Electric ChargeNur Islami

Publication Presenter in International & National Conferences

1. Nur Islami, 2015, Delineation of Heavy Metal Zone in Aquifer System Using Geoelectrical Resistivity and Hydrogeochemical Methods, Seoul International Conference on Engineering and Applied Science, January 08-10, 2015 in Seoul, SOUTH KOREA

2. Nur Islami, 2014, Searching groundwater in the fractured zone, The 7th AUN/SEED-Net Geological Engineering Conference (AGEC) and The 2nd AUN/SEED-Net Natural Disaster Conference (ANDC), 29 - 30, September, 2014, Yangon, MYANMAR

3. Nur Islami, 2013, Subsurface geomorphology of the North Kelantan Plain, as revealed by geoelectrical resistivity surveys, The 8th IAG International Conference on Geomorphology, 27-31 Augt 2013, Paris, FRANCE

4. Nur Islami, Well log analysis and seismic interpretation for prospect mapping of reservoir X, International Conference on Geological Engineering (ICGE2013), 11-12 dec 2013, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

5. Nur Islami, 2013, Fractured Groundwater Investigation, The 5th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Geological Engineering, 15-16 January 2013, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

6. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2012, Geoelectrical Resistivity and Soil Property Analysis Methods for Slope Investigation, 5th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Geo-Disaster Mitigation in ASEAN , 6-7 September 2012, Manila, PHILIPPINES

Publication Presenter in International & National Conferences

7. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2012, Deliniation of Potential Aquifer System in the Shallow Basement Area, The 4th Geological Engineering Conference, 12-13 March 2012, Vientiane, LAOS.

8. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2011, Identification of heavy metal in groundwat, The 4th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Geo-Disaster Mitigation in ASEAN, 25-26 Oct 2011, Phuket, THAILAND

9. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2011, Groundwater mapping in coastal plain, North Kelantan, Malaysia, International Conference on Basic Science, 7-18 February 2011, Malang, INDONESIA

10. Nur Islami and Samsudin bin Hj Taib, 2010. Survey For Iron Ore Resource. The 3rd Regional Conference on Geological Engineering Research in ASEAN Sustainable Geological Education 25-27th, November 2010, Siem Reap, CAMBODIA

11. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2010, High-resolution imaging of the groundwater mapping with geoelectrical resistivity tomography in coastal plain. North Kelantan Malaysia, International Symposium on a Robust and Resilient Society against Natural Hazards & Environmental Disasters and the third AUN/Seed-Net Regional Conference on Geo-Disaster Mitigation August 24-26, 2010, Kyoto, JAPAN

Publication Presenter in International & National Conferences

12. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2010, Time Lapse Monitoring of Chemical Content in Agricultural Sandy Soil, Machang Malaysia. International Symposium on a Robust and Resilient Society against Natural Hazards & Environmental Disasters and the third AUN/Seed-Net Regional Conference on Geo-Disaster Mitigation August 24-26, 2010, Kyoto, JAPAN

13. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2010, High-resolution imaging of the groundwater potentials with geoelectrical resistivity tomography in fluvial deposit, Machang. Kelantan Malaysia, National Gescience Conference 2010, 11-12 June 2010, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

14. Nor Liana Ab Razak, Ismail Yusoff , Nur Islami, 2010. Estimation of baseflow index for the upper Langat river catchment, Selangor, Malaysia. National Geoscience Conference 2010. 11-12 Jun 2010, Shah Alam. Geological Society of Malaysia. p. 92. Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

15. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2010, Geoelectrical ResistivityMethod Some Application in Hydrogeological and Environmental Work, Seminar Dan Rapat Tahunan Bidang MIPA, 10-11 May 2010, Pekanbaru, INDONESIA

Publication Presenter in International & National Conferences

16. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2010, Geoelectrical Resistivity and Hydrogeochemical Methods for Groundwater Investigation in the Agriculture Area: A Case Study from Machang Malaysia, International Symposium and The 2nd AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Geo-Disaster Mitigation in ASEAN. February, 25 26, 2010. Bali, INDONESIA

17. Nur Islami, 2009, Electrical Resistivity Method Some Application in Engineering and environment work, Earth Sciences International Conference, August 2009, Manila, PHILIPPINES.

18. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2009, The Subsurface Geoelectrical Profiling of Tawang and Pangkalan Chepa Area North Kelantan, Presenter, Eleventh Regional Congress on Geology, Mineral and Energy Resources of Southeast Asia (GEOSEA2009), 8 10 June 2009, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

19. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, Jun 2008, Geophysical and Hydrochemical Method for Groundwater Investigation in North Kelantan, Presenter, Seminar on Postgraduate month Geology University Malaya, MALAYSIA

Next Events (InsyaAllah)Research Collaboration with Kyoto

University, June 2015, Kyoto, JAPANModeling of subuction zone: Join Research

Group. Nov 2015, Utrech University, Amsterdam, NETHERLAND

International Journal (ISI-Cited)1. Nur Islami, Ismail Yusoff, Mahmud Khaki, 2013, Groundwater quality assessment of a fresh water wetland in the Selangor (Malaysia) using electrical resistivity and chemical analysis, In Press, Water Suply (Netherland)2. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, Azman Abdul Ghani, 2012, Integrated Geoelectrical Resistivity, Hydrogeochemical and Soil Properties Analysis Methods to Study Shallow Groundwater in the Agriculture Area, Machang, Malaysia, Environmental Earth Sciences. Volume 65, Issue 3 (2012), Page 699-712, (DOI 10.1007/s12665-011-1117-6). (German)3. Mohamad Faizal Tajul Baharuddin, Samsudin Taib, Roslan Hashim and Nur Islami Rahman, 2012, Assessment of seawater intrusion to the agricultural sustainability at the coastal area of Carey Island, Selangor, Malaysia, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Online First , 27 August 2012 (Saudi Arabia)4. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2011, Time-lapse Chemical Fertilizer Monitoring. International Journal Environmental Science Technology, Volume 8, No 4, 765-780 (USA)5. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2011, Delineation of Heavy Metal Zone Using Geoelectrical Resistivity and Hydrogeochemical Methods. Submitted to Water Research. 6. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, 2011, High Resolution of Subsurface Imaging in The Coastal Plain. Will be submitted to Coastal Research.

International Journal (SCOPUS-Cited)7. Nur Islami, 2010, Geolectrical resistivity and hydrogeochemical contrast between the area that has been applied with fertilization for long duration and non-fertilization, ITB J. Eng Sci., Vol.42, No. 2, 2010, 151-1658. Nur Islami, Samsudin Hj Taib, Ismail Yusoff, Azman Abdul Ghani, 2011, Integrated geoelectrical resistivity, hydrochemical and soil property analysis methods to study shallow groundwater in the agriculture area, Machang, Malaysia. Malaysia J. Science, 27(3):1-16.9. Azman A Ghani, Nur Islami, Sofian Azirun, Ramli M, Hashim R, Zainuddin Z, 2009, General Geology and Granite Geochemistry of the Kenaboi and Adjacent Area, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Science, 26, 343-351.10. Azman A Ghani, Nur Islami, Mohd Sofian Azirun, Rosli Ramli, Rosli Hashim, Zarith Aina Zainuddin, 2008, Geochemical contrast between Beroga (Kuala Kelawang pluton) and Semenyih (Kuala Lumpur pluton) granites in Kuala Kelawang area, Negeri Sembilan, Geological Society of Malaysia, Bulletin 54, November 2008, pp. 1-411. Nur Islami, 2010, Geolectrical Method for subsurface profiling comparison; Case study in Tawang and Sabak Area, North Kelantan - Malaysia, Jurnal Makara Seri Sain, April 201012. Nur Islami, 2011, Geoelectrical resistivity method for salt/brackish water mapping, Journal of Coastal Development, Volume 14, Number 2, Feb 2011: 105-115

National Journal (Indonesia-Cited)11. Nur Islami, 2010, Geolectrical Method for subsurface profiling comparison; Case study in Tawang and Sabak Area, North Kelantan - Malaysia, Jurnal Makara Seri Sain, April 201012. Nur Islami, 2011, Geoelectrical resistivity method for salt/brackish water mapping, Journal of Coastal Development, Volume 14, Number 2, Feb 2011: 105-115

13. Nur Islami, 2011, Groundwater assesment in agricultural area, Case study from Machang, malaysia, Journal Manusia dan Lingkungan, Volume 18, No 114. Nur Islami, 2008, Extraction of Physical Parameters of Reservoir for Lithology and Pore-Fluid Identification, 2008, Journal Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia, ISSN 14122960, Vol 6

International Consultant1. Seismic Interpretation, March-April 2011, Mine Ministry of Equatorial Guinea - AFRICA 2. Fractured Groundwater Investigation, Oct-Dec 2012Rapid PETRONAS, MALAYSIA3. Bedrock Survey, Dec 2012, AECOM (An USA Company based in Kuala Lumpur), MALAYSIA

Pre QuizesGeneral test on 3D shape and description

of exerted force.

Electricity in Nature Most dramatic natural

electrical phenomenon is lightning.

Static electricity (balloons, comb & paper, shock from a door knob)

Usesphotocopying, ink-jet printing

Demonstrations of ElectrostaticsBalloonGlass rod/silkPlastic rod/furElectroscopeVan de Graaf Generator

Glass Rod/Plastic Rod A glass rod rubbed with silk gets a positive charge. A plastic rod rubbed with fur gets a negative

charge. Suspend a charged glass rod from a thread, and

another charged glass rod repels it. A charged plastic rod, however, attracts it. This mysterious force is called the electric force. Many similar experiments of all kinds led Benjamin

Franklin (around 1750) to the conclusion that there are two types of charge, which he called positive and negative.

He also discovered that charge was not created by rubbing, but rather the charge is transferred from the rubbing material to the rubbed object, or vice versa.

Forces Between ChargesWe observe that

The same charges repel each other

Opposite charges attract each other

Electroscope This is a device that can visually show

whether it is charged with static electricity.

Here is an example charged positive. Notice that the charges collect near

the ends, and since like charges repel, they exert a force sideways.

You can make the deflection arm move by adding either positive or negative charge.

BUT, we seem to be able to make it move without touching it.

What is happening?

Positively

charged r

od

- - - - - -

Electrostatic Induction

The Atom We now know that all atoms are made of positive charges in the nucleus,

surrounded by a cloud of tiny electrons.

Proton

Electron

More accurate picture of the atomthe Helium atom

Proton charge e, electron charge ewhere e = 1.6021019 C

Neutron

The Atom We now know that all atoms are made of positive charges in the nucleus,

surrounded by a cloud of tiny electrons.

Proton

Electron

Proton charge e, electron charge ewhere e = 1.6021019 C

Neutron

Atoms are normally neutral, meaning that they have exactly the same number of protons as they do electrons.

The charges balance, and the atom has no net charge.

2. Which type of charge is easiest to remove from an atom?

A. ProtonB. Electron

The Atom

Proton charge e, electron charge ewhere e = 1.6021019 C

3. If we remove an electron, what is the net charge on the atom?

A. PositiveB. Negative

In fact, protons are VASTLY more difficult to remove, and for all practical purposes it NEVER happens except in radioactive materials. In this course, we will ignore this case. Only electrons can be removed.

If we cannot remove a proton, how do we ever make something charged negatively? By adding an extra electron.

Glass Rod/Plastic Rod Again We can now interpret what is happening with the

glass/plastic rod experiments. Glass happens to lose electrons easily, and silk

grabs them away from the glass atoms, so after rubbing the glass becomes positively charged and the silk becomes negatively charged.

Plastic has the opposite tendency. It easily grabs electrons from the fur, so that it becomes negatively charged while the fur becomes positively charged.

The ability to gain or lose electrons through rubbing is called Triboelectricity.

Tribo means rubbing

Triboelectric Seriesasbestos rabbit fur

glass hair

nylon wool silk

paper cotton

hard rubber synthetic rubber

polyester styrofoam

orlon saran

polyurethane polyethylene polypropylene

polyvinyl chloride (PVC pipe) teflon

silicone rubber

Most Positive(items on this end lose electrons)

Most Negative(items on this end steal electrons)

Conductor

Insulators and Conductors Both insulators and conductors can be charged. The difference is that

On an insulator charges are not able to move from place to place. If you charge an insulator, you are typically depositing (or removing) charges only from the surface, and they will stay where you put them.

On a conductor, charges can freely move. If you try to place charge on a conductor, it will quickly spread over the entire conductor.

Insulator

Insulators and Conductors4. Which of the following is a good

conductor of electricity?A. A plastic rod.B. A glass rod.C. A rock.D. A wooden stick.E. A metal rod.

Metals and Conduction Notice that metals are not only good electrical conductors, but they are also

good heat conductors, tend to be shiny (if polished), and are maleable (can be bent or shaped).

These are all properties that come from the ability of electrons to move easily.

Path of electronin a metal

This iron atom (26 protons, 26 electrons) has two electrons in its outer shell, which can move from one iron atom to the next in a metal.

Van de Graaf Generator Rubber band steals electrons from glass Glass becomes positively charged Rubber band carries electrons downward Positively charged glass continues to rotate Wire brush steals electrons from rubber band Positively charged glass steals electrons from upper brush Sphere (or soda can) becomes positively chargedto 20,000 volts!

Electric Force and Coulombs Law We can measure the force of attraction or repulsion between charges, call

them q1 and q2 (we will use the symbol q or Q for charge).

When we do that, we find that the force is proportional to the each of the charges, is inversely proportional to the distance between them, and is directed along the line between them (along r).

In symbols, the magnitude of the force is where k is some constant of proportionality.

This force law was first studied by Coulomb in 1785, and is called Coulombs Law. The constant k = 8.98755109 N m2/C2 is the Coulomb constant.

rq1 q2

q1 q2

221

rqqkF

Electric Force and Coulombs Law Although we can write down a vector form for the force, it is easier to

simply use the equation for the magnitude, and just use the like charges repel, opposites attract rule to figure out the direction of the force.

Note that the form for Coulombs Law is exactly the same as for gravitational force between two masses

Note also that the mass is an intrinsic property of matter. Likewise, charge is also an intrinsic property. We only know it exists, and can learn its properties, because of the force it exerts.

Because it makes other equations easier to write, Coulombs constant is actually written

where 0 = 8.851012 C2/N-m2 is called the permittivity constant.

221

rmmGF qm

kG Note BIG difference,There is only one sign

of mass, only attraction.

041k 2

21

041

rqqF

Full form of Coulombs Law

Sample ProblemFigure below show two positively charged

particles fixed in place on x axis. The charge are q1 = 1.6 x 10-19 C and q2 = 3.2 x 10-19 C, and particle separation is R = 0.02 m. What are the magnitude and direction of the electrostatic force F of particle q1? (1.15 x 10-24 N)

q1 q2

Sample Problem Figure below show three particles fixed in place on x axis.

The charge are q1 = 1.6 x 10-19 C, q2 = 3.2 x 10-19 C and q3 = -3.2 x 10-19 C. The distance particle q1 and q2 is R = 0.02 m. If q3 is placed R from particle q1 toward particle q2, what are the magnitude and direction of the net electrostatic force F on particle q1 due to particle 2 and 3? (9 x 10-25 N)

q1 q2q3

Sample Problem Figure below show three particles fixed in place on x axis.

The charge are q1 = 1.6 x 10-19 C, q2 = 3.2 x 10-19 C. The distance particle q1 and q2 is R = 0.02 m. If and q3 = -3.2 x 10-19 C is placed R from particle q1 600 with the x axis toward particle q2, what are the magnitude and direction of the net electrostatic force F on particle q1 due to particle 2 and 3? (1.78 x 10-24 N, 940)

q1 q2

q3

Spherical Conductors Because it is conducting, charge on a metal sphere will go everywhere over

the surface. You can easily see why, because each of the charges pushes on the others

so that they all move apart as far as they can go. Because of the symmetry of the situation, they spread themselves out uniformly.

There is a theorem that applies to this case, called the shell theorem, that states that the sphere will act as if all of the charge were concentrated at the center.

These two situations are the same

Note, forces are equal and opposite

Insulators and Conductors5. Two small spheres are charged with equal and opposite

charges, and are placed 30 cm apart. Then the charge on sphere 1 is doubled. Which diagram could be considered to show the correct forces? q

A.B.C.D.E.

2q

Case of Multiple Charges You can determine the force on a particular charge by adding up all of the

forces from each charge.

Forces on one charge due to a number of other charges

Charges in a Line

q

q

6. Where do I have to place the + charge in order for the force to balance, in the figure at right?

A. Cannot tell, because + charge value is not given.B. Exactly in the middle between the two negative

charges.C. On the line between the two negative charges,

but closer to the 2q charge.D. On the line between the two negative charges,

but closer to the q charge.E. There is no location that will give force balance.

L

Summary Charge is an intrinsic property of matter. Charge comes in two opposite senses, positive and negative. Mobil charges we will usually deal with are electrons, which can be removed from an atom to make positive charge, or added to an atom to make negative charge. A positively charged atom or molecule can also be mobil. There is a smallest unit of charge, e, which is e = 1.6021019 C. Charge can only come in units of e, so charge is quantized. The unit of charge is the Coulomb. Charge is conserved. Charge can be destroyed only in pairs (+e and e can annihilate each other). Otherwise, it can only be moved from place to place. Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. The electric force is give by Coulombs Law: Materials can be either conductors or insulators. Conductors and insulators can both be charged by adding charge, but charge can also be induced. Spherical conductors act as if all of the charge on their surface were concentrated at their centers.

221

041

rqqF