9/25/2014 List of galaxies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_galaxies 1/32 The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field shows over 10,000 galaxies in a mere 0.000024% of the sky. Hubble image of Abell 68. [1] List of galaxies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The following is a list of notable galaxies. There are about 50 galaxies in our Local Group (see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list), on the order of 100,000 in our Local Supercluster and an estimated number of about 170 billion in all of the observable universe. The discovery of the nature of galaxies as distinct from other nebulae (interstellar clouds) was made in the 1920s. The first attempts at systematic catalogues of galaxies were made in the 1960s the Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies listing 29,418 galaxies and galaxy clusters, and with the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, a putatively complete list of galaxies with photographic magnitude above 15 comprising 30,642 items. In the 1980s, the Lyons Groups of Galaxies listed 485 galaxy groups with 3,933 member galaxies. Galaxy Zoo is a project aiming at a more comprehensive list; launched in 2007 it catalogued some 50 million galaxies by 2011 (some 0.03% of the estimated total). There is no universal naming convention for galaxies, as they are mostly catalogued before it is established whether the object is or isn't a galaxy. Mostly they are identified by their celestial coordinates together with the name of the observing project (HUDF, SDSS, 3C, CFHQS, NGC/IC, etc.) Contents 1 Named galaxies 2 Naked-eye galaxies 3 Observational firsts 4 Prototypes 5 Closest and most distant galaxies by type 5.1 Closest galaxies 5.2 Farthest galaxies 6 Galaxies by brightness and power
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9/25/2014 List of galaxies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field showsover 10,000 galaxies in a mere0.000024% of the sky.
Hubble image of Abell 68.[1]
List of galaxiesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The following is a list of notable galaxies.
There are about 50 galaxies in our Local Group (see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list), on the order of100,000 in our Local Supercluster and an estimated number of about 170 billion in all of the observable universe.
The discovery of the nature of galaxies as distinct from other nebulae (interstellar clouds) was made in the 1920s.The first attempts at systematic catalogues of galaxies were made in the 1960s the Catalogue of Galaxies andClusters of Galaxies listing 29,418 galaxies and galaxy clusters, and with the Morphological Catalogue ofGalaxies, a putatively complete list of galaxies with photographic magnitude above 15 comprising 30,642 items.In the 1980s, the Lyons Groups of Galaxies listed 485 galaxy groups with 3,933 member galaxies. Galaxy Zoo isa project aiming at a more comprehensive list; launched in 2007 it catalogued some 50 million galaxies by 2011(some 0.03% of the estimated total).
There is no universal naming convention for galaxies, as they are mostly catalogued before it is establishedwhether the object is or isn't a galaxy. Mostly they are identified by their celestial coordinates together with thename of the observing project (HUDF, SDSS, 3C, CFHQS, NGC/IC, etc.)
Contents
1 Named galaxies2 Naked-eye galaxies3 Observational firsts4 Prototypes5 Closest and most distant galaxies by type
7 Galaxies by mass and density8 Field galaxies9 Interacting galaxies
9.1 Galaxy mergers10 Galaxies with some other notable feature11 Objects mistakenly identified as galaxies12 Lists of galaxies13 See also14 Notes15 References16 External links
Named galaxies
This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.
Galaxy Constellation Origin of name Notes
Black EyeGalaxy
ComaBerenices
It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust infront of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to itsnicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.
Bode'sGalaxy Ursa Major
Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered thisgalaxy in 1774.
CartwheelGalaxy Sculptor
Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spokedcartwheel.
CigarGalaxy Ursa Major Appears similar in shape to a cigar.
CometGalaxy Sculptor
This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance,looking like a comet.
The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster,Abell 2667.
This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered thisring galaxy.
It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ringgalaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.
LargeMagellanicCloud
Dorado/Mensa Named after Ferdinand MagellanThis is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pairwith the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of theMilky Way system of satellites at all.
SmallMagellanicCloud
Tucana Named after Ferdinand Magellan This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may notbe part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
Mayall'sObject Ursa Major
This is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the LickObservatory, who discovered it.[2][3][4]
Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar lookingobject, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxiesundergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ringshape.
PinwheelGalaxy Ursa Major Similar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy).
SombreroGalaxy Virgo Similar in appearance to a sombrero.
SunflowerGalaxy
CanesVenatici
TadpoleGalaxy Draco
The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxyto a tadpole.
This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidaltail.
WhirlpoolGalaxy
CanesVenatici
From the whirlpool appearance this gravitationallydisturbed galaxy exhibits.
Naked-eye galaxies
This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked-eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high inaltitude, during clear and stable weather.
0 (centre) Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance.[5]
LargeMagellanicCloud
0.9 160 kly(50 kpc) Dorado/Mensa
Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in thesky.[5][6][7]
SmallMagellanicCloud (NGC292)
2.7 200 kly(60 kpc) Tucana Visible only from the southern hemisphere.[5][8]
AndromedaGalaxy (M31,NGC 224)
3.4 2.5 Mly(780 kpc) Andromeda Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.[5][9]
Omega Centauri(NGC5139) 3.7 18 kly
(5.5 kpc) Centaurus
Once thought to be a star and later a globular cluster, Omega Centauri was confirmed ashaving a black hole at its center and thus its status has been changed to being a dwarf galaxyas of April 2010.[10]
This is still debated.[11]
TriangulumGalaxy (M33,NGC 598)
5.7 2.9 Mly (900kpc) Triangulum
Being a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of lightpollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult avertedvision object in rural/suburban skies.[12]
Centaurus A(NGC 5128) 7.8
13.7 ±0.9 Mly (4.2± 0.3 Mpc)
Centaurus Centaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara[13]
Bode's Galaxy(M81, NGC3031)
7.89 12 Mly(3.6 Mpc) Ursa Major
Highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptionalobserving conditions.[14][15][16]
Sculptor Galaxy(NGC 253) 8.0
11.4 ±0.7 Mly (3.5± 0.2 Mpc)
SculptorAccording to Brian A. Skiff, the naked-eye visibility of this galaxy is discussed in an oldSky & Telescope letter or note from the late 1960s or early 1970s.[17]
Messier 83(NGC 5236) 8.2 14.7 Mly
(4.5 Mpc) Hydra M83 has reportedly been seen with the naked eye.[18]
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy is not listed, because it is not discernible as being a separate galaxy in the sky.
Observational firsts
First Galaxy Constellation Year Notes
First galaxy
Milky WayGalaxy &AndromedaGalaxy
Sagittarius (centre)& Andromeda
1923
Edwin Hubble determined the distance to the Andromeda Nebula, and found that it couldnot be part of the Milky Way, so defining that Milky Way was not the entire universe, andmaking the two separate objects, and two galaxies. However, the first galaxies seen wouldbe all of the naked-eye galaxies, but they were not identified as such until the 20th century.
First radio galaxy Cygnus A Cygnus 1952 Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy,being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.[19]
First quasar 3C2733C48
VirgoTriangulum
19621960
3C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the firstquasar. 3C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by othersconsidered the first quasar.
First Seyfertgalaxy
NGC 1068(M77) Cetus 1908 The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908, however,
Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.[20]
First low-surface-brightness galaxy Malin 1 Coma Berenices 1986 Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in
1976.[21]
First radio galaxy Cygnus A Cygnus 1951 [22]
First discoveredobject, lateridentified to be acannibalizedgalaxy
OmegaCentauri Centaurus 1677
Omega Centauri is considered the core of a disrupted dwarf spheroidal galaxy cannibalizedby the Milky Way, and was originally catalogued in 1677 as a nebula. It is currentlycatalogued as a globular cluster.
First superluminalgalactic jet 3C279 Virgo 1971 The jet is emitted by a quasar
First superluminaljet from a Seyfert III Zw 2 Pisces[23] 2000 [24]
First spiral galaxy WhirlpoolGalaxy Canes Venatici 1845 Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing the
This is a list of galaxies that became prototypes for a class of galaxies.
Prototype GalaxiesClass Galaxy Constellation Date Notes
BL Lac object BL Lacertae (BLLac) Lacerta
This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are consideredBL Lac objects.
Hoag-type Galaxy Hoag's Object SerpensCaput
This is the prototype Hoag-type Ring Galaxy
Giant LSB galaxy Malin 1 ComaBerenices
1986 [26]
FR II radio galaxy(double-lobed radiogalaxy)
Cygnus A Cygnus 1951 [27]
Closest and most distant galaxies by type
Title Galaxy Constellation Distance NotesClosestneighbouringgalaxy
Canis Major Dwarf Canis Major 0.025 Mly Discovered in 2003, a satellite of the Milky Way, slowly being cannibalized by it.
Most distantgalaxy UDFj-39546284 Fornax z=11.9 ??
With an estimated distance of about 13.2 billion light-years (comoving distance), it isannounced as the oldest and farthest astronomical object known. In late 2012, thedistance was revised from z=10.3 to 11.9,[28][29] however recent re-analyses suggest itis likely to be at much lower redshift.[30]
Closestquasar 3C 273 Virgo z=0.158 First identified quasar, this is the most commonly accepted nearest quasar.
Most distantquasar ULAS J1120+0641 Leo z=7.085 Discovered in June 29, 2011 via UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey; first quasar
Cigar Galaxy (M82,Arp 337/APG 337, 3C231, Ursa Major A)
Ursa Major 3.2 Mpc [37][38]
Most distantstarburstgalaxy
SPT 0243-49 z= 5.698 [39][40]
Closest galaxies
5 Closest GalaxiesRank Galaxy Distance Notes1 Milky Way Galaxy 0 This is our galaxy, we are part of it.2 Omega Centauri 0.0183 Mly3 Canis Major Dwarf 0.025 Mly4 Virgo Stellar Stream 0.030 Mly5 Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy 0.081 Mly6 Large Magellanic Cloud 0.163 Mly
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.
Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Nearest Galaxies by TypeTitle Galaxy Date Distance Notes
Nearest galaxy Milky Way always 0 This is our galaxyNearest galaxy to our own Canis Major Dwarf 2003 0.025 MlyNearest dwarf galaxy Canis Major Dwarf 2003 0.025 MlyNearest large galaxy to our own Andromeda Galaxy always 2.54 Mly First identified as a separate galaxy in 1923Nearest giant galaxy Centaurus A 12 Mly
Nearest Neighbouring Galaxy Title-holderGalaxy Date Distance Notes
Large MagellanicCloud antiquity − 1994 0.163 Mly This is the upper bound, as it is nearest galaxy observable with the naked-eye.
Small MagellanicCloud 1913–1914 This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the
distance to SMC using Cepheid variables. In 1914, he did it for LMC.Andromeda Galaxy 1923 This was the first galaxy determined to be not part of the Milky Way.
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.
Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Omega Centauri does not appear on this list because is not currently considered a galaxy, per se, it is considered a former galaxy, and all thatremains of one that was cannibalized by the Milky Way.
Most Remote Galaxies by TypeTitle Galaxy Date Redshift Notes
Candidate most remotegalaxy (photometricredshift)
UDFj-39546284 2011 z=11.9(?)This was proposed to be the remotest object known at time of discovery. In late 2012, itsdistance was revised from z=10.3 to 11.9,[28][29] however recent re-analyses suggest it islikely to be at much lower redshift.[30]
Most remote galaxywith spectroscopicredshift
Z8 GND 5296 2013 z=7.51 [41]
Most remote quasar ULASJ1120+0641 2011 z=7.085 This is the undisputed most remote quasar of any type, and the first with a redshift
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
Most Remote Galaxy Record-holdersGalaxy Date Redshift Notes
Z8 GND 5296 2013 − 2014 z=7.51 [41]
SXDF-NB1006-2 2012 − 2013 z=7.215 [44]
GN-108036 2012 − 2012 z=7.213 [45]
BDF-3299 2012 − 2013 z=7.109 [46]
IOK-1 2006 − 2010 z=6.96This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2009, gamma ray burst GRB090423 was discovered at z=8.2, taking the title of most distant object. The next galaxy tohold the title also succeeded GRB 090423, that being UDFy-38135539.[47][48][49]
SDF J132522.3+273520 2005 − 2006 z=6.597 This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[49][50]
SDF J132418.3+271455 2003 − 2005 z=6.578This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[50][51][52][53]
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[50][51][52][53]
HCM-6A 2002 − 2003 z=6.56
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxycluster Abell 370. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 ofz=6.28[51][52][54][55][56][57]
SSA22−HCM1 1999 − 2002 z=5.74
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasar SDSSpJ104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in theuniverse known. This was followed by another quasar, SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28[58][59]
HDF 4-473.0 1998 − 1999 z=5.60 This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.[59]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1) 1998 z=5.34 This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object foundbeyond redshift 5.[59][60][61][62][63]
CL 1358+62 G1 &CL 1358+62 G2 1997 − 1998 z=4.92
These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies werefound lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in theuniverse. It exceeded the mark set by quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.897[59][61][62][64][65][66]
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[66] That list is available at list of quasars.
8C 1435+63 1994 − 1997 z=4.25
This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.73,discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy tohold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, thatwas found beyond redshift 4.[59][67][68][69]
4C 41.17 1990 − 1994 z=3.792This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1158+4635, discovered in1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasar PC 1247-3406,became the most remote object known, at z=4.897[59][68][69][70][71]
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6B0902+3419, B20902+34)
1988 − 1990 z=3.395
This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasar Q0051-279 at z=4.43, discoveredin 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasar PC 1158+4635 wasdiscovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxydiscovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift2.[59][71][72][73][74]
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at
3C 256 1984 − 1988 z=1.819 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, atz=3.78, found in 1982.[59][75]
3C 241 1984 z=1.617 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, atz=3.78, found in 1982.[76][77]
3C 324 1983 − 1984 z=1.206 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, atz=3.78, found in 1982.[59][76][78]
3C 65 1982 − 1983 z=1.176 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53,found in 1974. In 1982, quasar PKS 2000-330 at z=3.78 became the most remote object.
3C 368 1982 z=1.132 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53,found in 1974.[59]
3C 252 1981 − 1982 z=1.105 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53,found in 1974.
3C 6.1 1979 - z=0.840 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53,found in 1974.[59][79]
3C 318 1976 - 0.752This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53,found in 1974.[59]
3C 411 1975 - 0.469 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53,found in 1974.[59]
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[66] That list is available at list of quasars.
3C 295 1960 - z=0.461
This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of itsredshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until1997. In 1964, quasar 3C 147 became the most distant object in the universeknown.[59][66][80][81][82]
LEDA 25177(MCG+01-23-008) 1951 − 1960 z=0.2
(V=61000 km/s)
This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08h 55m 4s +03° 21′and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO732).[59][82][83][84][85][86][87][88]
LEDA 51975
(MCG+05-34-069)1936 - z=0.13
(V=39000 km/s)
The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy atB1950.0 14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humasonin 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[86][89][90]
(MCG+05-34-069) (V=39000 km/s) in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[86][89][90]
LEDA 20221(MCG+06-16-021) 1932 - z=0.075
(V=23000 km/s)This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07h 05m 0s
+35° 04′[89][91]
BCG of WMHChristie's Leo Cluster 1931 − 1932 z=
(V=19700 km/s)[91][92][93][94]
BCG of Baede's UrsaMajor Cluster 1930 − 1931 z=
(V=11700 km/s)[94][95]
NGC 4860 1929 − 1930 z=0.026(V=7800 km/s)
[96][97]
NGC 7619 1929 z=0.012(V=3779 km/s)
Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. Atthe time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however,later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to aseachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.[96][98][99]
NGC 584 (Dreyernebula 584) 1921 − 1929 z=0.006
(V=1800 km/s)
At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923,galaxies were generally recognized as external to the MilkyWay.[86][96][98][100][101][102][103]
M104 (NGC 4594) 1913 − 1921 z=0.004(V=1180 km/s)
This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda -which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both weremeasured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted asindependent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[96][100][103]
M81
antiquity - 20thcentury
antiquity- 1913(based onredshift)antiquity
11.8 Mly(z=-0.10)
This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked-eye. It is 12million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it's movingtoward us faster than cosmological expansion.
Messier 101 1930 - Using the pre-1950s Cepheid measurements, M101 was one of the most distant someasured.
Triangulum Galaxy 1924–1930 In 1924, Edwin Hubble announced the distance to M33 Triangulum.Andromeda Galaxy 1923–1924 In 1923, Edwin Hubble measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question of
whether or not there were galaxies, or if everything was in the Milky Way.
Small Magellanic Cloud 1913–1923 This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measuresthe distance to SMC using Cepheid variables.
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
quasars and other AGN are not included on this list, since they are only galactic cores, unless the host galaxy was observed when it was most distant
[59]
A1689-zD1, discovered in 2008, with z=7.6, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
Abell 68 c1 and Abell 2219 c1, discovered in 2007, with z=9, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed.[104]
IOK4 and IOK5, discovered in 2007, with z=7, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
Abell 1835 IR1916, discovered in 2004, with z=10.0, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed. Some follow-upobservations have failed to find the object at all.
STIS 123627+621755, discovered in 1999, with z=6.68, does not appear on this list because its redshift was based on an erroneous interpretation
of an oxygen emission line as a hydrogen emission line.[105][106][107]
BR1202-0725 LAE, discovered in 1998 at z=5.64 does not appear on the list because it was not definitively pinned. BR1202-0725 (QSO 1202-07)
refers to a quasar that the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy is near. The quasar itself lies at z=4.6947[60][63]
BR2237-0607 LA1 and BR2237-0607 LA2 were found at z=4.55 while investigating around the quasar BR2237-0607 in 1996. Neither of these
appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The quasar itself lies at z=4.558[108][109]
Two absorption dropouts in the spectrum of quasar BR 1202-07 (QSO 1202-0725, BRI 1202-0725, BRI1202-07) were found, one in early 1996,another later in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The early one was at z=4.38,
the later one at z=4.687, the quasar itself lies at z=4.695[59][110][111][112][113]
In 1986, a gravitationally lensed galaxy forming a blue arc was found lensed by galaxy cluster CL 2224-02 (C12224 in some references).
However, its redshift was only determined in 1991, at z=2.237, by which time, it would no longer be the most distant galaxy known.[114][115]
An absorption drop was discovered in 1985 in the light spectrum of quasar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21 This does not appear on the list because itwas not definitively fixed down. At the time, it was claimed to be the first non-QSO galaxy found beyond redshift 3. The quasar itself is at
z=3.197[59][116]
In 1975, 3C 123 was incorrectly determined to lie at z=0.637 (actually z=0.218)[117][118]
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe was held by a succession of quasars.[66] That list is available at list of quasars.
In 1958, cluster Cl 0024+1654 and Cl 1447+2619 were estimated to have redshifts of z=0.29 and z=0.35 respectively. However, no galaxy was
Title Galaxy Data NotesApparently brightest galaxy Baby Boom Galaxy Starburst galaxy located in the very distant universe.Intrinsically brightestgalaxy Absolute magnitude Markarian 231 is the most luminous nearby galaxy (~590 Mly;
Absolute magnitude-6.75 This does not include dark galaxies.
Lowest surface brightnessgalaxy Andromeda IX
Visually brightest galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud Apparent magnitude0.6
This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with highapparent brightness.
Galaxies by mass and density
Title Galaxy Data Notes
Least massive galaxy Segue 2 ~150,000 MSunThis is not considered a star cluster, as it is held together by the gravitational effects ofdark matter rather than just the mutual attraction of the constituent stars, gas and blackholes.[119][120]
Most massive galaxy ESO 146-IG 005 ~30×1012 MSun Central galaxy in Abell 3827, 1.4 Gly distant.[121][122]
Most dense galaxy M60-UCD1[123] This is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy[124] near Messier 60,[125] and is suspected tobe the stripped core remnant of a much larger galaxy.[126]
Least dense galaxyMost massive spiralgalaxy ISOHDFS 27 1.04 × 1012 MSun The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591[127]
Least massive galaxywith globular cluster(s) Andromeda I [128]
Milky Way GalaxyLarge MagellanicCloudSmall MagellanicCloud
The Magellanic Clouds are being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the Magellanic Streamdrawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and the Magellanic Bridge drawing material from the clouds to ourgalaxy.
Messier 51 (Arp85)
WhirlpoolGalaxy(NGC 5194,M51a)NGC 5195(M51b)
The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating its grand design spiralgalaxy architecture.
M81 These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters.
The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.[130]
The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.[130]
NGC 6872 and IC4970
NGC 6872IC 4970
NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with a grand design spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiralarchitecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.
Tadpole Galaxy The Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with along tidal tail.
galaxies in non-merger significant collisionGalaxies Data Notes
Arp 299 (NGC 3690 & IC 694) These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.
galaxies disrupted post significant non-merger collisionsGalaxies Data Notes
Mayall's Object This is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.
galaxies undergoing near-equal mergerGalaxies Data Notes
Antennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy,NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244)
2galaxies Two spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese TwinsGalaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568)
2galaxies Two spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.
Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, NGC4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC820, Arp 242)
2galaxies Two spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.
NGC 520 2galaxies Two spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 &IC 2163)
2galaxies These are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090& NGC 5091)
2galaxies These two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.
NGC 7318 (Arp 319, NGC 7318A &NGC 7318B)
2galaxies These are two starting to collide
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702 4galaxies
These four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process ofmerging.[131]
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377 z=3.03This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a largergalaxy cluster.[132][133]
recently merged galaxies of near-equalsGalaxy Data Notes
Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240, IC 4625) This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.
galaxies undergoing disintegration by cannibalizationDisintegrating Galaxy Consuming Galaxy Notes
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy Milky Way Galaxy The Monoceros Ring is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.Virgo Stellar Stream Milky Way Galaxy This is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy Milky Way Galaxy M54 is thought to the be core of this dwarf galaxy.
objects considered destroyed galaxiesDefunctGalaxy Galaxy Notes
OmegaCentauri
Milky WayGalaxy
This is now categorized a globular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy thatthe Milky Way cannibalized.[10]
Mayall II AndromedaGalaxy
This is now categorized a globular cluster of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy thatAndromeda cannibalized.
Galaxies with some other notable feature
Galaxy name Distance Constellation Property NotesM82 Ursa Major Also called the Cigar Galaxy. This is the prototype starburst galaxy.
M87 VirgoThis is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the LocalSupercluster[134]
M102 Draco (Ursa Major)This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate beingNGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Othercandidates have also been suggested.
NGC 2770 Lynx"SupernovaFactory"
NGC 2770 is referred to as the "Supernova Factory" due to three recentsupernovae occurring within it.
NGC 3314 (NGC3314a and NGC3314b)
Hydraexact visualalignment
This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate anddistinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.
"tail"
Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas bythe pressure of the intracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversalthrough the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star
ESO 137-001 Triangulum Australe feature formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of agalaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head beingthe galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.[135][136][137][138]
Comet Galaxy Sculptor
interactingwith agalaxycluster
Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped ofstars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having theappearance of a comet.
OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be muchcloser than 4C 37.11's pair.
SDSSJ150636.30+540220.9("SDSS J1506+54")
z=0.608 Boötes15h 06m 36.30s+54° 02′ 20.9″
Mostefficientstarproduction
Most extreme example in the list of moderate-redshift galaxies with the highestdensity starbursts yet observed found in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorerdata (Diamond-Stanic et al. 2012).[139]
IC 1101Mostexpansivegalaxy
5–6 million light-years (close to 2 Mpc) across
Malin 1
1.1billionlightyears
Coma BerenicesLargestspiralgalaxy
650,000 light years (200 Kpc) across; first discovered giant low-surface-brightnessgalaxy
Objects mistakenly identified as galaxies
"Galaxy" Object Data NotesG350.1-0.3 Supernova remnant Due to its unusual shape, it was originally misidentified as a galaxy.
Local GroupList of nearest galaxiesList of polar-ring galaxiesList of spiral galaxiesList of quasars
See also
Notes
GalaxyGalaxy groups and clusters
List of galaxy clustersIllustris projectLocal GroupLocal SuperclusterMilky Way GalaxySupercluster
List of galaxy superclusters
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