignite 16

3.2 Coal 21

3.3 Crude Oil and Natural Gas 25

3.3.1 LNG 29

3.3.2 Domestic Natural Gas 30

3.3.3 Refined Products 33

3.4 Alternate Fuels 35

3.4.1 Biofuels 35

3.4.2 Biodiesel 36

3.4.3 Bio-Ethanol 36

3.4.4 Coal Bed Methane 37

3.4.5 Oil Shales 38

3.5 Hydroelectricity 38

3.6 Nuclear Power 40

3.7 Power generation and Distribution 42


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3.8 Renewable Energy Resources 52

3.8.1 Solar 55

3.8.2 Wind 62

3.8.3 Small Hydropower Plants 67

3.8.4 Tidal 67

Energy Demand

3.9 Energy Demand In Gujarat State 69

3.9.1 Agriculture 70

3.9.2 Industry 71

3.9.3 Transport 72

3.9.4 Domestic

74

Chapter 4: Impact 79

4.1 Lignite and Coal 79

4.2 Wood 80

4.3 Oil and Natural Gas 80

4.4 Oil Refineries 81

4.5 Vehicular Emission 82

4.6 Power Generation and Distribution 83

4.7 Hydropower 84

4.8 Solar 85

4.9 Nuclear 85

4.10 Wind 86

4.11 Bio fuels: Biomass, Ethanol and Biodiesel 86

4.12 Indoor Air Pollution 87

Chapter 5: Response 91

5.1 Promotion of Renewable Energy and Major Programs 91

5.2 Important Initiative for Biomass Energy 92

5.3 Important Initiatives for Wind Energy 92

5.4 Important Initiatives for Solar Energy 92

5.5 Important Initiatives for Energy Conservation 94


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5.6 Important Initiatives for Rural Energy 94

5.7 Important Initiatives for Village Electrification 95

5.8 Important Initiatives for Bio-Energy 96

5.9 Important Initiatives for Decentralized Energy System 97

5.10 Important Initiatives for Power Sector Reforms

98

Chapter 6: Recommendations 99

References 107

List of Tables State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

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List of Tables Chapter- 2:Pressure

Table: 1 Year wise % increase in Growth rate of Gujarat

(in terms of Energy and GDP)

Table 2: Statistics of Districts, Takukas, Towns and Villages in Gujarat

Chapter-3: State Table 3: Lignite resources of states and Union Territories

(million tonnes) as on 1st April 2011

Table 4: Lignite mined out till 31 March 2011

Table 5: Year wise Lignite demand (in MT) in Gujarat State

Table 6: Lignite Consumers in Gujarat State

Table 7: Coal Import and custom duty

Table 8: Coal Resources of states (million tons) as on 1st April-2011

Table 9: Coal Resources (million tons), by category as on 1st April-2011

Table 10: Comparison of Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and Useful Heat Value

(UHV) for non coking coal (with 6% moisture content)

Table 11: Coal Consumption by GSECL station in Gujarat

Table 12: Production of Crude oil (‘000’ tones)

Table 13: Production of Natural Gas (in mmscf) in Gujarat State

Table 14: Existing LNG Terminals in Gujarat

Table 15: City Gas Distribution (Company and Operational Region)

Table 16: Total Refinery Production

Table 17: Refining Capacity and Utilization in Gujarat

Table 18: Production of Kerosene (in KL)

Table 19: Production of Petrol

Table 20: Production of Diesel

Table 21: Year wise total Electricity Generation at Sardar Sarovar

Hydro Power House

Table 22: Previous four year generation statistics

Table 23: Previous four year generation statistics in Gujarat State

Table 24: Fuel -wise generation capacity addition (MW)

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List of Tables State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

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Table 25: Power Supply position: Peak demand Vs Peak met

Table 26: Power Supply position: requirement Vs availability

Table 27: Year wise per capita consumption of electricity in Gujarat State

Table 28: Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat, as on 31 March 2011

Table 29: Comparison of Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat State

with India (as on 31 March 2011)

Table 30: (T&D) losses as % of availability in Gujarat State

Table 31: Length of transmission and distribution lines (ckt km)

in Gujarat state, as on 31 march 2009

Table 32: Solar Energy Development Potential

Table 33: Details of Present Energy Consumption of town proposed

to be Carbon Neutral by Solar Energy

Table 34: Year wise Wind Power installed capacity in Gujarat

Table 35: Details of Wind Energy use proposed by SMC

Table 36: Identified and Installed Small Hydropower projects

on Gujarat, as on 31 January 2011

Table 37: Tidal Energy Potential in Gujarat State

Table 38: Category wise Energy demand as on 31 March 2011

Table 39: Total Number of Registered Vehicles

Table 40: Analysis of consumption of Petrol and CNG

Table 41: Per household per month consumption of fuels

for cooking and lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)

Table 42: Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source

used for cooking in Gujarat(2009-10)

Table 43: Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for

Lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)

Table 44: Installation of off-grid/decentralized renewable energy

systems/devices by Gujarat state during 2009-10

Chapter- 4 : Impacts

Table 45: Fuel Usage for Rural Gujarat at House Hold H Level NFHS 3

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List of Figures State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

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List of Figures Chapter-3: State

Fig 1: Map Showing Lignite Deposits in Gujarat

Fig 2: Year wise Lignite Demand in MT in Gujarat State

Fig 3: Lignite Consumers in State

Fig 4: Year wise Lignite Production in Gujarat State

Fig 5: Gross Geological Coal Resources by States as on 1st April, 2010

Fig 6: Coal Fired Power Plant

Fig 7: Oil and Gas Fields in Gujarat

Fig 8: Year wise Production Crude Oil in Gujarat State

Fig 9: Year wise Production of Natural Gas in Gujarat State

Fig 10: Year wise Refinery Production in Gujarat State

Fig 11: RIL, Jamnagar Refinery

Fig 12: Offshore Platform

Fig 13: Biofules

Fig 14: Biodiesel

Fig 15: Bio-Ethanol

Fig 16: Coal Bed Methane Well

Fig 17: Location of Sardar Sarovar Dam

Fig 18: Year wise total Electricity Generation at Sardar Sarovar Hydro

Power House

Fig 19: A view of Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

Fig 20: Year wise Power Supply position: Peak demand Vs Peak met

Fig 21: Year wise Power Supply position: requirement Vs availability

Fig 22: Per Capita Consumption of Electricity as per 31st March 2009

Fig 23: Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat, as on 31 March 2011

Fig 24: Gujarat Power Sector at a Glance

Fig 25: Renewable Energy, end of 2008 (GW)

Fig 26: Map showing the solar energy potential in various states of India

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List of Figures State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

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Fig 27: Geographical Location for Solar Power Projects in Gujarat

Fig 28: Wind Capacity Addition (in MW) per year

Fig 29: Category wise Energy Demand (in %) as on 31 March 2011

Fig 30: Per household per month consumption of fuels for cooking and

lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)

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List of Abbreviations

State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

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AUDA : Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority

BCM : Billion Cubic Meters

BEE : Bureau of Energy Efficiency

CBM: Coal Bed Methane

CCO : Coal Controller Organistaion

CEA: Central Electricity Authority

CEE : Center for Environment Education

CEPT : Center for Environmental Planning and Technology

CERC : Central Electricity Regulatory Commission

CGD: City Gas Distribution

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

DMIC: Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor

DST: Department of Science and Technology

EPD: Energy and Petrochemical Department

ESPs: Electro-Static Precipitators

FERC : Federal Electricity Regulatory Commission

GAIL : Gas Authority of India Limited

GCPC : Gujarat Cleaner Production Center

GCV: Gross Calorific Value

GEB: Gujarat Electricity Board

GEC : Gujarat Ecology Commission

GEDA: Gujarat Energy Development Agency

GERC : Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission

GETCO: Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited

GIDC: Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation

GIPCL : Gujarat Industrial Power Company Ltd.

GMDC: Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation

GOG : Government of Gujarat

GOI : Government of India

GPCB : Gujarat Pollution Control Board



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GPCL : Gujarat Power Corporation Ltd.

GSECL : Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited

GSI : Geological Survey of India

GSRTC : Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation

GUVNL: Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited

HSD : High Speed Diesel

IEA : International Energy Agency

IGBC : Indian Green Building Council

IIFCO: Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited

IMD : Indian Meteorological Department

ISGF: Indian Smart Grid Forum

IWEA : Indian Wind Energy Association

KAPS: Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

KWh :Kilo Watt hour

LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas

LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas

MCF : Million Cubic Feet

MCIT: Ministry of Communication and Information Technology

MNCER : Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Resources

MNRE: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

MoC: Ministry of Coal

MoP : Ministry of Power

MoPNG: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

MoRTH: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

MoSPI : Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

MoU: Memorandum of Understanding

MW : Mega Watt

NELP: New Exploration Licensing Policy

NFHS: National Family Health Survey

NSSO : National Sample Survey Organisation

NTPC: National Thermal Power Corporation

ONGC: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation



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PDS: Public Distribution System

PGCIL : Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

PSIR: Pressure-State-Impact-Response

PV : Photo Voltaic

SEC : Surat Electricity Company

SEZ: Special Economic Zone

SGTF: Smart Grid Task Force

SHP: Small Hydropower Plant

SIR: Special Investment Region

SMC: Surat Municipal Corporation

SMES: Small and Medium Enterprises

SoER: State of Environment Report

SPV: Special Purpose Vehicles

SSNNL: Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited

STE : Solar Thermal Electricity

T&D : Transmission and Distribution

TEDDY : TERI Energy Data Directory and Yearbook

TERI: The Energy Research Institute

UHV: Useful Heat Value

UMPPs: Ultra Mega Power Projects

USD: United States Dollars

WEC : World Energy Council

STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT

(ENERGY SECTOR)

GUJARAT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Executive Summary State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

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Executive Summary The task of meeting the energy needs of development has become

more complex in recent times due to the imminent threat of global

warming. This poses a challenge to the world as a whole including

Gujarat and points to the need for an acceptable international

approach to deal with the problem. Gujarat’s energy strategy has,

therefore, to bear in mind the need for action as part of a

reasonable international agreement which is consistent with

Gujarat’s development objectives.

The State of Environment Report (SoER) pertaining to the energy

sector in Gujarat state provides an overview of current state of

energy resources like coal, lignite, natural gas, coal bed methane,

crude oil, biogas, wind power, hydro, solar, nuclear and tidal

energy etc., its environmental implications and responses

undertaken by the Government.

It gives an opportunity to assess how the power generation from

various sources affect the environmental conditions and their

implications on human health and economic well - being. State of

Environment reporting pertaining to the Energy sector, is a process

undertaken so as to understand, describe, analyze and

communicate information on conditions and trends in the

environment. It seeks to document the condition of natural

resources and the environment; and to assess the effect of any

changes in the environment on health, economy and lifestyle.

It is a method by which the ecologically sustainable use of natural

resources can be measured, which is an effective and vital input

for policy planning and implementation related to sustainable

development.

The present State of Environment report (SoER) pertaining to

energy sector has collected & compiled sound and reliable

database as well as analyzed the meaningful policy undertaken by

Executive Summary


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the State Government to achieve the sustainable development. It

provides a roadmap for immediate action and conservation majors.

We have adopted ecosystem based approach to come out with the

State of Environment Report [SoER] where in above mentioned

applicable parameters are studied and temporal changes in each of

the parameters are studied based on PSIR [Pressure, State, Impact

and Response] methodology along with the vulnerability in certain

areas. As far as methodology is concerned, it is based on data and

perception. Data based approach includes data collection, data

collation for synthesis and consultation to find the gaps and

possible responses.

Pressures are the more specific economic, social, institutional or

other pressures on the environment that may contribute to or

cause particular environmental states and impacts of concern.

Specific pressures for priority issues are presented in State of

Environment report under Energy sectors. Various factors creating

pressure on environment are population growth rate, urban

growth rate, annual energy consumption levels, growth in per

capita energy consumption etc. Moreover energy is demanded in

Gujarat state mainly by four sectors i.e. Agriculture, Industry,

Transport and Domestic. Tremendous demand has brought the

following pressures on the energy sector.

State: It is the condition or quality of the environment and trends

in that condition brought about by human or other pressures

which have negative impact on environment because of energy

production and consumption.. These are described for priority

issues by presenting quantitative and qualitative data of Energy

sector. As far as Energy supply is concerned, the various sources

creating pressure on environment are lignite, coal, crude oil and

natural gas, alternative fuels (like bio-fuels, biodiesel, ethanol,

CBM, oil shale etc.), hydroelectricity, nuclear power and other

renewable sources of energy (like solar, wind and tidal).

Executive Summary


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Impacts: The consequences of pressures and states in particular

those on human health, the economy, equity and quality of life.

For energy demand and supply, all above mentioned sources of

energy are leaving certain environmental impacts affecting the

human health, the economy, equity and quality of life because of

the various sources of energy like coal and lignite, crude oil and

natural gas, alternative fuels, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and

other renewable sources of energy. In our study, the impacts

because of rural energy requirement and its impacts in form of

indoor air pollution is also included.

Responses: These include all actions and initiatives taken to

address environmental issues by Government, NGOs, businesses,

research institutions or other initiatives. Important initiatives taken

by State Government are promotion of Renewable Energy,

Biomass Energy, Wind Energy, Solar Energy. Gujarat Energy

Development Agency (GEDA) has implemented LED village project

at Village Amrapura, Taluka Mansa District: Gandhinagar as the

first LED Village Demonstration Project in Gujarat in the year

2011. Introduction of Jyotigram yojna for village electrification has

also significantly reduced the T & D losses, it is an innovative

scheme to make available 24 hours three phase quality power

supply to Rural areas. Government of Gujarat has also taken some

important initiatives in the Bio-energy, decentralized energy

system, along with power sector reforms.

Recommendations: Based on our study, we have included several

recommendations in chapter no.6 which can be taken into

consideration and incorporated by the Government, NGOs and

other environmental agencies to reduce the impact created by

energy resources on the environment.


(ENERGY SECTOR)

GUJARAT

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter-1: Introduction State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

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Chapter-1

Introduction

The challenge for the 21st century is how to develop sustainably

and maintain the quality of life for a growing population with

higher expectations for well-being. Underlying this challenge is the

need for sufficient and sustainable supplies of energy to provide

the economic activity underpinning these expectations. Issues

concerning energy security pose multiple challenges for Gujarat.

Access to energy sources is a major challenge, not only for rural

areas but also for the urban areas. We have had limited success in

exploring new oil and gas reserves and we are heavily import

dependent. Climate change concerns have added a new dimension

to the energy equation and there are increasing pressures, both

from within and outside, to reduce coal consumption and move

towards renewable and nuclear energy.

Energy production and use, particularly of fossil fuels, have a

number of environmental impacts including air pollution,

greenhouse gas emissions and adverse impacts on ecosystems.

Availability and access to energy are considered as catalysts for

economic growth. This report assesses the key drivers,

environmental pressures, state and some impacts from the

production and consumption of energy (energy demand and

supply), taking into account the main objectives of the policies on

energy and environment including: security of supply,

competitiveness, increased energy efficiency and renewable

energy, and environmental sustainability. Meeting the energy

access challenges and ensuring lifeline supply of clean energy to all

is essential for empowering individuals.

Chapter-1: Introduction


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In the recent years, the Government of Gujarat has recognized the

energy security concerns and more importance is being placed on

energy independence. Some of the strategies for energy security

are as follows:

Power Generation Strategy will focus on low cost generation,

optimization of capacity utilization, controlling the input cost,

optimization of fuel mix, Technology upgradation and utilization

of non-conventional energy sources.

Transmission strategy will focus on development of Smart Grid

including Inter-state connections, technology upgradation and

optimization of transmission cost.

Distribution strategy (to achieve distribution reforms) will focus on

system up gradation, loss reduction, theft control, consumer

service orientation, quality power supply commercialization,

decentralized distributed generation and supply for rural areas.

Conservation strategy (to optimize the utilization of electricity)

will focus on demand side management, load management and

technology up gradation to provide energy efficient equipment /

gadgets.

The State of Environment Report (SoER) pertaining to the energy

sector in Gujarat state shall provide an overview of various

resources of energy like coal, lignite, wood, natural gas, coal bed

methane, crude oil, biogas, wind power, hydro, solar, nuclear and

tidal energy etc. and also the overview of environmental

implications. It shall give an opportunity to assess how the power

generation from various sources affect the environmental

conditions and their implications on human health and economic

well - being. State of Environment reporting pertaining to the

Energy sector, is a process undertaken so as to understand,

describe, analyze and communicate information on conditions and


P a g e | 3

trends in the environment. It seeks to document the condition of

natural resources and the environment; and to assess the effect of

any changes in the environment on health, economy and lifestyle.

It is a method by which the ecologically sustainable use of natural

resources can be measured, which is an effective and vital input for

policy planning and implementation related to sustainable

development. The present State of Environment report (SoER)

pertaining to energy sector wishes to go a step further in collecting

& compiling of sound and reliable database as well as analyzing

the meaningful policy in the State to achieve the sustainable

development. It would also provide a roadmap for immediate

action and conservation majors.

1.1 The Rationale

The State of Gujarat is rapidly growing in industrial sector with a

growth rate of around 22 to 25 % in 2000-2010. In recent years

(2005-2010) the real GDP growth in Gujarat has been 11.3% as

against 11% in Haryana, 9.6% in Bihar, 8.5% in Karnataka, 8.1%

in Kerala and 7.4% in Andhra Pradesh. Gujarat state has also taken

steps to market itself as an attractive investment destination

through the Vibrant Gujarat summit held every two years since last

decade. Gujarat has achieved leadership in the chemical industries

with 35% share of all investments in this sector in past 5 years.

With a substantial presence of the chemical, pharmaceutical,

textile and engineering industries concentrated in the “Golden

Corridor” extending throughout the state, management of

hazardous waste, becomes indispensible in order to mitigate

negative impact on the environment. Industries have often grown

around existing urban support services and GIDC industrial estates.

The State has also achieved phenomenal growth in energy sector

since last decade. The State of Gujarat is in the fast track of growth

but has also taken strong & serious measures for the conservation

of the Environment which has been discussed in detail under the

response section. An overall awareness is required amongst the



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citizens, for understanding the ill effects of various pollution

hazards and environmental degradation arising out of rapid

industrialization.

Gujarat has continued to witness impressive industrial

development. Government of Gujarat while announcing Industrial

Policy in 2003 had given strong emphasis on making Gujarat based

industries competitive enough to meet with the challenges of

globalization. For this purpose Government also announced

various schemes such as empowerment of cluster, assistant for

technology/up gradation, quality up gradation, subsidy for R & D

activities and interest subsidy to Small and Medium Enterprises

(SMES) etc. An important feature of the Industrial Policy, 2003 is

the scheme of cluster development. In the state 83 clusters have

been identified with a range of industries. They are being

strengthened with Government assistance in the form of

developing common facilities centers, up gradation of

infrastructure, conducting training programmes for skill up

gradation etc. Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC)

develops industrial estates in the State so that industrial units get

developed plots/sheds with all amenities for setting up their units.

There are 182 industrial estates spread throughout the State

covering an area of 3200 hectares. Also 60 Special Economic Zones

(SEZs) have been notified in the State so far. Special Investment

region (SIR) Act was enacted by the State in 2009 for creating

large size investment regions and industrial areas in the State to

develop them as global hubs of economic activity having world

class infrastructure. Eleven such SIRs have been notified so far and

are various stages of planning and development. Also a major part

of Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) i.e. 38% is going to

pass through Gujarat. Out of 20 proposed industrial nodes of

DMIC, 06 are in Gujarat.


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The State of Environment report pertaining to the energy sector is

an opportunity which takes into account our assets, recognizes the

enormity as well as the complexity of the environmental problems

being faced today and attempts analysis of the underlying casual

factors.

1.2 The Approach and methodology

We have adopted ecosystem based approach to come out with the

State of Environment Report [SoER] where in above mentioned

applicable parameters will be studied and temporal changes in

each of the parameters will be studies on PSIR [Pressure, State,

Impact and Response] methodology along with the vulnerability

in certain areas. As far as methodology is concerned, it will be

based on data collection and perception. Data based approach will

include data collection, data collation for assesment and

consultation to find the gaps and possible responses. Perception

based will include identification of issues, priorities and response

for synthesis and consultation to find the gaps and possible

responses. Then these two approaches shall be merged for

validation, data gap filling and verification with the stakeholders.

1.3 PSIR Framework

For the preparation of State of Environment Report (SoER)

pertaining to Energy sector, PSIR (Pressure-State-Impacts-

Response) Framework has been used. The format outlines are as

following:

• Pressures: They are the more specific economic, social,

institutional or other pressures on the environment that may

contribute to or cause particular environmental states and impacts

of concern. Specific pressures for priority issues are presented

under Energy sectors. Various factors creating pressure on

environment are population growth rate, urban growth rate,

annual energy consumption levels, growth in per capita energy



P a g e | 6

consumption etc. Moreover energy is demanded in Gujarat state

mainly by four sectors i.e. Agriculture, Industry, Transport and

Domestic.

State: It is the condition or quality of the environment and trends

in that condition brought about by human or other pressures which

have negative impact on environment. These are described for

priority issues by presenting quantitative and qualitative data of

Energy sector. As far as Energy supply is concerned, the various

sources creating pressure on environment are as follows:

Lignite

Coal

Wood

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products

Natural Gas, CNG

LNG

Kerosene

Petrol

Diesel

Alternative fuels like biofuels, biodiesel, ethanol, CBM, oilshale etc.

Hydroelectricity

Nuclear power

Traditional Fuels

Power Generation and Distribution

Renewable Energy like solar, wind, small hydro power plants and

tidal energy

As far as sector wise Energy demand is concerned, it includes the

following:

Agriculture

Industry

Transport

Domestic


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Thus increase in energy supply diversity is State as well as National

goal driven by concerns about energy security, climate change

mitigation and environmental protection.

Impacts: These are the consequences of pressures and state in

particular those on human health, the economy, equity and quality

of life. For energy demand and supply, all above mentioned

sources of energy are leaving certain environmental impacts

affecting the human health, the economy, equity and quality of life

because of the following sources of energy:

Coal and lignite mining

Wood

Oil & Natural Gas

Oil Refineries

Vehicular Emissions

Power Generation and Distribution

Hydropower

Nuclear

Renewable Sources of Energy

Indoor Air Pollution

• Responses: These include all actions taken to address

environmental issues by government, NGOs, businesses, research

institutions or other initiatives.

Initiated Policy Reforms for Power Sector

Promotion of Renewable Energy

Solar Energy

Wind energy

Biomass Energy

Rural Energy

Plantation

Energy Conservation

Decentralized Energy System


(ENERGY SECTOR)

GUJARAT

CHAPTER-2

PRESSURE

Chapter-2: Pressure State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

P a g e | 9

Chapter-2

Pressure

Energy production and consumption place considerable pressures

not only on the environment, but also on society and the economy.

Environmental pressures are easier to quantify than social or

economical ones. However, these ones should not be omitted,

according to the influence they for sustainability.

The demand for energy in Gujarat has been growing due to

increasing industrial and agricultural activities. Gujarat state faces a

challenge to optimally use resources vested in its land for

production of energy and thus providing to state of sixty million. As

inferred from the below table, Gujarat has shown substantial

increase in both i.e. Gross Domestic Product and energy. This

substantial increase tends to increase the pressure on environment

and thus calls for the optimal use of energy resources vested in the

state.

Table: 1 Year wise % increase in Growth rate of Gujarat (in terms of Energy and GDP)

Year GDP* Energy**

2005-06 14.95 7.43 2006-07 8.39 11.48 2007-08 11.00 7.43 2008-09 6.96 6.13 2009-10 10.23 9.10 2010-11 11.58 9.28

Source: *Planingcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/present/gujrat.pdf and

**GUVNL

Chapter-2: Pressure State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

P a g e | 10

Gujarat has witnessed a moderate growth in its population in the

last 60 years. From a small figure of 16.26 Lacs in 1951, it has gone

passed 6.03 Crore in 2011. Gujarat is now the 10th most populous

state. It has 5 per cent share of the country's population and 6 per

cent of geographical area. Gujarat's population has increased by

97,12,611 during the decade of 2001 to 2011. While the urban

population has risen from 37.36 per cent in 2001 to 42.58 per cent

in 2011, making it one of the fastest growing urbanised states,

according to the Census. In terms of Population, Ahmedabad is the

largest city of Gujarat with 7.2 million people living here. Surat and

Vadodara are other two major cities with high number of urban

population residing here. Rajkot is the fourth largest city of Gujarat

with population of 1.50 million. The cities like Bhavnagar, Bhuj,

Junagadh and Jamnagar constitutes a large number of urban

populations in Gujarat. Thus Concentration of population and

urbanisation make huge pressures on Energy sector. Ahmedabad

ranks 52nd and Surat 77th in most populated urban cities in the

world.

Table 2: Statistics of Districts, Takukas, Towns and Villages in Gujarat

Serial No.

Level 2001 2011 Variation

1 Districts 25 26 +1 2 Talukas 226 225 -1 3 Towns 484 696 +212 4 Industrial

Notified Areas 17 26 +9

5 Villages 18538 18225 -314 Source: Planingcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan

Above data shows that there is an increase in number of District,

towns, and industrial notified and it also shows the net decrease in

number of talukas and villages. Increase in number of Districts,

towns and Industrial notified areas are creating more pressure on

Energy sector.

Chapter-2: Pressure


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The Pressures of the Driving Forces on the environment, society and

economy (Pressures) are the measures of the effects of the Driving

Forces on the natural environment, on the social setting and on the

economical scene, for the transitory considered scope.

Greenhouse gas emissions, waste resulting from energy production

and consumption or emissions of pollutants are examples of

Pressures on the environment. However, the problem exceeds the

environmental aspect and affects the socio-economic context. Thus,

for example, production of radioactive waste, that is an

environmental Pressure, also constitutes an economical Pressure

because of the high costs of management and storage of this type of

waste. Similarly, for example, greenhouse gas emissions are

produced by refineries are environmental Pressures, but there is also

a social Pressure on them, because of the accidents that may occur.

The Pressures are directly related to the Driving Forces, because

they are direct consequences of them. The Pressure placed on the

environment, society or economy by any activity using energy

depends on:

Driver: the volume of activity that generates demand for an

energy-related service (e.g. Gross Domestic Product, industrial value

added, demand for road freight delivery or passenger

transportation, etc.)

Gap in demand and supply of energy in different sectors like

industry, domestic, agriculture etc.

The production of cleaner energy through renewable and

non-renewable sources e.g. while the fossil fuels like lignite and coal

are highly polluting ones, the renewable energy sources such as

solar, wind, tide, biomass, etc., have little negative impact on the

environment. The electricity, on the other hand, may be clean at the

consumer's end but its production might be polluting, depending on

the fuel and technology used.

Chapter-2: Pressure


P a g e | 12

The cost of energy: In general, cleaner fuels are costlier than the

polluting fuels and therefore environmental costs were generally

ignored against the fiscal costs. The choice of use of energy, on the

other hand, varies according to income level of consumers and

availability of technology for efficient use of energy.

Policy framework that integrate energy-environment sectors

Lack of integration between renewable sources of energy with that

of conventional sources.

Energy intensity: the amount of energy required per unit of Driver.

Pressure intensity: the level of the Pressure per unit of energy use.

Following Pressure indicators have been considered in this report:

o Green House gas emissions by energy uses.

o Pollutant emissions by energy uses.

o Production of radioactive waste.

o Accidents/Hazards/Risks as a result of energy uses.

o Use of resources like cutting of trees as fire wood for cooking

o Emissions (per driving force for numerous compounds)

o Direct emissions to air, water and soil

o Indirect emissions to air, water and soil

o Production of waste, noise, radiation and vibration

Apart from above pressure indicators, tremendous demand has

brought the following pressures on the energy sector:

Increasing demand for energy & limited alternative sources impose a

huge pressure on this sector.

Coal based thermal power is the only viable source of energy

available.

Chapter-2: Pressure


P a g e | 13

Poor quality of coal (with 30 to 40% ash) is the main cause of air

pollution and land degradation. Locally available lignite has similar

problems.

Low energy efficiency is a major concern for the State.

In hydro power generation, the construction of dams and

multipurpose reservoirs has many positive effects like hydropower

generation, water supply, irrigation, low flows regulation, flood

mitigation etc.), but also causes adverse effects. For example, the

volume of biological active sediments may decrease, erosion and/or

sedimentation processes in riverbeds may change, and migration of

fish may become impossible. Intense sedimentation, erosion of

embankments and changes in the hydrological regime, resulting in a

decrease in the self-purification capability of aquatic ecosystems,

occur in lowland reservoirs. Eutrophication, a typical problem of

reservoirs in lowlands, is intensified due to the shallowness and

large water surface of many water bodies.


(ENERGY SECTOR)

GUJARAT

CHAPTER-3

STATE

Chapter-3: State State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector

P a g e | 15

Chapter-3

State

The different phases of the energy production and consumption process

place pressures on the society, the environment and the economy. The

State of the society, the environment and the economy (State) is the set

of measures that represent the conditions characterizing the social,

environmental and economical context, for the transitory considered

scope.

State of environment relates to an analysis of trends in the environment

of the particular place. This analysis can incorporate aspects such as

water quality, air quality land use ecosystem health and function along

with social and cultural matters. Therefore the State is very relevant in

the energy process. For example, in the particular case of an

environmental State, concentration of pollutants is essential to estimate

the impacts that Pressures may have. The State determines if the

Pressure placed is leading to surpluses of tolerable levels or not. Other

indicators affecting environmental State, for example, are the

accumulation of radioactive waste or the fossil resources availability in

the state.

Universal access to electricity and other advanced energy forms, as a

State indicator, is included on the social State. In the same way, energy

security of supply is a characteristic of the social State, but it also

indicates the situation of the economical State, because of the

implications that energy security of supply has on energy prices, both

locally and globally.

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 16

For the analysis of the energy context, the considered state indicators

are:

Greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere.

Pollutants concentration in the atmosphere.

Accumulation of radioactive waste.

Fossil fuels resources and its duration.

Energy security of supply: installed capacity and energy dependency.

World-wide accessibility to electricity and other advanced energy forms.

To access the state of environment pertaining to the energy sector, it is

necessary to analyse all the sources of energy.

3.1 Lignite

Gujarat is overall third largest producer of lignite in the country. Lignite

occurrences in state are in Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Kachchh and Surat

districts as depicted in Fig 1. The Gujarat State was also the second

largest producer of lignite in the country during 2009-10 and production

of lignite got increased by 4.17% followed by decrease in the production

by 27.1% for the current fiscal year.

Fig 1: Map Showing Lignite Deposits in Gujarat

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 17

Table 3: Lignite resources of states and Union Territories

(million tonnes) as on 1st April 2011

State Proved Indicated Inferred Total

Tamil Nadu 3735.23 22900.25 6257.64 32892.92

Rajasthan 1166.96 2148.72 1519.61 4835.29

Gujarat 1243.65 318.7 1159.7 2722.05

Pondicherry 0 405.61 11 416.61

Jammu &

Kashmir

0 20.25 7.3 27.55

Kerala 0 0 9.65 9.65

West Bengal 0 0.93 0.86 1.79

Total 6145.84 25794.26 8965.76 40905.86

Source: Geological Survey of India, 2011

Table 4: Lignite mined out till 31 March 2011

State District Mine Mined (million

tonnes)

Tam

il N

ad

u

Cuddalore Neyveli - Mine I and

Expansion

291.19

Neyveli - Mine IA 24.07

Neyveli - Mine II and

Expansion

199.42

Total 514.68

Gu

jara

t

Kutch Panandhro 99.01

Matanomadh 10.54

Bharuch Rajpardi 12.28

Bhavnagar Surkha North 1.9

Alapur(Khadsaliya) 1.41

Surat Tadakeshwar 4.98

Vatsan 19.13

Mangrol 0.68

Total 149.93

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 18

Source: Geological Survey of India, 2011

Table 5: Year wise Lignite demand (in MT) in Gujarat State

Year Demand in MT Demand in MT

2007-08 13.300

2008-09 15.450

2009-10 17.410

2010-11 19.750

Source: Report on Coal and Lignite, Ministry of Coal (2007-12)

Fig 2: Year wise Lignite Demand in MT in Gujarat State

From above data it is obvious that every year the demand of lignite is

increasing, as a result of it excessive mining would have the degrading

effects on environment. Following table shows the various consumers of

lignite in the state.

0

5

10

15

20

25

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Demand in MT

Demand in MT

State District Mine Mined (million tonnes)

Raja

sth

an

Bikaner Barsinghsar 0.43

Gurha East 0.67

Barmer Giral 7.14

Nagaur Kasnau/Matasukh 0.66

Total 8.9

Grand Total 673.51

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 19

Table 6: Lignite Consumers in Gujarat State

Industry % Sales

Food Processing 4.20%

Paper and Paper

Board

7.20%

Dying and Printing 25.77%

Silk Fabric 2.80%

Fabric other than

Silk

5.70%

Cement 1.40%

Bricks and similar articles 7.00%

Roofing Tiles 1.00%

Ceramic Article - Glazed Tiles 12.60%

Iron and Steel 1.70%

Soda Ash 9.50%

Chemicals and Allied Industry 4.10%

Others 17.10%

Total Lignite Sales = 7539524

Source: GMDC

As shown in Fig 2 during 2010-11, Lignite was consumed by various

industries across the state of which the bulk of value of total Lignite sales

of about 25.77% was accounted for dying and printing industry only. Next

in order was Ceramic article - glazed tiles industry with a share of 12.60%

followed by Soda ash industry (9.50%), Paper and paperboard industry

(7.20%), Brick industry (7.00%), Fabric other than silk (5.70%), Food

Processing industry (4.20%) in the total value of Lignite sales. Remaining

other industries have share of 17.10% of total value during the year under

review. Lignite being immature contains elemental sulphar which is

genrally not removed in brick industry and thus leading to degradation of

environment.

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 20

Fig 3: Lignite Consumers in State

Source: GMDC

Figure 3 shows the consumption of lignite in the Gujarat State by various industries.

Out of all these consumers, drying and printing industries are the major consumer of

lignite.

Fig 4: Year wise Lignite Production in Gujarat State

Source: GMDC

Figure 4 shows the year wise production of lignite in the Gujarat State which is

progressively increased from 1998 to 2008.

Food Processing

Paper and Paper Board

Dying and Printing

Silk Fabric

Fabric other than Silk

Cement

Bricks and similar articles

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

19

97

-98

19

98

-99

19

99

-00

20

00

-01

20

01

-02

20

02

-03

20

03

-04

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-10

20

10

-11

Lignite Production

Lignite Production

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 21

3.2 Coal

Around 18 million tons of coal is

consumed in the Gujarat state

annually, mostly for power

generation. None of this coal is

produced in the state. The coal

comes mostly from Madhya

Pradesh and about 4 million

tonnes are imported. Coals as

straight or in blend which on

carbonization produce hard coke are known as coking coals. Depending

upon coking capacity, coking coals are divided into prime or hard coking

coal, medium or soft coking coals and weakly or semi-soft coking coals.

The coking coals are classified based on CSN, LTGK coke type, gieseler

fluidity, vitrinite contents, mean maximum reflectace of vitrinite etc. On

the other hand, coals which on carbonization produce powdery mass are

known as non-coking coals.

The current custom duty on coking and non coking coal is as following:

Table 7: Coal Import and custom duty

Source: CCO (2011)

Import of Coal Current custom duty (%)

Coking Coal

Ash content less than 12%

Ash content more than 12%

0

0

Non coking coal 5

Coke 5

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 22

Table 8: Coal Resources of states (million tons)

as on 1st April-2011

State Proved Indicated Inferred Total

Andhra Pradesh 9296.85 9728.37 3029.36 22054.58

Arunachal Pradesh 31.23 40.11 18.89 90.23

Assam 464.78 45.51 3.02 513.31

Bihar 0 0 160 160

Chhattisgarh 12878.99 32390.38 4010.88 49290.25

Jharkhand 36760.73 32591.56 6583.69 78935.98

Madhya Pradesh 8871.31 12191.72 2062.7 23125.73

Maharashtra 5489.61 3094.29 1949.51 10533.41

Meghalaya 89.04 16.51 470.93 576.48

Nagaland 8.76 0 306.65 315.41

Odisha 24491.71 33986.96 10680.21 69158.88

Sikkim 0 58.25 42.98 101.23

Uttar Pradesh 866.05 195.75 0 1061.8

West Bengal 11752.54 13131.69 5070.69 29954.92

Total 114001.6 137471.1 34389.51 285862.21

Source: Ministry of Coal, 2011

Table 9: Coal Resources (million tons)

by category as on 1st April-2011

Type of Coal Proved Indicated Inferred Total

Coking

Prime Coking 4614.35 698.71 0 5313.06

Medium Coking 12572.52 12001.32 1880.23 26454.01

Semi Coking 482.16 1003.29 221.68 1707.13

Subtotal 17669.03 13703.32 2101.91 33474.26

Non Coking 95738.76 123668.44 31488.11 250895.31

Tertiary Coal 593.81 99.34 799.49 1492.64

Total 114001.6 137471.1 34389.51 285862.21


Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 23

Fig 5: Gross Geological Coal Resources by States as on 1st April, 2010

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 24

Table 10: Comparison of Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and Useful

Heat Value (UHV) for non coking coal

(with 6% moisture content)

Grade UHV(kcal/kg) Ash % GCV(kcal/kg)

From To From To From To

A >6200 <13.56 >6406

B 5600 6200 13.56 17.91 5997 6406

C 4940 5600 17.91 22.96 5447 5997

D 4200 4940 22.96 28.06 5042 5447

E 3360 4200 28.06 34.14 4496 5042

F 2400 3360 34.14 41.1 3814 4469

G 1300 2400 41.1 49.07 3064 3814

GCV: Gross Calorific Value, UHV: Useful Heat Value

Source: TERI (1997)

The gradation of non-coking coal is based on Useful Heat Value (UHV),

the gradation of coking coal is based on ash content and for semi

coking/weakly coking coal it is based on ash plus moisture content.

Fig 6: Coal Fired Power Plant

Coal continues to remain the mainstay

of Gujarat’s energy sector, accounting

for more than 50% of the total

commercial energy consumption in

the state. The contribution of coal to

the total commercial energy supply in

Gujarat as on 31st March-2011, was

about 54%. In fact, several studies

have indicated that despite significant

increase in power generating capacity

based on renewable and other energy

forms, coal would continue to play a

key role in Gujarat’s energy sector.

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 25

Table 11: Coal Consumption by GSECL station in Gujarat

Year Mus Coal Consumption in '000 MT

2000-01 23843 15578

2001-02 23783 15513

2002-03 24603 16332

2003-04 23233 15450

2004-05 25480 16027

2005-06 25132 15242

2006-07 25063 16145

2007-08 26665 17796

2008-09 25998 18046

2009-10 26137 17511

2010-11 25164 17431


In order to meet increasing demand of coal, transportation facility should

be strengthened. In the long term, with the expected increase in energy

demands, especially in terms of power generation requirement, coal

imports are expected to increase and hence the effects of usage of coal

will keep on increasing and subsequently degrading the environment.

3.3 Crude oil and Natural Gas

Gujarat has oil & gas reserves located at Ankleshwar, Mehsana, Tapti

High, Hazira, Bharuch, Gandhar, Dahej, Jambussar, Palej, Kalol and

isolated gas fields around Ahmadabad. In addition to this, it has

discovered oil reserves in Dholka and Khambat. Gujarat accounts for 54

percent of India’s onshore crude and 39 percent of onshore Natural Gas

Production. It has about 46 percent of India’s installed refining capacity

and 60 percent of India’s total crude oil import facility. The Government

has announced MoU’s worth USD 4.5 billion and investments worth USD

5.7 in Gujarat. Gujarat is second state after Assam having 19.39% share

of total crude oil reserve of India at present. While Gujarat is the number

one state with 8.79% of total natural gas reserve of India. Next to Gujarat

is Assam with 8% of total resources.

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 26

Fig 7: Oil and Gas Fields in Gujarat

Source:www.mapsofindia.com

For more exploration of oil and gas, New Exploration Licensing Policy

(NELP) has been introduced by Government of India to attract private

participation in the sector. As of now, nine round of bidding have taken

place under the NELP. With NELP being introduced, the extensive

exploration for oil and gas add up to further degradation of the

environment.

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 27

Table 12: Production of Crude Oil (‘000’ tones)

Year Production

2006-07 4379.5

2007-08 5430

2008-09 5378.2

2009-10 6067.98

2010-11 6170.04

Source: MoPNG (2011)

Fig 8: Year wise Production Crude Oil in Gujarat State

From above data, there is general increasing trend in the production of

crude oil every year, leaving behind a degrading effects on environment.

Gujarat has a well established gas grid of 550 kms and it plans to expand

the same to 2,200 kms with investment worth USD 500 million.

Investments have been proposed to build new LNG terminals in addition

to the existing terminals in Dahej and Hazira, are underway. Gujarat has

well established distribution gas network and the LNG terminals at

Hazira and Dahej have led to a strong local consumer base. Presence of

cooperatives such as IIFCO, KRIBHCO, power companies like NTPC and

GEB and industrial majors such as Reliance have led to a vibrant energy

sector in Gujarat. The Jamnagar refinery is the largest in India in terms

of refining capacity and also is considered as the biggest grassroots

refinery in the world.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Production

Production

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 28

Table 13: Production of Natural Gas

(in mmscf) in Gujarat State

Year Production

2006-07 1608.8

2007-08 2103.56

2008-09 2310.96

2009-10 2679.03

2010-11 2906.74

Source: MoPNG (2011)

Fig 9: Year wise Production of Natural Gas in Gujarat State

From above data, there is general increasing trend in the production of

natural gas every year, which is reducing the dependency on others fuel

resourses.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Production

Production

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 29

3.1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

In Gujarat, at present two LNG terminals namely LNG Petronet Ltd. at

Dahej and Shell & Total LNG terminal at Hazira are operational. The

details are as follows:

Table 14: Existing LNG Terminals in Gujarat

Project and

Developer

Location Capacity

(MTPA)

Supplier Status

Dahej LNG

Terminal

(Petronet LNG Ltd)

Dahej 10 RasGas

and Spot

Cargos

Commissioned in

Feburary 2004 and

commercial sales

began in April 2004

Hazira LNG

(Shell and Total)

Hazira 3.6

(Phase I)

Spot

Cargos

Commissioned in

April 2005

Source: MoPNG

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 30

3.3.2 Domestic natural gas pipeline and City gas distribution in Gujarat

A limited natural gas pipeline network exists in Gujarat for the

development of domestic natural gas market. With the increase in gas

supply, there are plans to extend the present gas pipeline network.

Gujarat has also progressed in setting up of City Gas Distribution (CGD)

networks within selected cities. The details are as follows:

Table 15: City Gas Distribution

(Company and Operational Region)

CGD Company Operational region

Gujarat Gas Ltd. Surat, Bharuch and Ankleshwar

Adani Energy Ltd. Ahmedabad and part of Vadodara

GSPC Gas Ltd. Vapi, Valsad, Nadiad, Navsari, Rajkot, Morbi,

Hazira and Gandhinagar

Sabarmati Gas Ltd. Gandhinagar, Mehsana and Sabarkantha

Vadodara Municipal

Corporation

Vadodara

Source: TERI compilation

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 31

Table 16: Total Refinery Production (‘000’ tones)

Year Production

2006-07 49065

2007-08 55150

2008-09 62210

2009-10 55406

2010-11 57321.37

Source: MoPNG

Fig 10: Year wise Refinery Production in Gujarat State

From above data, there is general increasing trend in the refinery

production in the Gujarat state, leaving behind a degrading effects on

environment.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Production

Production

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 32

Fig 11: RIL, Jamnagar Refinery

Fig 12: Offshore Platform

Source: RIL

With crude touching an all time high, alternative fuels, viz; natural gas

and bio-diesel will play an important part in driving the growth of

Gujarat’s economy. With huge wasteland as its assets, the State should

encourage production and consumption of bio-fuel. This will reduce its

dependency on expensive fuel. The State can also leverage its proximity

to the Middle- East and well developed gas infrastructure to become self-

sufficient in natural gas. The reduced dependency on oil and gas would

have two fold benefits i.e. cost and impact on environment. Gujarat has

the potential to develop itself as a preferred destination for strategic

storage of oil reserves. Gujarat is looking at moving forward to become

the ‘Petro capital’ of India.

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 33

3.3.3 Refined Products:

Refining capacity and utilization in Gujarat State: The refining capacity

and utilization in Gujarat state (as on 1 April 2010 and 1 April 2011) is as

following:

Table 17: Refining Capacity and Utilization in Gujarat

Refining

company

Installed

Capacity as on

1 April (MTPA)

Crude throughput

(MT)

Utilization (%)

2010 2011 2009/10 2010/11 2009/10 2010/11

IOCL Koyali 13.70 13.70 13.21 13.56 96 98.98

RIL,

Jamnagar

33.00 33.00 31.37 34.52 95 104.60

Essar Oil Ltd.

Vadinar

10.50 10.50 13.50 14.87 129 141.60

RIL, SEZ,

Jamnagar

29.00 27.00 29.55 35.66 102 132.00

Source: MoPNG, TERI

Production of petroleum products:

In June 2010, the Government of India deregulated petrol prices, which

are now linked to international prices. The prices of diesel, PDS

kerosene, and domestic LPG were also increased by Rs.2 a litre, Rs.3 a

litre, and Rs.35 a cylinder, respectively. Further, in June 2011, the

government increased the prices of diesel, PDS kerosene, and domestic

LPG by Rs.3 per litre, Rs.2 per litre, and Rs.50 per cylinder, respectively.

Deregulated and increased prices of oil and gas would encourage us to

think for alternative fuel generating less environmental impact.

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 34

Table 18: Production of Kerosene (in KL)

Year Productio

n(in KL)

2008-09 955511

2009-10 954192

2010-11 920556

Source: MoPNG

Table 19: Production of Petrol

Source: MoPNG

Table 20: Production of Diesel

Source: MoPNG

In order to meet increasing demand of refinery petroleum products,

transportation facility should be strengthened. In the long term, with the

expected increase in energy demands, especially in terms of petroleum

products, crude oil imports are expected to increase and hence the effects of

usage of petroleum products will keep on increasing, subsequently degrading

the environment.

Year Production(in KLs)

IOC BPC HPC PSU's

2007-08 467698 281852 231362 980912

2008-09 550822 314405 268481 1133708

2009-10 581906 338739 292247 1212892

2010-11 466995 274937 234370 976298

Year Production(in KLs)

IOC BPC HPC PSU's

2007-08 1400593 695876 552038 2648507

2008-09 1570142 773606 627887 2971653

2009-10 1543630 773621 620238 2937489

2010-11 1195995 600097 489966 2286085

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 35

3.4 Alternative Fuels

3.4.1 Biofuels

Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels derived from biomass resources

(biodegradable products, wastes, and residues arising from agriculture,

forestry, and related industries, and industrial and municipal wastes) and

are renewable in nature. These fuels are relatively cleaner (and cheaper)

as compared to mineral oils and are, therefore, good substitutes for the

latter.

To provide an impetus to biofuels in the country, the Government of

India notified the National Policy on Biofuels in December 2009 under

which the government aimed to achieve 20% blending of biofuels, both

for biodiesel and bioethanol, by 2017. Gujarat state is having good

prospects for the production of Biofuels.

Fig 13: Biofules

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 36

3.4.2 Biodiesel Fig 14: Biodiesel

As per the National Policy on

Biofuels 2008, biodiesel is a

methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acids

produced from vegetable oils, both

edible and non-edible, or animal

fat of diesel quality and can,

therefore, be utilized as a

substitute for diesel as it contains

low levels of sulphur or aromatics.

Further, biodiesel possesses

superior lubrication qualities and

is completely compatible with

petroleum diesel and, hence, can be blended in any ratio with the latter.

However, the most common blend in India is B20, which is a mix of 20%

biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel. Gujarat state is having good prospects

for the production of Biodiesel.

3.4.3 Bio-Ethanol

Ethanol is regarded as an alternative to gasoline and is blended with it. It

is an oxygenate containing

35% oxygen, which reduces

vehicular emissions of

hydrocarbons and CO, thus

reducing the emission of

pollutants. Blending 10% of

ethanol (E10) with gasoline

does not cause any problem

the blend can be used directly with existing engines without any

modification.

Although ethanol is mainly produced from molasses in India, it can also

be produced from potato, sweet potato, tapioca, cassava, rice, millets,

maize, wheat, cellulosic biomass (such as biogases, cane trash, cane tops,

Fig 15: Bio-Ethanol production

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 37

and crop residues), and so on. The Government of India issued a

notification on the ethanol-blending program (EBP) in 2002. It made 5%

ethanol blending mandatory in petrol in nine sugar-producing states

(Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra,

Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh) and three union territories

(Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Pondicherry).

3.4.4 Coal Bed Methane

Coal bed methane (CBM) refers

to the methane-rich gas

extracted from coal beds. It has

emerged as one of the

important sources of energy

across the world. India has the

third largest proven coal

reserves and is the fourth

largest coal producer in the world, indicating significant prospects for the

commercial recovery of CBM in India.

To facilitate realizing the CBM potential of India, the Government of

India adopted the CBM policy in 1997. The policy paved the way for

allocating CBM blocks for exploration and development through a

process of competitive bidding. In addition, several other fiscal incentives

were extended by the government as part of the policy. As Gujarat is not

having any coal reserves therefore prospects for CBM production in

Gujarat is not favorable.

Fig 16: Coal Bed Methane Well

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 38

3.4.5 Oil Shale

Oil shales are usually fine-

grained sedimentary rocks

containing relatively large

amounts of organic matter from

which significant quantities of

shale oil can be extracted by

destructive distillation. The

presence of oil shales has been

recorded in wells drilled by the

ONGC and OIL. Gujarat state is having good prospects for the production

shale oil.

3.5 Hydroelectricity

One of the key component in

this sector contributing to

power generation in Gujarat is

the Sardar Sarovar interstate

project involving Gujarat,

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra

and Rajasthan with a terminal

major dam on westward

flowing river Narmada in

Gujarat. The river Narmada is the largest perennial river in Gujarat and

had a major irrigation and hydroelectricity project. The project envisages

construction of a 1210m long and 146.50m high Concrete Gravity dam

on the river Narmada in the Nandod taluka of Narmada district; Main

canal and distribution system to create an irrigation potential of 17.92

laky ha. In Gujarat the Underground River Bed Power House having

installed capacity of 1200 MW and the Canal Head Power House having

installed capacity of 250 MW. The power allocation as per Narmada

Water Dispute Tribunal award to Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra &

Gujarat is 57%, 27% and 16% respectively.

Fig 17: Location of Sardar Sarovar Dam

Chapter-3: State


P a g e | 39

Apart from this Gujarat has small hydro

project all over the state adding another

125MW of power. The River bed power

house is an underground power station

on right of river located about 165 m

downstream of the dam. It is having 6

units of 200MW each and deploying

Francis type reversible turbine generator.

The runner for this pumped storage unit

having diameter of 6.95m (23ft)

weighting 120 tones and is produced in one piece.

Table 21: Year wise total Electricity Generation at

Sardar Sarovar Hydro Power House

Year Generation(million

units)

2004-05 263.258

2005-06 1951.782

2006-07 3600.082

2007-08 4435.691

2008-09 2317.673

2009-10 2501.327

2010-11 3588.74

Source: SSNNL (2011)

Chapter-3: State


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Fig 18: Year wise total Electricity Generation at Sardar Sarovar

Hydro Power House

3.6 Nuclear Power

Indian Scenario

The present total installed capacity In the country for generating

electricity is about 51,000 MWe which 1s made up of 65X thermal, 32X

hydro and 3% nuclear power. Oil is used as auxiliary fuel on a small

scale. By the end of this century, the total capacity is expected to reach

1,25,000 MWe contributing around 10% of the total energy mix.

Table 22: Previous four year generation statistics

Year Gross Generation (Mus) Capacity Factor(%)

2010-11 26473 71

2009-10 18831 61

2008-09 14947 50

2007-08 16956 53

2006-07 18880 64

Source: KAPS

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Generation(million units)

Generation(million units)

Chapter-3: State


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The nuclear power programme in India for the next fifteen years is based

on installation of a series of 235 MWe and 500 MWe capacity pressurised

heavy water reactor units. The current nuclear capacity of 1330 MWe is

expected to increase to over 10000 Mwe.

Gujarat Scenario - Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

The Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) is a nuclear power station in

India, which lies in the proximity of the city of Surat in the state of Gujarat.

It consists of two 220 MW pressurized water reactors with heavy water as

moderator (PHWR). KAPS-1 went critical on 3 September 1992 and began

commercial electricity production a few months later on 6 May 1993.

KAPS-2 went critical on 8 January 1995 and began commercial production

in September 1, 1995. In January 2003 the CANDU Owners Group (COG)

distinguished KAPS-1 as the worldwide best PHWR of its class. The

construction costs originally were estimated to be 3.8252 billion Rupees,

the plant was finally finished at a price of 13.35 billion Rupees.

Construction of units 3 and 4 started on 22 November 2010.

Fig 19: A view of Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

Chapter-3: State


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Table 23: Previous four year generation statistics in Gujarat State

Unit Year Gross Generation (Mus) Capacity factor %

1 2010-11 370 92

1 2009-10 0 0

1 2008-09 259 100

2 2010-11 1077 86

2 2009-10 1068 99

2 2008-09 954 85

Source: KAPS

3.7 Power Generation and Distribution

In Gujarat, power sector is at a crucial juncture of development and has

witnessed significant changes in the last few years. The economy is

growing fast and so are the aspirations for improved energy services in

terms of availability, accessibility, and quality. Further, 2010/11 has

witnessed significant developments related to renewable sources. The

energy deficit and peak deficit have been gradually decreasing over the

last few years because of significant capacity additions. The overall

performance in terms of plant load factor (PLF) and transmission and

distribution losses (T&D) has been relatively reduced. The sector has

witnessed a significant increase in the private sector participation over

the last few years.

Chapter-3: State


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Table 24: Fuel -wise generation capacity addition (MW)

Source: CEA

In Gujarat, during 2009-10, the power supply position with respect to

peak demand and peak met was 10406 MW and 9515 MW respectively

which shows power supply deficit by 8.6% although during 2010-11, the

power supply position with respect to peak demand and peak met was

10406 MW and 9947 MW respectively which shows power supply deficit

by 7.8%.

Fuel -wise generation capacity addition (MW)

Energy Type 9th Plan 10th Plan 11th Plan

(1999-2002) (2002-2007) (2007 -2012)

Hydro 60 104 1,228

Coal 769 720 1,220

Lignite 125 625

Gas 298 1,415 1,270

Liquid

Fuels/residue

500

Nuclear 229

Total 1,481 3,364 3,718

Chapter-3: State


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Table 25: Power Supply position:

Peak demand Vs Peak met

Source:www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/gm_div_rep/power_supply_position_rep/peak

Fig 20: Year wise Power Supply position: Peak demand Vs Peak met

Above data shows the net increase in peak demand and peak met during two

consecutive years.

8500

9000

9500

10000

10500

11000

2009-10 2010-11

Peak Demand (MW)

Peak met (MW)

Power supply

position

2009-10 2010-11

Peak Demand

(MW)

10406 10786

Peak met (MW) 9515 9947

Surplus/Deficit

(MW)

-891 -839

Surplus/Deficit

(%)

-8.6% -7.8

Chapter-3: State


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Table 26: Power Supply position: requirement Vs availability

Power supply position 2009-

10

2010-11

Requirement (MU) 70369 71651

Availability (MU) 67220 67534

Surplus/Deficit (MW) -3149 -4117

Surplus/Deficit (%) -4.5% -5.7

Source:www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/gm_div_rep/power_supply_position_rep/energy

Fig 21: Year wise Power Supply position: requirement Vs availability

65000

66000

67000

68000

69000

70000

71000

72000

2009-10 2010-11

Requirement (MU)

Availability (MU)

Chapter-3: State


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Per capita consumption

In India, per capita electricity consumption is maximum in western

region if we compare it with Northern, southern, eastern, western and

north eastern region of India. Moreover Gujarat state is a part of western

region. Following graph shows the region wise per capita consumption of

electricity, during 2008/09.

There has not been a significant change in the fuel mix of installed

generating capacity in 2010/11 as compared to 2009/10. In 2010/11, the

relative share of hydropower generating capacity has also contributed

significantly, while that of coal generating installed capacity has increased

marginally.

Fig 22: Per Capita Consumption of Electricity

as per 31st March 2009

Source: CEA

Chapter-3: State


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Table 27: Year wise per capita consumption of

electricity in Gujarat State

Year Per capita consumption (KWh)

2000-01 854

2001-02 817

2002-03 1193

2003-04 1175

2004-05 1299

2005-06 1284

2006-07 1331

2007-08 1486

2008-09 1457

2009-10 1558

Source: CEA (2010)

Above table shows the increasing trend in per capita consumption of

Electricity in the state of Gujarat. In the year 2009-10, the per capita

consumption of electricity in India was 778.63 while the same for

Gujarat was 1558 which is nearly twice as compared to the National

average.

Table 28: Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat,

as on 31 March 2011

Source State Private Central Total

Coal 4220.00 2630.00 1628.89 8478.89

Gas 892.72 2577.50 424.27 3894.49

Diesel 17.28 0.20 0.00 17.48

Total Thermal 5130.00 5207.70 2053.16 12390.86

Nuclear 0.00 0.00 559.32 559.32

Hydro 772.00 0.00 0.00 772.00

Renewable

energy sources

29.90 1970.57 0.00 2000.47

Total 5931 7178.27 2612.48 15722.65

Source: CEA (2011)

Chapter-3: State


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Fig 23: Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat, as on 31 March 2011

Table 29: Comparison of Installed Capacity (MW)

in Gujarat State with India (as on 31 March 2011)

Source

→ Coal

Gas

Die

sel

Nu

clear

Hyd

o

Ren

ew

able

Total

Gujarat 8478.89 3894.49 17.48 559.32 772.00 2000.47 15722.65

India 104021.4 17742.85 1199.7

5

4780 38748.4 20162.2

4

186654.6

Source: CEA (2011)

Above data shows the comparison of installed capacity of Gujarat state

with India. In case of both renewable and non renewable resources the

contribution of Gujarat state is significant.

54%

25%

0% 3%

5%

13%

% share of various sources

Coal Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro Renewable energy sources

Chapter-3: State


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Power supply position

There has been tremendous improvement in the energy and peak deficit

situation as compared to the past ten years. In 2001 Gujarat was the

power deficient but as on now Gujarat has become energy surplus state.

Village electrification

As on 31 March 2011, all 18066 villages of Gujarat, representing 100%

of the total villages (as per Census 2011), have been electrified.

Electricity is available to all villagers for irrigation purpose also. In India

there are seven states and five union territories, achieved 100% village

electrification.(CEA 2011). In Gujarat total number of rural households is

5885961, out of this total number of electrified households is 4244758

(Source: MoP).

Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP)

Sixteen ultra-mega power projects (UMPPs) of 4000 MW capacity have

been identified for procurement of power through tariff-based

competitive bidding process. Special purpose vehicles have been set up

for 12 UMPPS so far. Of these, two have been awarded to successful

bidders: Mundra and Sasan in Gujarat. These two projects in Gujarat, are

under different stages of implementation and they are progressing well at

Mundra and Sasan.

Smart Grids

The concept of smart grid is emerging as an integral part of India’s

national electricity policy with the aim of addressing some of the critical

issues being faced by the distribution utilities across the country, which

include providing continuous, reliable, affordable, and sustainable power

to the people of the country. To address these issues and achieve

sustainable electricity access for the masses, the government has

constituted an inter-departmental task force known as the Smart Grid

Task Force (SGTF), which includes the Ministry of Power (MoP), the

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), the Ministry of

Communications and Information Technology (MCIT), and the

Department of Science and Technology (DST). In addition, the MoP has

Chapter-3: State


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set up the India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) as a public–private

partnership, bringing in utilities, subject matter experts from industry,

academia and non-governmental research, and development

organizations together to help the Indian power sector to deploy smart

grid technologies in an efficient, cost-effective, innovative, and

measurable manner. Now the concepts and tangible benefits of

harnessing clean energy using smart grid technologies are well known

and well understood. Not only does a smart grid enable energy saving,

reduce cost and increasing reliability and transparency, it also improves

energy efficiency and helps in maintaining energy security and

sustainability.

GETCO has been building up the transmission network capacity in

Gujarat and it owns 46554 CKm transmission lines with 1272 substations

ranging from 66 KV to 400 KV. GETCO has also played a significant role

in developing transmission network for wind power and solar power.

Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses as % of availability

in Gujarat State

In Gujarat, T&D losses (as a percentage of total available electricity,

comprising electricity lost in transformation and T&D system and

electricity unaccounted for) during 2008/09 were 24.9% as compared to

26.1% in 2007/08, representing a decrease of 1.2%.

Gujarat has been consistently effective in reducing the transmission and

distribution losses over the years. It can also be concluded from the

above data that T &D losses in Gujarat state is less as compared to India.

Chapter-3: State


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Table 30: (T&D) losses as % of availability in Gujarat State

Source: CEA

Table 31: Length of transmission and distribution lines

(ckt km) in Gujarat state, as on 31 march 2009

Source: CEA

Year T & D Losses (%) in

Gujarat

T & D Losses (%) in India

2003-04 24.2 32.53

2004-05 30.4 31.25

2005-06 27.9 30.42

2006-07 24.9 28.65

2007-08 26.1 27.20

2008-09 24.1 25.47

T & D Lines Length (Ckt km)

HVDC 0

800 0

400 1912

230 0

220 12469

132 4709

110/90 0

78/66 18875

33 237

22/20 10757

15/11 255573

6.6 0

3.3/2.2 0

Upto 500V 326490

Total 631022

Chapter-3: State


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Inspite of having 631022 Ckt Km of transmission and distribution line,

Gujarat has been able to curb T&D losses effectively with the use of high

end tecchnology and proper management.

3.8 Renewable Energy Resources

Projections made in the IEPR reveal that to achieve its development

goals, India would need to rely increasingly on imported oil, gas, and

coal in the medium term (2032). Against this backdrop, the role of new

and renewable energy assumes added significance, irrespective of

whether it replaces coal or oil. In this regard, IEPR recognizes the need to

maximally develop domestic supply options as well as the need to

diversify energy sources, although renewables are likely to account for

only around 5% –6% of the primary commercial energy-mix by 2032.

Given the growing concerns for climate change and energy security, it is

imperative that this energy in the longer term will substantially increase

its share in the fuel-mix.

Continuing to support the growth of new and renewable energy is in the

country’s long-term interest, even though in the medium term this option

might appear somewhat costlier. Thus, a balanced approach for new and

renewable energy that factors in the need to develop domestic and

renewable sources of energy has to be adopted.

India’s renewable energy installed capacity has increased at an annual

rate 23%, rising from about 3.9 GW in 2002-03 to above 26 GW as on

30th September-2012. Wind energy dominates India’s renewable energy

industry, accounting for 70% of installed capacity (18 GW). It is followed

by small hydro power (3.4 GW), biomass power (3.4 GW) and solar

power (1 GW).

India ranks 5th in terms of cumulative installed renewable energy

capacity worldwide. It is third largest wind power market in the world in

terms of annual capacity addition after China and USA.

Chapter-3: State


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Renewable Energy sector

received a major boost

during the last two

Vibrant Gujarat summits

held in 2009 and 2011.

During the summit - 2009

70 MoUs were signed for

solar and wind power

generation projects, which are estimated to generate 10,321 MW with

capital investments proposed of Rs. 108, 320 crore. During summit –

2011, 66 MoUs were signed for generating 7761 MW with proposed

investment worth Rs. 66,281 crore. As per the current situation where

the state is already a leader in solar and wind power generation, the state

should also plan to co-harness the biomass potential in Gujarat by

providing necessary policy interventions on the lines of Solar and Wind

power policy. State should exploit the potential of Geothermal, Tidal and

Wave energy. GEDA was instrumental in introducing various technologies

for mass use through design of several innovative programmes, involvement

of reputed NGO network and implementation strategies and promotional

initiatives. A key link in GEDA’s initiatives was the establishment of a

network of reputed NGOs for grass root penetration and the development of

a manufacturing base.

The renewable energy technologies that have already been proven are:

Bio, solar and wind resources as additional resources for power generation

to supplement the grid.

Electrification of remote and far flung areas where conventional energy

cannot be made available because of various constraints.

Solar and bio resources for process heat applications, heating and cooking.

Bio, Solar and wind resources for water pumping.

Cleaner non-polluting fuels for transport.

Energy efficient practices, and devices, and efficient building designs.

Chapter-3: State


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The proactive Government of Gujarat has been and is already driving on the

sustainable path way. Power generation projects/programmes from wind, solar

photovoltaic and biomass have successfully demonstrated that renewables are

here to deliver grid-quality power. Experiments in decentralized energy supply

models especially for solar cooking, solar water heating systems in the domestic

and industrial sectors and decentralized power generation projects are successful

case studies that can be replicated from small to large -scale levels. India has an

ambition of 20:20:20by 2020where it envisages reducing carbon emissions by

20%, increase energy efficiency by 20% and increase share of renewable energy

to 20% by 2020. Gujarat has already taken measures to increase the share of

renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions.

Fig 24: Gujarat Power Sector at a Glance

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Fig 25: Renewable Energy, end of 2008 (GW)

3.8.1 Solar

Energy is considered a prime agent in the generation of wealth and a

significant factor in economic development. Limited fossil resources and

environmental problems associated with them have emphasized the need

for new sustainable energy supply options that use renewable energies.

Chapter-3: State


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Gujarat is blessed with abundant solar potential. By using about 0.1% of

the total land, the realization potential is about 10000 MW. The Gujarat

state has been pioneer in solar capacity installations and contributing

about 67% of total installed solar capacity in India.

Solar thermal power generation systems also known as Solar Thermal

Electricity (STE) generating systems are emerging renewable energy

technologies and can be developed as viable option for electricity

generation. Gujarat is located in the equatorial sun belt of the earth,

thereby receiving abundant radiant energy from the sun. The India

Meteorological Department maintains a nationwide network of radiation

stations, which measure solar radiation, and also the daily duration of

sunshine. As per IMD report, Gujarat is one of the highest annual

radiation receiving state in India.

Chapter-3: State


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Fig 26: Map showing the solar energy potential in various states of India

Chapter-3: State


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Fig 27: Geographical Location for Solar Power Projects in Gujarat

Source: GETCO

Kutch, Patan, Banaskantha and

Surendranagar are the districts

in Gujarat where direct solar

insolation between 5-6

kWh/m2/day throughout the

year. However these

geographical advantages alone

are not sufficient and thus,

Gujarat came out with first of its kind Solar Policy in the country.

Gujarat’s proactive Solar Policy resulted in Power Purchase

Agreements (PPA’s) with 82 developers with a total installed

capacity of 968.50 MW. Once commissioned these would

generate approximately 1550 million kWh of electricity annually.

It would avoid 1.06 million tonnes of coal annually and reduce

carbon emission of 1.54 million tons annually. Also the Solar Park

at Charanka, Patan district in Gujarat, which is the first of its kind

Chapter-3: State


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in India, covers an area of 2024 hectares. It is estimated that once

commissioned it will generate 500 MW of clean power from Solar.

Apart from this there have been 1KW, 10KW, 2350KW, Solar

Rooftop projects being established all over the state.

Table 32: Solar Energy Development Potential

Sr. No. District Total

Area

(km2)

Latitude

(N)

Longitude

(E)

Solar

Potential

(Mwe)

1 Ahmedabad 8087 21.7 72.25 491

2 Amreli 7397 21.35 71.03 1925

3 Anand 2951 22.68 72.67 80

4 Banaskantha 10400 23.79 72.03 2044

5 Bharuch 5253 21.65 72.8 99

6 Bhavnagar 8628 21.47 71.15 2342

7 Dohad 3733 21.8 73.73 430

8 Gandhinagar 2163 23.3 73 35

9 Jamnagar 14125 22 69.47 13172

10 Junagadh 8846 20.92 70.23 1810

11 Kheda 3959 22.74 72.85 114

12 Kutch 45652 23.43 70.17 10342

13 Mehsana 4393 23.34 72.17 537

14 Narmada 2755 21.62 72.78 25

15 Navsari 2196 20.54 72.72 49

16 Panchmahal 5083 22.77 73.95 676

17 Patan 5668 23.98 71.76 445

18 Porbandar

2295 21.33 69.9 1694

19 Rajkot 11203 21.83 70.8 22941

20 Sabarkantha

7390 23.03 73.39 2303

21 Surat

7761 21.12 73.31 821

22 Surendranagar 10489 22.52 70.8 6055

23 The dangs 1764 20.72 73.4 0

24 Vadodara 7555 21.99 73.34 262

25 Valsad 2939 20.56 72.87 232

Total 192685 68927

Source: GEDA

Chapter-3: State


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Carbon Neutral Towns by using Solar Energy

Use of Solar Energy for electricity

production is possible either through

Solar Thermal application or through

Solar Photovoltaic (Solar PV)

application. It is observed that global

highest annual solar radiation is

received in Northern Gujarat7, which

comprises districts of Kuchchh,

Banaskantha, Patan, Surendranagar etc.

In comparison with Wind Energy, use of solar energy is more

expensive and also requires more land, but it has the advantage

that it can be certainly harnessed at all potential sites, whereas

wind energy can be harnessed at very specific locations.

Use of solar energy by installation of Solar PV is well known and

it is being used by many municipalities of the State in street

lighting with battery-backup system. It is experienced that Solar

PV application is too expensive and has very long pay-back

period, so the more advance concept of Solar Thermal can also be

explored. Presently the cost of installation of one MW Solar PV is

Rs. 15 to 16 Cr., where as the cost of Solar Thermal installation of

same capacity is Rs. 12 to 13 Cr., which will gradually come down

with advancement of more local manufacturing for harnessing

Solar Energy, which is being developed at very fast rate. The

Capacity Utilization Factor of Solar PV is 14%, whereas it is 23%

in case of Solar Thermal. Municipal Towns of districts of

Kuchchh, Banaskantha, Patan, Surendranagar has good

potential for exploring Solar Energy Possibilities, also availability

of land is not big issue in these districts. The following towns are

suggested for making them Carbon Neutral by application of Solar

Energy as they receive best Solar irradiation in the State, the

another criteria of their selection is these are remote locations and

Chapter-3: State


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are mostly redeveloped after 2001 earthquake. All these towns

are also near to “Rann of Kutchh” and near to country’s

international border.

Solar Thermal: To compensate the energy requirement of the

above five towns, it is estimated to install 3MW capacity Solar

Thermal power plant, considering 300 shining days, it can be

operated at 23% plant utilization factor, and will produce

51,84,000 units power per year. The cost of this development

would be Rs. 40 - 44 Crores and land required would be 4-5 Ha.

Solar PV: In case of installation of Solar PV, the estimation of

installation will be 5 MW, considering 300 shining days, Plant

Utilization factor will be of 14%. It will provide 50,40,000 units

of electricity every year, and will cost about Rs. 75 to 80 Crores.

Solar PV will have an advantage that it can be installed in part in

each town as per their requirement, where as in case of Solar

Thermal it is needed to be installed at single place and electricity

need to be supplied through the use of grid.

Table 33: Details of Present Energy Consumption of town

proposed to be Carbon Neutral by Solar Energy

Sr.

No.

Name of Town District Type of

ULB

Electricity

Consumption (MWhr)

1 Radhanpur Patan C 15,00,000

2 Tharad Banaskantha D 3,50,000

3 Bhabhar Banaskantha D 1,50,000

4 Patdi Surendranagar D 7,50,000

5 Rapar Kutchh D 22,00,000

Total 49,50,000

Source: GEDA

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3.8.2 Wind

With 2,175 Mw, the Gujarat state holds 15.36 per cent of India's

total wind power generation capacity.

In what can be called as a quantum leap for Gujarat's renewable

energy sector, the wind power generation capacities have seen a

sharp increase since 2006 from 338 Megawatt (Mw) to 2175.5

Mw in 2011. The share of Gujarat in the country's total wind

power generation capacities has jumped from mere 6.32 per cent

in 2006 to a respectable 15.36 per cent in 2011.

While Gujarat has shown a growth of over 545 per cent in wind

power capacities in past six years, the country's wind power

generation capacities have grown by 165 per cent from 5341 Mw

in 2006 to 14,158 Mw by March 2011.

Chapter-3: State


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Table 34: Year wise Wind Power installed capacity in Gujarat

Year During the year (MW) Cummulative (MW)

1993 - March -98 109.820 99.620

2002-03 6.200 105.820

2003-04 28.725 134.745

2004-05 51.525 186.270

2005-06 84.600 270.870

2006-07 283.950 554.820

2007-08 616.355 1171.175

2007-08 313.605 1484.780

2008-09 297.125 1781.905

2009-10 312.800 2094.705

2010-11 (Nov-11) 371.500 2466.205

TOTAL 2466.205

Source: GEDA

Winds blowing from Arabian sea and winds in desert area of

Kutch are believed to be favoring wind energy sector. The State of

Gujarat with its longest coast line in the country and inland windy

sites has a potential of over 10,000 MW of Wind Power. Over a

period of last more than 25 years more than 65 sites have been

monitored for the wind speed and wind power density, and over

50 sites have been found feasible for harnessing of the Wind

Power.

The data provided by the Indian Wind Energy Association (IWEA)

showed that Gujarat has shown impressive growth in the wind

power generation capacities. Some of the leading states in wind

power generation in India include Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.

Gujarat has been conferred the ‘Best Wind Power Developer State

in India’ award by the World Institute of Sustainable Energy

(WISE), Pune for registering maximum increase in installed Wind

Energy Power generation during 2007-08. Gujarat Energy

Development Agency (GEDA), the nodal agency of the

Government of Gujarat for promotion and popularisation of

Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, said that the state

has added 616 MW in wind energy generation in the above

mentioned period.

Chapter-3: State


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On the wind energy front the state has also embarked upon an

ambitious plan to tap the large wind power potential. In 2009, the

Government of Gujarat announced an amendment in the Wind

Energy Policy to tap the 10,000 MWe of the Wind Power potential

along the coastal areas – Saurashtra and Kachchh. Today, this

policy has undergone major revisions to attract even more

investors in the field.

The amendments in the Wind Power Policy 2009 include:

Power sale tariff increased from Rs. 3. 37 to Rs 3. 50 per kWh

Renewable energy power purchase obligation increased form the

existing 2% to 10%.

A mechanism for issuance of Renewable Energy Certificates – a

market-based tradable instrument to promote renewable energy

in the state and facilitate renewable energy obligation of utilities/

Open Access and captive consumers, using conventional fuel,

which are not otherwise able to meet the obligation of purchase

of power from renewable sources.

GETCO (Gujarat Energy Transmission Company) will provide grid

connectivity to Wind farms or permit private producers to lay

transmission lines.

Today, Gujarat has already installed 1900 MWe of Wind Power

Projects which is already catering to 7.6 % of the annual energy

consumption of the State at an investment of Rs. 9500 crore.

These Projects annually generate 3800 million units of electricity,

saving 2.60 MT coal and reducing the carbon emissions levels by

3.80 million tonnes.

Chapter-3: State


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Fig 28: Wind Capacity Addition (in MW) per year

Source: GEDA

Carbon Neutral Towns by using Wind Energy

Gujarat is having the longest shoreline in the country, and thus

the State has the highest potential of Wind Energy. Gujarat has

the potential installed capacity for power generation based on

Wind Energy is 10,000 MW, with already installed 1900 MW,

generating 3800 million units of electricity every year. Making

Carbon Neutral towns through application of Wind Energy is

more possible in coastal region of the state, specifically in Districts

of Kutchchh, Jamnagar, Porbandar, Junagadh, Amreli and

Bhavnagar. Even towns far from coastal areas can also become

Carbon Neutral by installing Windmills at appropriate locations

and getting power at their point by using State Power Grid. Surat

Municipal Corporation (SMC) has already done a feasibility study

for harnessing renewable energy.

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Use of Wind Energy - SMC Case Study

Surat is the second largest city of the State, having annual energy

consumption of almost 12,00,00,000 KWhr for Municipal

Services. SMC is proposing to establish 3 MW capacity windmills,

it is the first city in the country proposing use of Wind Energy for

Municipal Corporation. Though Surat will have Windmill in

Porbandar District of the State, it will use the State power grid to

receive electricity at Surat, through paying 10% of total energy

produced as wheeling charge as per provisions of Wind Power

Policy 2007

Table 35: Details of Wind Energy use proposed by SMC

Source : GEDA

There are almost 10 to 15 towns in the coastal district of Gujarat

having good potentials of use of Wind Energy. Here five such

towns with absolute possibility of windmill installation have been

identified and proposed for making them Carbon Neutral Town.

All five selected towns are also important as either tourist centre

or industrial centre, and thus in priority of sustainable

development.

Sr.No. Particulars Details

1 Capacity of Wind mill 1.5 MW

2 No. of wind mills 2

3 Total Capacity 3 MW

4 Capacity Utilization factor (CUF) of Wind mill 24%

5 Expected Power generation per year 64,00,000 KWhr

6 Capital cost/MW Rs. 6.14 Cr

7 Total capital cost Rs. 18.42

8 O & M cost per year Rs. 0.37 Cr

9 Simple Payback 7 years

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3.8.3 Small Hydropower Plants (SHP)

In India, hydropower projects with a station capacity of up to 25

MW are categorized as small hydropower (SHP). It is obtained by

harnessing kinetic energy of running water through a turbine to

electricity by coupling the turbine to an electric generator. An

estimated 15 000 MW potential of SHP is available in India. At

present, there are about 5718 potential SHP sites with an

aggregate capacity of 15 384 MW in the country, as identified by

MNRE, various state governments, and the private sector.

In Gujarat, 292 sites have been identified for SHP with a potential

of about 196.97 MW. At present 4 sites for SHP have been

developed with installed capacity of 12.60 MW.

Table 36: Identified and Installed Small Hydropower projects

on Gujarat, as on 31 January 2011

Potential Projects Installed

No. of sites Capacity (MW) No. of sites Capacity (MW)

292 196.97 4 12.60

Source: www.mnre.gov.in/prog-smallhydro.html

3.8.4 Tidal

Gravitational interaction between the

moon, the sun, and the earth attributes

to the rhythmic generation of tides that

show harmonic motion. The moon

being closer to the earth exerts 2.17

times greater force on the tides as

compared to the sun (Hammons 1997),

which is the primary cause of tides. As a result, the tide closely

follows the moon during its rotation around the earth, bulging on

the axis pointing directly to the moon.

http://www.mnre.gov.in/prog-smallhydro.html

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Gujarat has approved a 50MW tidal power project to be

constructed in the Gulf of Kutch. The 50 MW tidal power project,

proposed to come up in Gulf of Kutch, seems to have run into an

unexpected barrier. The project’s developer, Singapore-based

Atlantis Resources Corporation, wants the state government to

hold stake in the ambitious project, the first of its kind in the

country. The government, however, wants to restrict its role to

that of a facilitator.

The State Government of Gujarat

formed a Special Purpose Vehicles

(SPVs) with public private

partnership and sponsored a study

for large scale exploitation of tidal

energy across the coastline of

Gujarat. This study is based on one

of the advanced technologies developed so for. In this technology

kinetic energy of tidal currents has been proposed to be harnessed

under the water and along the flow of water and without using

the conventional methods like water wheel or other types of

turbines.

Table 37: Tidal Energy Potential in Gujarat State

Site Maximum tidal

range (m)

Average tidal

range (m)

Economic Power

potential (MW)

Gulf of Cambay 11 6.77 7000

Gulf of Kutch 8 5.23 1200

Source: www.mnre.gov.in

Even with its potential for providing predictable and sustainable

electricity generation with no visual impact, tidal power still

accounts for only a fraction of a percent of the world’s total

electricity generation. That is slowly changing though, with

numerous tidal power plants being constructed or planned for

http://www.mnre.gov.in/

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coastlines around the world. India is the latest country to wade

into the tidal power waters with the announcement of its first

commercial scale tidal current power plant to be constructed in

the Indian State of Gujarat.

3.9 Energy Demands in Gujarat

The energy sector in Gujarat is unique in terms of its organization

and complexity, which results from the fact that Gujarat is a

rapidly growing economy with huge disparity in incomes and

lifestyles. The energy sector in Gujarat is complex due to a wide

variation in lifestyle and use of different forms of energy by

various sections of society. Major population of Gujarat still live in

rural areas and depend largely on non-commercial sources of

energy, such as fuel wood, biomass, and agricultural residue for

their energy requirements for lighting, cooking, and heating.

Some salient features of the energy demand and supply sectors in

Gujarat are given below. Energy demand is mainly classified into

following four categories.

1. Agriculture

2. Industry

3. Transport

4. Domestic

Table 38: Category wise Energy demand as on 31 March 2011

Category Energy Demand

(in %)

Agriculture 29

Industry 35

Transport 16

Domestic 20

Source: TERI (2011)

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Fig 29: Category wise Energy Demand (in %) as on 31 March 2011

Source: TERI (2011)

In Gujarat, agriculture and industry sectors take up a major share

of the energy demand which is about 64% of the total energy

demand. Innovation and technological improvement in these two

sectors may help us in considerably reducing the pressure on

environment.

3.9.1 Energy demand in Agriculture

Agriculture has always played a key

role in the Indian economy. It

provides livelihood and employment

to over 58.4% of the population and

contributes nearly one-fifth of total

gross domestic product (GDP) (ICAR

2011). It focuses on the importance of agriculture, with a primary

focus on energy uses in the sector.

Energy use in agriculture at farm level can be categorized as

either direct or indirect. Direct energy use in agriculture is diesel

and electricity to operate mobile and stationary equipment to

prepare fields, plant and harvest crops, and transport inputs and

outputs to and from markets. Indirect energy is consumed off the

farm for the manufacture and production of fertilizers and

pesticides.

Energy Demand (in %)

Agriculture

Industry

Transport

Domestic

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In the agriculture sector, operating

tractors and pumping water are activities

that consume most energy. The use of

tractors has risen significantly over the

years. Mainly electric and diesel pump

sets are used for irrigation. In all states,

the governments have pursued programs for rural electrification

and electrification of pump sets. This was acceptable to farmers

mainly because the price of electricity was kept very low. With the

move towards cost recovery through rationalization of power

tariffs, the growth in the use of electricity in irrigation may be

arrested. However, electric pumps are likely to retain a cost

advantage over diesel pumps. Solar pumps, because of their high

cost, are likely to play only a marginal role.

3.9.2 Energy demand in Industry

The industry sector in Gujarat is a

major consumer of energy, accounting

for big proportion of the total

commercial energy consumption (as

fuel and feedstock) during 2008/09,

with coal and lignite meeting 67% of

the energy requirements of the

industrial sector.

Some of the industries in Gujarat, like cement and fertilizer

industries are operating with their specific energy consumption

being comparable to one of the best in the world.

However, there exists a bandwidth of performance within each

sub-sector, thus contributing to an energy-saving potential of

about 10%–25%. Industrial units consume coal, lignite, fuel oil,

LPG and natural gas. Not all fuels are suitable in all types of

industries. Relative prices and environmental norms primarily

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drive the choice of fuels. The technology changes rapidly in this

sector so that stricter environmental norms can be satisfied using

the same fuels.

3.9.3 Energy demand in Transport

High economic growth has

led to an increasing

significance of the transport

sector in Gujarat. Moreover,

it is one of the major

consumers of energy, second

only to the industry sector.

In view of these concerns, it

indicates the impact of growth of transport on the energy

consumption scenario in the Gujarat. Transport sector includes

road transport, railways transport, aviation, port and shipping.

The growth in the transport sector has made tremendous

contribution to Gujarat’s economic development. Accordingly,

there have been focused policies and investments in the sector.

Transport and energy are interdependent. The transport sector is

the second largest consumer of energy after industry. Rising travel

demand with higher economic growth and increasing dependence

on road-based transport, both for passenger and freight transport,

have led to greater energy demand and have increased its

dependence on energy from fossil fuels. There is a wide choice of

fuels available in this sector. Vehicles can use gasoline, diesel, fuel

oil (in ships), CNG, LPG, Electricity from the grid or conventional

batteries or fuel cells. Enforcement of stricter environmental

norms, availability of cleaner fuels and compatibility of

technology in new motor vehicles have driven fuel choice in this

area. City buses are changing over to CNG. The introduction of

ultra-low sulphur diesel is also being discussed. It is clear that

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similar changes will be brought about in other major cities,

although the time frame for them remains uncertain.

As on 31 March 2011, the total number of registered motor

vehicles is 12993135 which include heavy motor vehicle, light

motor vehicle, buses, taxis, cars, jeeps, tractors, trailers and two

wheelers

(MoRTH-2011).

Table 39: Total Number of Registered Vehicles

Source: MoRTH (2011)

Year (As on) Total Number Registered vehicles

31 March 2007 9497337

31 March 2008 10289056

31 March 2009 10998651

31 March 2010 11872573

31 March 2011 12993135

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Retail CNG Sales

Due to Government initiative to promote switching over of the

vehicles to cleaner fuel CNG, the retail network for this started

being established in Gujarat since 2006. The following table

shows the percentage change in sale of petro and CNG for the

years 2007-08 to 2010-11. Though there was a dip in retail sales

of petrol in 2008-09, it has stabilized in next two years.

Table 40: Analysis of consumption of Petrol and CNG

Year Petrol

(in KL)

%

increase

CNG (in KL Eqv) % increase

2007-08 695230 - 113915 -

2008-09 803531 13% 160425 29%

2009-10 860263 7 % 207114 23%

2010-11 926720 7% 266083 22%

Source: MoPNG, 2011

Above data shows that the percentage increases in the

consumption of cleaner fuel i.e. CNG is much higher as compared

to petrol which leads to reduced environmental impact.

3.9.4 Domestic Energy Demand

The household domestic sector is one of

the largest users of energy in Gujarat,

accounting for a major component of

the final energy consumption

(excluding energy used for transport),

reflecting the importance of the

domestic sector in the total energy

scenario of Gujarat State.

According to the 66th Round of Consumer Expenditure Survey in

2009/10, 76% of the households in rural areas still use firewood

as the primary cooking fuel and 33.54% of rural households used

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kerosene as a primary lighting fuel (NSSO 2010). Access to

modern forms of energy is essential for the provision of clean

water, sanitation, and health care. It provides great benefits to

development through the provision of reliable and efficient

lighting, heating, cooking, mechanical power, transport, and

telecommunication services. In rural areas, dependency on

firewood as the primary cooking fuel has increased over the

decade.

However, the percentage of households depending on other

traditional cooking fuels such as coke, coal, and dung cakes has

decreased marginally over the decade. In urban areas, a transition

has been observed while comparing percentage households using

LPG as the primary cooking fuel. In rural areas, the overall

percentage of households using firewood and LPG as the primary

fuel for cooking increased over the decade. However, a slight

fluctuation has been observed over the years.

Following table provides figures for average per household per

month energy consumption for cooking and lighting across

Gujarat state.

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Table 41: Per household per month consumption of fuels for cooking

and lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)

Fuel/energy source Rural Urban

Coke and Coal (kg) 149.14 46.37

Firewood (kg) 117.05 75.13

Electricity (kwh) 60.86 110.81

Dung cake (kg) 0.00 -

PDS kerosene (liter) 6.02 7.94

Other kerosene (liter) 4.47 7.01

LPG (kg) 9.41 11.72

Source: MoSPI (2010)

Fig 30: Per household per month consumption of fuels for cooking and

lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)

In rural area of Gujarat, coke, coal and firewood are the major

fuel used for cooking while urban area of Gujarat is more

dependent on electricity and LPG.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Coke and Coal (kg)

Firewood (kg)

Electricity (kwh)

Dung cake (kg)

PDS kerosene

(liter)

Other kerosene

(liter)

LPG (kg)

Rural

Urban

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Table 42: Percentage distribution of households by primary

energy source used for cooking in Gujarat (2009-10)


In Gujarat, about 82.65% of rural households and 15.37% of

urban households rely on firewood and chips as primary cooking

fuel despite the fact that improving the access of the poor to

modern energy has been on the agenda of the Government of

India since independence. The percentage distribution of rural

households using LPG as primary cooking fuel is increasing

slowly. Electrification has received adequate attention within the

policy arena in the decade; subsequently, major proportion of

rural households today uses electricity as the primary energy

source for lighting.

Fuel/energy source Rural (%) Urban (%)

Coke and Coal 0.09 1.66

Firewood and chips 82.65 15.37

LPG 13.78 64.12

Gobar Gas 0.54 0.04

Dung cake 0.52 1.08

Charcoal - -

Kerosene 2.02 13.21

Electricity 0.27 -

Other 0.07 3.33

No cooking arrangement 0.06 1.15

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Table 43: Percentage distribution of households by primary energy

source for Lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)

Fuel/energy source Rural (%) Urban (%)

Kerosene 8.6 4.1

Other oil 0.0 0.1

Gas 0.1 0.0

Candle 0.0 0.1

Electricity 91.2 95.6

No lighting arrangement 0.1 0.1

Others 0.0 0.0


In Gujarat, about 91.2% of rural households and 95.6% of urban

households rely on Electricity for lighting.

Table 44: Installation of off-grid/decentralized renewable energy

systems/devices by Gujarat state during 2009-10


In Gujarat, as far as renewable energy resources are concerned,

about 411950 small biogas plant, about 9231 solar home lighting

system and about 170675 solar cooker have been installed during

2009-10.

Biogas plant

(number)

Solar lighting system

(number)

Solar cooker (number)

411950 9231 170675


(ENERGY SECTOR)

GUJARAT

CHAPTER-4

IMPACTS

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Chapter-4

Impacts

4.1 Lignite and Coal

The lignite used for power generation has

high sulphur content. The plant at

Mangrol, Surat uses the fluidised bed

technology to tackle this problem. The

older plant at Panandhro does not have

any safeguard against sulphur. Moreover,

mining of lignite near Naryan Sarovar

Sanctuary causes damaging effects on

local flora and fauna and, more

importantly, to the local hydrological regimes. Wastewater from

power plants contains chemicals, oils and minerals which can also

contaminate water streams.

Coal mining has the potential to harm air, water and land quality if

it is not done with proper care. Acidic water may drain from

abandoned mines underground, and the burning of coal causes the

emission of harmful materials including carbon dioxide, sulfur

dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorides, hydrogen fluorides,

particulate matter and mercury which may have adverse health

effects. “Clean coal” technology is being developed to remove

harmful materials before they can affect the environment, and to

make it more energy-efficient so less coal is burned.

The coal industry also restores mined land to or prepares it for more

productive uses once surface mining is done.

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4.2 Wood

Apart from Coal and Lignite, the rural

population is dependent mainly on wood

as a prime source of energy for their

livelihood.

Usage of wood can have an adverse

effect on the environment. Burning of

wood causes emission of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide,

sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide also leaves behind ash which adds

as a source to environment degradation. It also leads to cutting

down of large chunks of trees which in turn causes deforestation

and adds to global warming due to increase in carbon dioxide

concentration.

Most of the fuelwood used in rural households is collected from not

one, but several sources, such as common lands, reserved/protected

areas (government controlled forest lands), panchayat land,

privately owned land, and revenue wastelands. Mostly women and

children transport wood and other biomass fuels as head loads. The

wood fuel and other biomass are burnt in inefficient traditional mud

stoves (~20% efficiency) in poorly ventilated kitchens.

4.3 Oil and Natural Gas

Great strides have been made to ensure

that oil and gas producers make as little

impact as possible on the natural

environments in which they operate.

These include drilling multiple wells

from a single location to minimize

damages to the surface, using

environmentally sound chemicals to

stimulate well production and restoring

the surface as nearly as possible to pre-drilling conditions. Most oil

spills occur primarily during transportation, mostly involving the

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tankers that are used to move oil from where it is produced to

where consumers need it.

But oil spills from transportation have declined significantly during

the past few years, and the growing use of double-hulled tankers

provides extra protection. Another source of oil spills during

transportation is pipelines. Unfortunately, a major reason for spills

from pipelines in developing countries is civil unrest. Weather, such

as hurricanes, is another factor in pipeline-related spills.

Urban runoff and natural seeps are large sources of oil pollution.

Urban runoff comes from rain washing away oil drips from cars or

machinery and people pouring used oil into the gutter and using

other improper disposal methods. Natural seepage is actually the

largest single source of petroleum inputs in marine environments

totaling 47%.

When burned, petroleum products emit carbon dioxide, carbon

monoxide and other air toxins, all of which have a negative effect

on the environment.

4.4 Oil Refineries Refineries produce gaseous emissions as

well as solid and liquid wastes. These

pollutants are hazardous unless

properly treated before discharge.

The Koyali refinery is emitting 720

kg/hr of SO2. Solid and semi-solid

wastes from refineries are also

hazardous in nature as these contain oil

and other harmful chemicals. Oily

sludge is formed in the crude and product storage tanks and

sometimes affect the quality of adjoining groundwater. The new

refinery at Jamnagar has similar issues, but due to better sulphur

recovery systems in place, they causes lesser degree of pollution.

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4.5 Vehicular Emissions

Use of fossil fuels (Petroleum products) plays an important role in

vehicular emissions, particularly carbon monoxide (CO), which

leads to a reduction of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

Scooters, motorcycles and auto-rickshaws, which mostly have two-

stroke engines, currently contribute nearly 80 per cent of the total

CO emissions in Ahmedabad. Emissions of total suspended

particulates and oxides of sulphur are also higher from diesel

vehicles as compared with gasoline vehicles. Drivers, passengers,

people living along the roads and walking along the sides, and

traffic police, all complain of giddiness, headache, nausea, and

burning of the eyes, and general lassitude. The problems are severe

in old city areas with large commercial centers and slow moving,

high volume traffic.

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4.6 Power generation and distribution

As a result of power generation from coal based power generation

plants, there is increased emission of CO2 contributing for increased

concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere and rising the

global temperature, resulting in the increased flooding, migration

north and south of ‘tropical’ diseases, more drought and more

intense storms, change in cropping patterns and productivity.

Geothermal power plants have relatively little environmental

impact—they burn no fuel to create electricity. These plants do

create small amounts of carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds, but

geothermal emissions are far smaller than those created by fossil

fuel power plants. The wastes generated by thermal power plants

are typical of combustion processes. The exhaust gases from

burning coal and oil contain particulates, SOx, NOx, CO2, CO and

volatile organic compounds. The sulphur concentration in the

ambient air in the large coal fired plants in the state have at times

exceeded the prescribed limits.

Solid particles in the fuel gas are trapped by Electro-Static

Precipitators (ESPs). Often the ESPs do not perform to the required

standards due to poor maintenance. The result is precipitation of

ash in the surrounding areas. Such problems have been reported

frequently in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar.

By far the most serious environmental problem is the disposal of fly-

ash. In the first instance, the ash is dumped in ash-ponds as slurry.

When the pond fills up, the ash is transported in open trucks to

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landfill sites. This creates air pollution around the ponds, along the

transport routes and near the landfills. Surface water is

contaminated by ash-pond overflows. The combustion of fossil fuels

by thermal power plants produces exhaust gases and ash residues.

The SO2 emissions are high in KLTPS and Wanakbori, while it is

within the standards in the other coal-based power plants in

populated areas such as Gandhinagar, Sikka and Ukai. The principal

health risk to people living around power plants is from exposure to

SO2, CO, NOx, hydrocarbons, polycyclic organic matter, trace

metals and radionuclide. Workers are subject to respiratory diseases

caused by coal dust, other emissions, impaired hearing due to noise,

etc.

The use of electricity itself poses very little environmental concern.

However, in certain cases, its unchecked use may lead to severe

environmental damage, like the over-exploitation of groundwater

from the aquifers in North Gujarat for irrigation purposes.

4.7 Hydropower

While hydropower does not cause water or air pollution, it does

have an environmental impact: Hydroelectric power plants may

harm fish populations, change water temperature and flow

(disturbing plants and animals) and force the relocation of people

and animals who live near the dam site. Some fish, like salmon,

may be prevented from swimming upstream to spawn. Technologies

like fish ladders help salmon go up over dams and enter upstream

spawning areas, but the presence of hydroelectric dams changes

their migration patterns and hurts fish populations. Hydropower

plants can also cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water,

which is harmful to river habitats. Reservoirs may also lead to the

creation of methane, a harmful greenhouse gas.

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4.8 Solar

Solar energy produces no air or water pollution or greenhouse

gases. However, it has some indirect impacts on the environment.

For example, the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells (PV) produces

some toxic materials and chemicals. Ecosystems can also be affected

by solar systems. Water from underground wells may be required to

clean concentrators and receivers, and to cool the generator, which

may harm the ecosystem in dry climates.

4.9 Nuclear Energy (Uranium)

Nuclear power plants produce no air

pollution or carbon dioxide, but they do

produce byproducts like nuclear waste

and spent fuels. Most nuclear waste is

low level (for example, disposable items

that have come into contact with small

amounts of radioactive dust), and

special regulations are in place to prevent them from harming the

environment. But some spent fuel is highly radioactive and must be

stored in specially designed facilities. In addition to the fuel waste,

much of the equipment in the nuclear power plants becomes

contaminated with radiation and will become radioactive waste

after the plant is closed. These wastes will remain radioactive for

many thousands of years, which may not allow re-use of the

contaminated land. Nuclear power plants use large quantities of

water for steam production and for cooling, affecting fish and other

aquatic life. Likewise, heavy metals and salts can build up in the

water used in the nuclear power plant systems. When water is

discharged from the power plant, these pollutants can negatively

affect water quality and aquatic life.

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4.10 Wind

Wind is a clean energy source. It

produces no air or water pollution

because no fuel is burned to generate

electricity. The most serious

environmental impact from wind

energy may be its effect on bird and bat

mortality. Wind turbine design has changed dramatically in the last

couple of decades to reduce this impact. Turbine blades are now

solid, so there are no lattice structures that entice birds to perch.

Also, the blades’ surface area is much larger, so they don’t have to

spin as fast to generate power. Slower-moving blades mean fewer

bird collisions.

4.11 Biofuels: Biomass, Bio-Ethanol and Biodiesel

Biofuels look like an ideal energy solution.

Since plants absorb carbon dioxide as they

grow, crops could counteract the carbon

dioxide released by cars. They are also

renewable, and can be planted to replenish

supplies.

Unfortunately, it’s not that easy. It takes a tremendous amount of

energy to grow crops, make fertilizers and pesticides and process

plants into fuel. There is ongoing debate if ethanol from corn

provides more energy than it uses for growing and processing the

plants. Also, fossil fuels provide much of the energy in biofuels

production, so biofuels may not replace as much oil as they use.

Biomass creates harmful emissions like carbon dioxide and sulfur

when it is burned, but causes less pollution than fossil fuels. Even

burning wood in a fireplace or stove can create pollutants like

carbon monoxide. Burning municipal solid waste, or garbage that

would otherwise go into a landfill, can also cause potentially

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dangerous emissions. Combustion of these materials must be

carefully controlled. Disposing of the resulting ash can also pose a

problem, as it may contain harmful metals like lead and cadmium.

Ethanol is often added to gasoline, and while these mixtures burn

cleaner than pure gasoline, they also have higher “evaporative

emissions” from dispensing equipment and fuel tanks. These

emissions contribute to ozone problems and smog. Burning ethanol

also creates carbon dioxide.

Biodiesel creates less sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon

monoxide and hydrocarbons when burned that traditional

petroleum diesel. But biodiesel creates more nitrogen oxide than

petroleum diesel. Initiative and action taken for such environmental

issues has been discussed in detail under response section.

4.12 Rural Energy requirement and Indoor Air

Pollution

One of the important features of rural energy is the dependence on

locally available biomass resources. Since they are collected at zero

cash cost, data collection on consumption is primarily recall-based.

Similarly, local-level supply and demand is difficult to capture.

Hence, there is an inherent problem of data availability and

authenticity. Micro-level experiences are at times contrary to the

macro assessments provided. The claims, therefore, made of

successful energy transitions (both in terms of fuel and technology)

or popularly known as ‘fuel switch’, happening in the rural areas, is

perhaps an over statement. The analysis has been presented with

respect to the macro assessments and the micro-level evidence

(surveys, case studies, etc.) bringing out the weaknesses in types of

data available and assessments made vis-à-vis rural energy

transitions.

Burning of biofuels like wood, crop residue and dung cakes, mostly

in inefficient cook-stoves, constitute the major domestic health

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hazard, particularly amongst women in the lower income

households. Although there are several hundred chemical agents

that have been identified in biofuel smoke, many of them

carcinogens, the four most emphasised are particulates, carbon

monoxide, polycyclic organic matter and formaldehyde. The

diseases commonly associated with smoke inhalation are acute

respiratory infections in children, chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, etc.

Inefficient use of biomass in traditional devices has a serious

environmental impact at the local and global levels. Deforestation

and fast reducing resource base along with inability of the poor to

shift to commercial fuels like kerosene on account of low purchasing

power make provision of energy to rural areas for achieving

ecological sustainability crucial.

In this context, the attractiveness of renewable energy technologies

such as wind, solar and biomass lies primarily in abundance and in

their green house gas mitigation impact. Thoughtful interventions in

the rural energy sector could bring about a host of social and

economic benefits, namely. Healthier lives, less strain during

cooking, usage of lesser quantities of fuelwood leading to reduced

time/resources spent procuring it, more time for economic activity

due to lighting, and easy availability of ground water. In particular,

decentralized energy production and distribution provide rural

development opportunities and encourage local institutions to

manage their own energy needs.

However, renewable energy interventions in rural areas must take

cognizance of key factors such as the high cost of technologies, high

subsidies on commercial fuels, inadequate emphasis on R&D for

technologies and limited local capabilities for repair and

maintenance.

Empirical studies on indoor air pollution have been conducted in

Gujarat from 1981 onwards by NIOH and others. These studies have

Chapter-4: Impacts


P a g e | 89

found very high levels of pollutants in indoor air at the time of

cooking. Besides bringing out the differences between different fuels

such as fuel wood, dung and crop waste, these studies have also

estimated the improvements brought about by 'smokeless Chulhas'.

Table 45: Fuel Usage for Rural Gujarat at

House Hold H Level NFHS 3

Fuel Percentage Usage

Wood 68.7

Coal/Coke/ Lignite/ Charcoal 1.2

Dung Cakes 1.9

Crop Residue 5.5

Electricity 0.4

Kerosene 3.8

LPG 16.6

Biogas 1.5

Others 0.4

Source: NFHS

The household sector is the second largest consumer of energy in

India after the industrial sector. National Family Health Survey-3

(NFHS-3) found that 71 per cent of India's households use solid

fuels for cooking whereas this figure is 91 % for rural households.

According to National Family Health Survey-3, more than 60 per

cent of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy

like fuel-wood, dung and crop residue for meeting their cooking and

heating needs. Burning of traditional fuels introduces large

quantities of CO2 in the atmosphere, when the combustion is

complete, but if there is an incomplete combustion followed by

oxidation, then CO is produced in addition to hydrocarbons. Since

people on average spend two third of their daily time indoor, indoor

air quality has profound effect on human health, ‘sick building

syndrome’ is a growing concern worldwide. Smoke from solid

cooking fuels such as wood, charcoal, and animal dung leads to a

range of serious health problems including respiratory infections,

low birth weight, and eye problems. Cooking indoors can increase

family exposure to smoke. Prevalence of TB can be associated to

type of house and main cooking fuel.

Chapter-4: Impacts


P a g e | 90


(ENERGY SECTOR)

GUJARAT

CHAPTER-5

RESPONSES

Chapter-5: Responses


P a g e | 91

Chapter-5

Responses

The energy sector in the Gujarat is going

through major institutional changes.

Administered energy prices are being

phased out and cost-reflective prices are

being introduced. The elements of subsidy

and cross-subsidy are being reduced. The

shift in relative prices of energy products

will affect future growth rates of

consumption. Gujarat state has initiated major policy reforms in

energy sector.

5.1 Promotion of Renewable Energy and Major

Programs

Gujarat is a pioneer in the field of renewable sources of energy. It

was the first state to establish a state nodal agency, Gujarat Energy

Development Agency (GEDA) for effective and systematic

propagation of renewable energy in the state. Some of the major

programs undertaken by GEDA to ensure the following:

a) Balance between the demand and

supply of energy

b) Reduce the environmental and health

related problems and,

c) Provision of cleaner energy sources



P a g e | 92

5.2 Important initiatives for Biomass Energy

Following important initiatives have been taken for biomass energy:

Energy Plantation on wastelands to meet

rural fuel wood needs.

Gasification of wood/wood waste and agro-

waste to supply power for irrigation and

electrical needs.

Promotion of Institutional and Community

Biogas Plants.

Exploitation of Industrial and Municipal organic wastes.

Encouraging Private Power Generation Projects and Co-generation

in sugar mills.

5.3 Important initiatives for Wind Energy by GEDA:

Following important initiatives have been

taken for wind energy:

Mapping the wind potential of Gujarat, and

co-relating it with hydro-maps and cropping

patterns for irrigation.

Water Pumping Windmills – design,

development, research and popularization.

Setting up stand alone Wind Turbine Generators.

Setting up Wind farms for power generation.

Encouraging privatization of Wind Power Generation in the state.

5.4 Important initiatives for Solar Energy

Under the solar thermal extension program,

solar cookers, solar dryers, solar stills, solar

water heaters and solar timber-seasoning kilns

have been promoted on a large scale.

In Gujarat, solar water heating systems are in

use in homes, hospitals, dairies, industries, circuit-houses,

guesthouses, hotels, hostels, canteens, temples and education and



P a g e | 93

research institutions. Gujarat government has also taken following

initiatives to fill the gap between energy demand and supply:

Promotion of Solar Hot Water

Systems to meet domestic and

Industrial hot water requirements

Promotion of Solar Hot Air Systems

Distilled desalinated water for

industrial, transport and drinking

water needs of coastal areas through solar stills.

Solar Photovoltaic Systems to meet lighting, irrigation, drinking

water supply, education and

entertainment.

Encouraging Private Solar Photovoltaic Projects, Installed the solar

power plant of about 500 MW capacity

Encouraging solar roof top projects in Government offices. GPCB-

Gandhinagar is an example of such initiative.

Encouraging canal top solar power plant in villages.

To fill the gap between energy demand and supply, following

important solar projects have been undertaken by the Government

of Gujarat and successfully completed:

1. In the year 2009, Gandhinagar was selected to promote the use of

solar energy and declared as Solar City with a budgetary provision

of Rs.5 crores, made by the State Government during the year 2008-

09.

2. In the year 2010, GEDA under the MNRE SPV demonstration

program (2008-09) has installed 302 nos. of solar generator (450

Wp SPV system) for the milk collection centers in remote areas for

powering the milk-tester, computer, printer, weighing machine,

light & fan.



P a g e | 94

5.5 Important initiatives for Energy

Conservation

GEDA is now the BEE designate to implement

Energy to efficient programs in the state.

Energy Audit in the domestic, commercial and

industrial sectors to reduce wasteful use of

energy.

Popularization of energy efficient devices viz.

improved stoves.

Introduced the energy labeling program (comparative star-based

labeling) for appliances such as fluorescent tube lights, air

conditioners, refrigerator and washing machine etc.

Hydrocarbon fuel conservation in transportation and agricultural

sector.

Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GEDA) has implemented LED

village project at Village Amrapura, Taluka Mansa District:

Gandhinagar as the first LED Village Demonstration Project in

Gujarat in the year 2011.

5.6 Important initiatives for Rural Energy

Rural energy surveys to estimate energy needs; energy supply and

demand and available local energy resources.

Integrated Rural Energy Programs in villages and homogenous

clusters in blocks/talukas, the emphasis on the development of

decentralized total energy packages and maximum utilization of

local resources.



P a g e | 95

5.7 Important initiatives for Village Electrification:

Jyotigram Yojna: It is State Government sponsored scheme for

village electrification. Initially, the scheme started with peoples’

participation. Afterwards, Government has decided to give 100 %

grant. The unique features of the scheme are as follows:

An innovative scheme to make

available 24 hours three phase quality

power supply to Rural areas

Feeders having Specially Design

Transformers to supply power to

farmers residing in scattered farm

houses

All the existing electrified Villages

(18000) and Petaparas (9700) are

covered under JGY within 30 months

Average expenditure per Village is

Rs.6.72 Lacs

Total expenditure of the scheme is Rs. 1290 Crores, Out of which,

Rs. 1115 Crores is grant from GOG

Reduction in Distribution Losses by 3.74% and T/C failure by 1.17%

during the year 2005-2006 compared to year 2004-05.

The advantages of Jyotigram yojna are as following:

Reduction in Distribution Loss and Distribution Transformer Failure

Rate.

Promotion of industrial and commercial activities in villages leading

to local employment generation;

Buoyant revenue through prevention of power theft.

Improved standards of living in rural areas on account of access to a

wide variety of goods and instruments;

Enhanced exposure of rural population to different parts of the

world through electronic media, leading to updating of knowledge

avenues;

Impact on quality of education;

Improved of health services and sanitation facilities;



P a g e | 96

Reduction in migration from rural areas to urban areas.

Regulated but improved quality power supply to agriculture enabled

efficient and optimum use of water, which in turn contributes to

conservation of ground water resources.

Speedy restoration of power supply due to parallel network in case

of disruption.

Potential for replication in other States.

5.8 Important initiatives for Bio- Energy

During 2008-09, by the initiative

taken by GEDA under MNRE

program, Sayaji Industries,

Kathwada is dealing with Maize

Starch products. As a result of maize

corn milling, grinding and

processing, about 14000nm3 biogas

is generated.

Earlier biogas was being used in the coal fired boilers. Under the

MNRE program of Energy Recovery from Industrial & commercial

wastes, the 1MW biogas based Power project was taken up. The

project commissioned in April'2009, and has been running

successfully at about 80% PLF since its commissioning.

During 2009-10, by the initiative taken by GEDA under MNRE

program, 12000nm3 /day capacity Biomethanation plant is

Completed & commissioned in Dec'2009 under MNRE Waste To

Energy (WTE) scheme. Plant has been running successfully since its

commissioning date. Produced Biogas gas is used in 100% Biogas

engines in CPP.


program M/s Sayaji Industries, Kathwada, Ahmedabad is in the

business of Maize Starch based various Products. Having its Maize

grinding capacity increased from 325MT/day to 550MT/day, the

effluent also increased with higher COD value of about 16000 to

20000KGs COD, one 10000nm3/day capacity biomethanation plant



P a g e | 97

has been installed & commissioned December-2011.The same is

working with more than 80% efficiency. The produced biogas is

used in its CPP.


program, 1000 com/day biogas bottling plant was installed by P.N.

Aranyak Foundation, Valsad, plant has been running successfully

since its date of commissioning.

5.9 Important initiatives for

Decentralized energy system

Renewable energy technologies are ideally

suited to distributed applications, and they

have substantial potential to provide a

reliable and secure energy supply as an

alternative to grid extension or as a

supplement to grid-provided power. Because

of the remoteness, renewable energy can

offer an economically viable means of

providing connections to un-electrified

population. Some of the renewable energy

technologies that are used in villages and

rural areas as decentralized systems are:

Family-size biogas plants.

Solar street lighting systems.

Solar lanterns and solar home lighting systems.

Solar water heating systems

Solar cookers.

Standalone solar/ biomass based power generators.

Akshay Urja / Aditya Solar Shops

Wind pumps.

Micro-Hydal plants.



P a g e | 98

Many of these systems have been found useful in urban and semi

urban areas also to conserve the use of electricity and other fossil

fuels. Solar water heating systems have helped in demand side

management of electricity in various cities and towns during peak

hours. Standalone roof top SPV systems are getting popular for day

time diesel abatement in areas where power cuts are very high.

5.10 Important initiatives for Power sector reforms

The government has opened up the

energy sector to private investment. In

electricity, private participation was first

sought in power generation. With the

advent of Electricity Act, (2003),

involvement of the private sector

including MNC in the distribution and

explorations had increased in oil sector,

Some important initiatives in power

sector are as following:

Increase in generation capacity

State captive power policy

Establishment of Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission (GERC)

to decide the tariff of electricity

Establishment of transmission and distribution companies

Establishment of India’s first Ultra Mega Power Project (UMPP) of

4000MW installed capacity at Mundra by using energy efficient and

environmental friendly technology.

Development of Smart Grid

Introduction of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) by GUVNL

for its projects as CDM projects under Kyoto protocol.

Installation of 11,000 energy efficient pumping sets to reduce the

load by 60 MW and also setting up of Environmental cells by

GUVNL for environmental preservation.


(ENERGY SECTOR)

GUJARAT

CHAPTER-6

RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter-6: Recommendations


P a g e | 99

Chapter-6

Recommendations

Energy is an important input for economic development, but

Gujarat’s energy supply is still largely based on fossil fuels. These

sources of energy will not last forever and have proved to be

contributors to our environmental problems. Gujarat’s energy

demand is increasing with the robust growth in economy. The state

is heavily dependent on fossil sources of energy for most of its

demand. However, power generation through fossil fuels raises

serious concern due to the depletion of resources and environmental

pollution. Hence the challenge is to meet the energy needs in a

sustainable manner. In order to insulate itself from any future

supply disruption and price shocks of fossil fuels and to achieve

energy security and also to meet global climate change objectives,

renewable energy appears to be the most plausible option for the

state to rely on. This has necessitated the state to start aggressively

pursuing alternative energy sources like, solar, wind, biofuels, small

hydro and more. Based on our study, we recommend the following

important points:

1. Demand of energy will continue to grow even if Government adopts

various policies to conserve energy. This growth must increasingly

be satisfied by energy resources other than conventional sources of

energy. The continued growth of energy demand requires an

integrated approach of conventional as well as non conventional

sources of energy.

2. Electricity generation from nuclear power is capable of making an

important contribution to maintain a balance between energy

demand and supply, although electricity generation from nuclear

sources is still a matter of debate.



P a g e | 100

3. Establish a state tax credit for residential and commercial solar

thermal heating and solar electric systems. The tax credits not only

financially help those folks who want to install solar energy

technology but also help to draw businesses, along with the

associated jobs, into the area to manufacture the equipment needed

to support the solar industry.

4. Roof top solar panel needs to be installed at all Government and

Non-Government offices and subsequently the same concepts can be

implemented in residential areas also.

5. Exempt renewable energy equipment from sales and property taxes.

Homeowners and businesses that install new solar energy systems

should be rewarded for being early adopters. Exemption of

renewable energy equipment from sales and property taxes will

reduce the time period for solar energy investments to pay for

themselves.

6. Set standards for solar in all state facilities, and set guidelines for

solar in all new construction. The state should take the lead and set

standards by which state buildings are to utilize solar energy

technologies to reduce energy consumption and reduce their

exposure to the increasing costs of energy. Although the initial

equipment costs are high, the energy produced is free. Once state

standards are set, they can be adapted, as appropriate, and used as

guidelines for all new construction throughout the state.

7. Gujarat has enormous potential for wind power generation. The

average velocity of wind in the state is just less than seven meters

per second, which is very much suitable for wind power generation.

Besides this, the state has the longest coast-line in the country and a

desert in Kutch. This makes land availability for the wind power

projects easy. The government must adopt policies to encourage

investments in this sector as Wind Power gives stable energy

compared to other renewable sources of energy, although initial

returns might not be as high as solar.



P a g e | 101

8. The Gujarat Government should adopt the integration of smart

technologies and functions including information technology to

arrive at reliable, transparent, energy efficient and eco-friendly

solutions in cost effective manner. Such innovative technologies will

support us to integrate clean and renewable energy in urban

environment.

9. Gujarat should boost up the cultivation and production of non

edible oil seeds for biodiesel production. Some of the plants

especially Jatropha, can be grown in areas with low availability of

water and even in deserts. The wastelands across the entire state

could be used for cultivation.

10. The Gujarat government must introduce policies to increase the

production of ethanol. Surplus of sugar and molasses can be used to

produce ethanol which is nowadays exported the world market. The

sugar industry lobbied the government to embrace a bio-ethanol

programme for several years. The industry emphasised that

producing fuel ethanol would absorb the sugar surplus and help the

country's distillery sector, which is presently burdened with huge

overcapacity, and also allow value adding to by-products,

particularly molasses.

11. The NRC (National Regulatory Commission) should vigilantly and

proactively enforce its current regulations and encourage a strong

safety culture to reduce the risk of significant operating events that

can lead to extensive plant shutdowns. The Energy Department, in

collaboration with the NRC, should also create a new research and

development program in nuclear engineering to provide the

advanced tools needed to analyze the safety of reactor designs,

fuels, siting options, etc. This would allow the NRC to independently

analyze new reactor designs with the expectation that such an

approach can lead to transparently safer and less costly projects.



P a g e | 102

12. As part of this effort, to address labor force needs, the state

government should fund university nuclear engineering programs

through the Energy Department; grants should include direct

funding to support research at both the undergraduate and graduate

level.

13. The new administration should encourage public investments in low

carbon-emitting electric generation alternatives, including new

nuclear power plants.

14. The Recommendations call for the role of hydropower needs to be

further advanced by:

Catalyzing improvements in water security and management

Nurturing the development of multi-purpose water infrastructure

and use

Strengthening and expanding regional power transmission systems

Promoting and utilising knowledge on climate-change mitigation

and adaptation

Ensuring that project impact assessment and related management

plans are responsibly implemented

Encouraging an appropriate approach among riparian states and

strengthening relations between them

Prioritising the delivery of benefits to affected communities

Promoting the distribution of water and energy services to local

areas

15. Gujarat is primarily dependent on Coal to meet its energy demands.

But the state being an importer of coal due to lack of coal mines in

the state, must improve upon its storage and transportation facilities

in order to optimize the cost per unit of energy produced from it.



P a g e | 103

16. As thermal power plants are using coal as a fuel for generation of

electricity, it is leaving behind massive amount of fly ash and

bottom ash. Therefore it should be used and managed in more

efficient manner so that environmental impact can be reduced.

17. The lignite used for power generation has high sulphur content,

therefore more efficient technologies need to be adopted to

safeguard against the harmful effects of sulphur in the environment.

Moreover mining of lignite has a damaging effect on local flora,

fauna and hydrological regimes, these effects need to be controlled

and reduced by proper planning and continuous monitoring.

18. During onshore oil and gas production, it is recommended to drill

multiple wells from a single location to minimize damages to the

surface. Moreover using environmentally sound chemicals to

stimulate well production and restoring the surface as nearly as

possible to pre-drilling conditions, can reduce subsurface

environmental effects in a more efficient manner.

19. Most oil spills occur primarily during transportation, mostly

involving the tankers that are used to move oil from where it is

produced to where consumers need it. For this problem it is

recommended to constitute a state level committee for continuous

monitoring along the coastline of Gujarat state with the help of

coast gaurds and also taking necessary actions. This committee

should also work towards formulation of an Emergency Response

Plan in case of such events.

20. Sulphur Recovery plants be made mandatory in all existing

refineries across the state. The government must also aid the

installments in setting up state of art effluent treatment plants and

services for protection of environment. The discharge of water into

the water streams must be continuously monitored and regulated by

a state specific agency.



P a g e | 104

21. In rural areas, deforestation and usage of fire wood needs to be

reduced as minimum as possible and it should be substituted by

cleaner fuels like biogas and gober gas etc. Also villagers should be

motivated for using solar cooker.

22. Some awareness program is needed for villagers and rural families

to start the plantation of Jatropha for the production of Bio-Fuels

and also for the earning of villagers. Such plantation will impact

positively on rural families, revitalize unproductive land, and

generate carbon credits in the state and other significant revenues

by offsetting the social costs of fossil fuels.

23. Appliances and Equipments represent one of the fastest growing

energy loads in the state. To save the energy the recommended

actions are as following:

a. Mandatory energy performance requirements or labels on

appliances and equipments

b. Low Power modes; Stand-by modes for electronic and networked

equipment

c. Energy performance tests, standards and measurement protocols

d. Best practice lighting and the phase-out of incandescent bulbs

e. Ensuring least cost lighting in non-residential buildings and the

phase-out of inefficient fuel-based lighting

24. The Transport sector consumes around 60% of the total oil

consumed. Fuel efficient tyres, mandatory fuel efficiency standards

for light duty vehicles, fuel economy of heavy duty vehicles are

some of the recommended practices that could be imposed in order

to mitigate the harmful effects on the environment.

25. Governments should facilitate private sector’s involvement in energy

efficiency investments by:

Adopting and publicizing to the private sector, a common energy

efficiency savings' verification and measurement protocol, to reduce



P a g e | 105

existing uncertainties in quantifying the benefits of energy efficiency

investments and stimulate increased private sector involvement.

Encouraging financial institutions to train their staff and develop

evaluation criteria and financial tools for energy efficiency projects.

Reviewing their current subsidies and fiscal incentive programmes

to create more favourable grounds for private energy efficiency

investments.

Collaborating with the private financial sector to establish public-

private

tools to facilitate energy efficiency financing.

Promoting risk mitigation instruments, such as securitisation or

public-privatepartnerships.

Putting in place institutional frameworks to ensure regular co-

operation and exchanges on energy efficiency issues between the

public sector and financial institutions

26. Vehicular exhausts contain fine and ultra fine particles that are very

harmful. Therefore exposure to exhaust fumes must be tried to be

kept at minimum level and it must be made mandatory to switch

over to cleaner fuels like CNG/LPG. The Gujarat government has

already taken a very bold step in switching all existing vehicles to

cleaner fuel based vehicles but the number of CNG/LPG pumps

needs to be increased to meet with the increasing demand of cleaner

fuels.

27. Health effects in the ongoing development and implementation of

monitoring, data analysis, modeling, predictions and reporting, R&D

needs to be collaborated.

28. It is recommended to conduct various awareness campaigns and

programs for the society; the ultimate user of the Energy, with

respect to following:

For judicious use of Electricity

For efficient usage and management of fossil fuels



P a g e | 106

For switching over to alternative fuels from conventional fuels

For various types of pollution caused by energy production and

consumption and its impacts on human health

For encouraging the use of renewable energy resources like solar

cooker for cooking, solar lightings, wind farms etc.

For more plantation and also to reduce deforestation

For increasing use of public transport rather than using private

vehicles


(ENERGY SECTOR)

GUJARAT

REFERENCES

References


P a g e | 107

References

1. Gujarat Energy Development Agency, 2010-11 – Annual Report

2. Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission, 2009-10 – Annual Report

3. Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission, 2010-11 – Annual Report

4. Central Pollution Control Board, 2007

– Alternative Transport Fuels – An Overview

5. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, 2009 – Annual Report

6. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, 2010 – Master Plans for Development of

Waste-to-Energy in India

7. Ministry of Coal, 2010 – Coal Directory of India

8. Ministry of Coal, 2006-2011 – Annual Report

9. Ministry of Environment and Forests, various years – Annual Reports

10. Ministry of Road, Transport and Highway, 2011

– Road Transport Year Book 2007-2009

11. Tata Energy Research Institute, Biomass Fuels, Indoor Air Pollution and

Health, A Multidisciplinary Multi-Center Study

12. Tata Energy Research Institute, Health Risks and Cost Effective Interventions for

Indoor Air Pollution

13. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, 2009-11 – Annual Report

14. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Various Reports

15. Geological Survey of India, Maps

16. Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited, various years – Annual Report

17. Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited, Report of SSNNL.

18. Tata Energy Research Institute, 2011 – Annual Report (TEDDY – 2011)

19. Hand book of Energy Audit and Environment Management, 2009, TERI

Publication, New Delhi

20. Socio-Economic Review, Gujarat State 2007-08; February 2008; Directorate of

Economic and Statistics; Government of Gujarat; Gandhinagar

21. State Of Environment Report of Maharashtra

22. State Of Environment Report of Tamil Nadu,

23. State Of Environment Report of Punjab

References


P a g e | 108

24. State Of Environment Report of Delhi

25. State Of Environment Report of Rajasthan

26. State Of Environment Report of Andra Pradesh

27. State Of Environment Report of Gujarat

28. State Of Environment Report of India

29. Determination Of Impact On Health And Vegetation Due To Air Pollution, NIOH,

2003, Central Pollution Control Board Sponsored by World Bank Aided Training

Program

30. Evaluation Study On National Project On Biogas Development Programme, May

2002, Planning Commission, Government Of India, New Delhi

31. Study On Traffic And Transportation Policies And Strategies In Urban Areas

In India,2008, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi

32. Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment Of Iron Ore Mining In Bellary-Hospet

Region, 2004, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur

33. National Environmental Health Profile And Comparative Health Risk Assessment,

2004-05, National Institute of Occupational Hazard Sponsored By WHO Through

Ministry Of Environment & Forests, New Delhi

34. From sunlight to Electricity, 2010, TERI Publication, New Delhi

35. Biofuels towards a greener and secure energy future, 2009,

TERI Publication, New Delhi

36. Production and Technology of Bio-Diesel, seeding a challenge, 2009,

TERI Publication, New Delhi

37. Environmental threats, vulnerability and adaptation, Case study from India,

2009, TERI Publication, New Delhi

38. Action Plans Of Various Cities In Gujarat; Ahmedabad; Vadodara; Surat;

Jamnagar; Bhavnagar; Rajkot; Vapi; Ankleshwar; Etc, Gujarat Pollution

Control Board

39. Cities Steering towards sustainability, 2010, TERI Publication, New Delhi

40. Compendium Of Environment Statistics India, 2010, Central Statistics Office,

Ministry Of Statistics And Programme Implementation, Government Of India

41. Comprehensive environmental Pollution Index, 2009, Central Pollution

Control Board,New Delhi

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