Literature Review

LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW

ByBy

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hassan AliAssoc. Prof. Dr. Hassan Ali

College of BusinessCollege of Business

Universiti Utara MalaysiaUniversiti Utara Malaysia

Hassan Ali PhDHassan Ali PhD

Literature ReviewLiterature Review

• Documentation of a comprehensive Documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and review of the published and unpublished work from secondary unpublished work from secondary sources of data in the areas of sources of data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher.specific interest to the researcher.


Literature Review (cont)Literature Review (cont)

• Past research on the phenomenon under Past research on the phenomenon under investigation must play key role in the process of investigation must play key role in the process of problem formulation.problem formulation.

• A literature review is not a listing of studies but a A literature review is not a listing of studies but a critical evaluation of previous research.critical evaluation of previous research.

• A literature review requires a researcher to find, A literature review requires a researcher to find, retrieve, evaluate, and integrate past research retrieve, evaluate, and integrate past research into present investigation.into present investigation.



• A doctoral candidate is expected to A doctoral candidate is expected to be aware of all the important be aware of all the important literature of the chosen filed of study.literature of the chosen filed of study.

• In socio-behavioral science research In socio-behavioral science research one should try to break out of own one should try to break out of own specialization and read literature specialization and read literature from related disciplines.from related disciplines.



• LR discusses published information in a LR discusses published information in a particular subject area.particular subject area.

• A LR combines both summary and A LR combines both summary and synthesis.synthesis.

• A summary is a recap of important A summary is a recap of important information from source.information from source.

• A synthesis is a reorganization or A synthesis is a reorganization or reshuffling of the important information reshuffling of the important information from source. It involves evaluation of from source. It involves evaluation of information from the source.information from the source.


Literature Review: PurposeLiterature Review: Purpose

• 1. to thoroughly describe work done on a 1. to thoroughly describe work done on a specific area of research.specific area of research.

• 2. to evaluate work done in a specific 2. to evaluate work done in a specific area of research.area of research.

• Description and evaluation are important Description and evaluation are important parts of the LR.parts of the LR.

• Describing past research without Describing past research without evaluation is merely summarizing evaluation is merely summarizing information without digesting it.information without digesting it.


A Good Literature ReviewA Good Literature Review

• Important variables that are likely to influence Important variables that are likely to influence the problem not left out.the problem not left out.

• Clear idea emerges as to what variables is most Clear idea emerges as to what variables is most important to the study (parsimony).important to the study (parsimony).

• Problem statement can be made with precision Problem statement can be made with precision and clarity.and clarity.

• Testability and replicability of findings of current Testability and replicability of findings of current research can be enhanced.research can be enhanced.

• Avoid risk of ‘reinventing the wheel’.Avoid risk of ‘reinventing the wheel’.• Problem investigated is perceived by the Problem investigated is perceived by the

scientific community as relevant and significant.scientific community as relevant and significant.


Conducting a Literature Conducting a Literature ReviewReview• Be familiar although superficially with Be familiar although superficially with

what’s going on in areas other than one’s what’s going on in areas other than one’s own. Do this by systematically following own. Do this by systematically following annual reviews and handbooks in various annual reviews and handbooks in various disciplines.disciplines.

• Read some of the original sources to which Read some of the original sources to which a review makes reference. This is to avoid a review makes reference. This is to avoid the risk of oversimplification when the risk of oversimplification when providing an overview of research.providing an overview of research.


Conducting a Literature Conducting a Literature Review (cont)Review (cont)

• Peruse major journals in areas other Peruse major journals in areas other than your own to keep abreast of than your own to keep abreast of what people in related disciplines what people in related disciplines may be thinking and doing on the may be thinking and doing on the very same issue being investigated.very same issue being investigated.


Conducting a Literature Review Conducting a Literature Review (cont)(cont)

• The review examines:The review examines:What others have said about the topic of What others have said about the topic of

research.research.What theories address the research What theories address the research

problem.problem.What previous research exist.What previous research exist.Are findings of previous research consistent Are findings of previous research consistent

or do the studies disagree.or do the studies disagree.Are there flaws in the body of existing Are there flaws in the body of existing

research that can be remedied.research that can be remedied.


Conducting a Literature Conducting a Literature Review (cont)Review (cont)• When reading an article, extract the following:When reading an article, extract the following:The objective(s) of the researchThe objective(s) of the researchThe theoretical rationaleThe theoretical rationaleThe designThe designThe measures usedThe measures usedThe analysis employedThe analysis employedThe findings obtainedThe findings obtainedInferences and implications made by the Inferences and implications made by the

author(s)author(s)


Writing A Review: Basic Writing A Review: Basic ElementsElements

• IntroductionIntroduction: Gives a quick idea of the : Gives a quick idea of the topic of review s.a. the central theme topic of review s.a. the central theme or organizational pattern of review.or organizational pattern of review.

• BodyBody: Contains discussion of sources : Contains discussion of sources and organized either chronologically, and organized either chronologically, thematically, or methodologically.thematically, or methodologically.

• Conclusions/SummaryConclusions/Summary: Discuss what : Discuss what has been drawn from reviewing has been drawn from reviewing literature.literature.


ChronologyChronology

• Materials/sources ordered according Materials/sources ordered according to date published.to date published.

• LR can be structured according to LR can be structured according to trend. Subsections created according trend. Subsections created according to eras or periods.to eras or periods.

• Eg. Studies Before 1950; Studies Post Eg. Studies Before 1950; Studies Post 19501950


ThematicThematic

• LR organized around a topic or issue.LR organized around a topic or issue.• Subsections created to capture Subsections created to capture

essence of theme or sub-themes essence of theme or sub-themes within a broader picture.within a broader picture.

• Eg. Job PerformanceEg. Job Performance• Sub-themes: Measures of JP; Sub-themes: Measures of JP;

Evaluation Bias; Empirical Reviews; Evaluation Bias; Empirical Reviews; Output Measures; Performance Output Measures; Performance Ratings.Ratings.


MethodologicalMethodological

• Focuses on methods of the research.Focuses on methods of the research.

• Evaluate the multitude of methods or Evaluate the multitude of methods or approaches used in research approaches used in research undertaken within a topical area.undertaken within a topical area.


Writing a ReviewWriting a Review

QuotationQuotation – using exact words from – using exact words from source.source.

ParaphraseParaphrase – using ideas in different – using ideas in different words i.e. representing information words i.e. representing information from source accurately in own words.from source accurately in own words.


Writing a Review (cont)Writing a Review (cont)

• When writing a review it is necessary to When writing a review it is necessary to provide references for all materials that provide references for all materials that the researcher did not think of him/herself.the researcher did not think of him/herself.

• References are cited briefly in the text and References are cited briefly in the text and in detail at the end.in detail at the end.

• All references must be cited to :All references must be cited to :Acknowledge the sourceAcknowledge the sourceAllow the reader to verify the dataAllow the reader to verify the dataProvide information so that the reader can Provide information so that the reader can

consult the source independently.consult the source independently.


PlagiarismPlagiarism

• A major transgression in writing A major transgression in writing literature review is plagiarism. literature review is plagiarism.

• Using other people’s work and not Using other people’s work and not giving due credit constitute giving due credit constitute plagiarism.plagiarism.

• When ever citing someone’s else When ever citing someone’s else ideas or use their language, cite the ideas or use their language, cite the author and year of publication.author and year of publication.


SourcesSources

• With the advent of ICT locating With the advent of ICT locating previous research has become easy.previous research has become easy.

• Previously, search had to be done Previously, search had to be done manually using bibliographical manually using bibliographical indexes and abstracts which are indexes and abstracts which are compiled periodically.compiled periodically.

• Today these sources are available in Today these sources are available in computerized databases. computerized databases.


DatabaseDatabase

• Three form of database is useful Three form of database is useful during literature search:during literature search:

• Bibliographical databaseBibliographical database

• Abstract databaseAbstract database

• Full-text databaseFull-text database


Bibliographical DatabaseBibliographical Database

• Eg. APA/PsycINFOEg. APA/PsycINFOAN: 1990-06377-001AN: 1990-06377-001DT: Journal-ArticleDT: Journal-ArticleTI: Examination of race and sex effects on performance ratings.TI: Examination of race and sex effects on performance ratings.AU: Pulakos,-Elaine-D.; White,-Leonard-A.; Oppler,-Scott-H.; AU: Pulakos,-Elaine-D.; White,-Leonard-A.; Oppler,-Scott-H.;

Borman,-Walter-C.Borman,-Walter-C.AF: Human Resource Research Organization, Alexandria,VA,USAAF: Human Resource Research Organization, Alexandria,VA,USASO: Journal-of-Applied-Psychology.1989 Oct; Vol 74(5): 770-780SO: Journal-of-Applied-Psychology.1989 Oct; Vol 74(5): 770-780JN: Journal-of-Applied-PsychologyJN: Journal-of-Applied-PsychologyIS: 0021-9010IS: 0021-9010PY: 1989PY: 1989LA: EnglishLA: English


Abstract DatabaseAbstract Database

• Contain bibliographical information Contain bibliographical information plusplus

AB: The effects of rater source, rater AB: The effects of rater source, rater and ratee race, rater and ratee sex, and ratee race, rater and ratee sex, and job type were investigated on and job type were investigated on ratings collected for 8,642 first-term ratings collected for 8,642 first-term Army enlisted personnel. Ratings …Army enlisted personnel. Ratings …


Full-Text DatabaseFull-Text Database

• Besides bibliographical information Besides bibliographical information and abstract, also provides the full-and abstract, also provides the full-text of the article, sometimes in PDF text of the article, sometimes in PDF format.format.


Electronic JournalsElectronic Journals

• Many renowned journals are now Many renowned journals are now available electronically besides in available electronically besides in print form.print form.

• Very highly specialized search Very highly specialized search depending on choice of journal to be depending on choice of journal to be reviewed.reviewed.

• Provides current or cutting-edge Provides current or cutting-edge research in respective field.research in respective field.


Citing ReferencesCiting References

• There are several accepted methods There are several accepted methods of citing references:of citing references:

• Harvard SystemHarvard System• Publication Manual of the American Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (5Psychological Association (5thth ed.) ed.)• The Chicago Manual of StyleThe Chicago Manual of Style• Turabian’s Manual for WritersTurabian’s Manual for Writers• Modern Language Association (MLA)Modern Language Association (MLA)


Publication Manual of the Publication Manual of the APA (5APA (5thth ed.) ed.) • The publication manual essentially The publication manual essentially

describes requirements for the preparation describes requirements for the preparation and submission of manuscripts for and submission of manuscripts for publication.publication.

• The APA publishes 27 primary journals.The APA publishes 27 primary journals.

• But there are other journals in psychology, But there are other journals in psychology, behavioral sciences, personnel behavioral sciences, personnel administrations,etc. that uses the administrations,etc. that uses the Publication Manual as their style guide.Publication Manual as their style guide.


Reference Citation in TextReference Citation in Text

• References are cited in text using the References are cited in text using the author-date citation systemauthor-date citation system

One Work by One AuthorOne Work by One AuthorEg. Walker (2000) compared reaction Eg. Walker (2000) compared reaction

timestimesEg. In a recent study of reaction Eg. In a recent study of reaction

times (Walker,2000)times (Walker,2000)


Reference Citation in Text Reference Citation in Text (cont)(cont)

• One Work by Multiple AuthorOne Work by Multiple Author

1. 1. When a work has two authorsWhen a work has two authors – – always cite both names every time always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.the reference occurs in text.

Eg. Ali and Davies (2003)Eg. Ali and Davies (2003)Eg. (Ali & Davies, 2003)Eg. (Ali & Davies, 2003)


Reference Citation in Text Reference Citation in Text (cont)(cont)2. 2. When work has three, four, or five When work has three, four, or five

authorsauthors – cite all authors the first time – cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. Subsequent the reference occurs. Subsequent citations include only the surname of citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after “al”)italicized and with a period after “al”)

Eg. Davies, Mathews and Wong (1991)Eg. Davies, Mathews and Wong (1991)Eg. Davies et al. (1991)Eg. Davies et al. (1991)


Reference Citation in Text Reference Citation in Text (cont)(cont)3. 3. When a work has six or more When a work has six or more

authorsauthors – cite only the surname of the – cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent year for the first and subsequent citations.citations.

In the reference list, provide the initials In the reference list, provide the initials and surname of the first six authors, and surname of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et and shorten any remaining authors to et al.al.


Reference Citation in Text Reference Citation in Text (cont)(cont)• List two or more works by different List two or more works by different

authors who are cited within same authors who are cited within same parentheses in alphabetical order by the parentheses in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname. Separate the first author’s surname. Separate the citations with semicolons.citations with semicolons.

• Eg.(Avolio, Waldman, & McDaniel, 1990; Eg.(Avolio, Waldman, & McDaniel, 1990; Giniger et al., 1983; Kutscher & Walker, Giniger et al., 1983; Kutscher & Walker, 1960; Schwab & Heneman, 1977; Sparrow 1960; Schwab & Heneman, 1977; Sparrow & Davies, 1988)& Davies, 1988)


Reference ListReference List

• References are listed alphabetically in the References are listed alphabetically in the reference list.reference list.

• References cited in the text must appear References cited in the text must appear in the reference list.in the reference list.

• Entry in the reference list must be cited in Entry in the reference list must be cited in the text.the text.

• A Bibliography may contain references not A Bibliography may contain references not cited in the text.cited in the text.

• The reference list must be double-spaced, The reference list must be double-spaced, and entries should have a hanging indent.and entries should have a hanging indent.


APA Reference StyleAPA Reference Style

• Journal Article (Print Version)Journal Article (Print Version)

Ali, H., & Davies, D.R. (2003). The Ali, H., & Davies, D.R. (2003). The effects of age, sex and tenure on the effects of age, sex and tenure on the

job performance of rubber job performance of rubber tappers. tappers. Journal of Occupational and Journal of Occupational and

Organizational Psychology, 76,Organizational Psychology, 76, 381-381- 391. 391.


APA Reference Style (cont)APA Reference Style (cont)

• Journal Article (Electronic Journal Article (Electronic version)version)

Ali, H., & Davies, D.R. (2003). The Ali, H., & Davies, D.R. (2003). The effects of age, sex and tenure on the effects of age, sex and tenure on the

job performance of rubber job performance of rubber tappers tappers [Electronic version]. [Electronic version]. Journal Journal of of Occupational and Organizational Occupational and Organizational

Psychology, 76,Psychology, 76,381-391. 381-391.


APA Reference Style (Cont)APA Reference Style (Cont)

• Journal Article more than Six Journal Article more than Six AuthorsAuthors

Wolchik, S.A., West,S.G., Sandler, I.N., Wolchik, S.A., West,S.G., Sandler, I.N., Tein,J., Coatsworth,D., Lengua,L., et Tein,J., Coatsworth,D., Lengua,L., et al. (2000). Title of Article.al. (2000). Title of Article.Title of Title of Periodical,xx,Periodical,xx,xxx-xxx. xxx-xxx.



• Online PeriodicalOnline PeriodicalAuthor, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C.

(2000). Title of Article. (2000). Title of Article. Title of Periodical, Title of Periodical, xx,xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, year, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, year, from from source.source.

Eg.VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. Eg.VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5,Research, 5,117-123. Retrieved October 117-123. Retrieved October 13,2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html13,2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html


APA Reference Style (Cont)APA Reference Style (Cont)

• Reference to Entire BookReference to Entire Book

Cooper, D.R., & Emory, C.W. (1995). Cooper, D.R., & Emory, C.W. (1995). Business research methodsBusiness research methods (5 (5thth ed.). ed.).

Chicago: Irwin. Chicago: Irwin.



• Reference to an article or chapter in Reference to an article or chapter in an edited bookan edited book

Warr, P. (1994). Age and employment. Warr, P. (1994). Age and employment. In In M. Dunnette, L. Hough, & H. M. Dunnette, L. Hough, & H. Triandis Triandis (Eds.), (Eds.), Handbook of Handbook of industrial and industrial and organizational psychologyorganizational psychology (Vol. 4, 487-(Vol. 4, 487-550). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting 550). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press. Psychologist Press.


APA Reference style (cont)APA Reference style (cont)

• Published ProceedingsPublished Proceedings

Ali, H. (2000). Sex differences in the job Ali, H. (2000). Sex differences in the job performance of blue-collar workers. In performance of blue-collar workers. In G.N. McLean, E. Kayanak, & O.A. Aliaga G.N. McLean, E. Kayanak, & O.A. Aliaga (Eds.), (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth World Proceedings of the Ninth World Business CongressBusiness Congress, (pp. 27-30). San , (pp. 27-30). San JosJosé, Costa Rica: Instituto é, Costa Rica: Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas.Empresas.


Apa Reference Style (cont)Apa Reference Style (cont)

• Paper Presented at ConferencePaper Presented at Conference

Ali, H. (2004). Ali, H. (2004). Sex differences in Sex differences in absenteeism absenteeism among blue-collar among blue-collar agricultural workers in agricultural workers in MalaysiaMalaysia. Paper . Paper presented at the presented at the inaugural conference inaugural conference of the Academy of of the Academy of World Business, World Business, Marketing and Marketing and Management Development, Management Development, Gold Coast, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.Queensland, Australia.



• Newspaper ArticleNewspaper Article

Workplace accidents on the rise. Workplace accidents on the rise. (2004, (2004, December 2). December 2). New Straits New Straits TimesTimes, , p.16.p.16.



• Unpublished Doctoral Unpublished Doctoral DissertationDissertation

Ali, H. (1999). Ali, H. (1999). Individual differences in Individual differences in the work behaviour of blue-collar the work behaviour of blue-collar workers: A study of rubber workers: A study of rubber

tappers in tappers in Malaysia.Malaysia. Unpublished Unpublished doctoral doctoral dissertation, Aston dissertation, Aston University, University, England.England.


Harvard SystemHarvard System

• BookBookMohr, L.B. (1996) Mohr, L.B. (1996) Impact analysis for Impact analysis for

program evaluation.program evaluation. 2 2ndnd ed. London, ed. London, sage.sage.

• Journal ArticleJournal ArticlePrinter, K. (1983) ‘Support systems for Printer, K. (1983) ‘Support systems for

health professions students.’ health professions students.’ Journal Journal of Nursing Educationof Nursing Education 22,6,pp 232-236. 22,6,pp 232-236.


Chicago ManualChicago Manual

• BookBook

Blinksworth, Roger. 1987. Blinksworth, Roger. 1987. Converging Converging on the evanescent.on the evanescent.San San

Franscisco: Franscisco: Threshold Publications.Threshold Publications.

• In-TextIn-Text

(Blinksworth 1987,23)(Blinksworth 1987,23)


Chicago Manual (cont)Chicago Manual (cont)

• Journal ArticleJournal Article

Banks, William, 1958. Secret meeting Banks, William, 1958. Secret meeting in in boise. boise. Midwestern Political Midwestern Political ReviewReview 6: 26-31.6: 26-31.

• In-TextIn-Text

(Banks 1958,28)(Banks 1958,28)


Kate L. Turabian’s ManualKate L. Turabian’s Manual

• BookBook

Franklin, John Hope. 1985. Franklin, John Hope. 1985. George George Washinton Williams: A biography.Washinton Williams: A biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Press.

• In-TextIn-Text

(Franklin, 1985,54)(Franklin, 1985,54)


Kate L. Turabian’s Manual Kate L. Turabian’s Manual (cont)(cont)• Journal ArticleJournal Article

Jackson, Richard. 1979. Running down Jackson, Richard. 1979. Running down the up-escalator: Regional the up-escalator: Regional

inequility inequility in Papua New Guinea. in Papua New Guinea. Australian Australian GeographerGeographer 14 (May): 14 (May): 175-84.175-84.

• In-TextIn-Text

(Jackson 1979,180)(Jackson 1979,180)


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