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Little Browns

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Little browns guide
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Page 1: Little Browns

Little browns guide

Page 2: Little Browns

The Semicolon

1. THE SEMICOLON SEPARATES EQUAL AND BALANCED SENTENCE ELEMENTS, USUALLY MAIN CLAUSES Use a semicolon between main clauses not joined by and, but, or another coordinating conjunction. The side effects are not minor; some leave the patient quite ill. One man at the auction bid prudently; another spent his bank account.

SEMICOLON SOMETIMES SEPARATES ITEMS IN SERIES.

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Answer

The Semicolon 1. THE SEMICOLON SEPARATES EQUAL AND BALANCED

SENTENCE ELEMENTS, USUALLY MAIN CLAUSES Exercises:· 1. More and more musicians are playing computerized instruments More and more listeners are worrying about the future of acoustic instruments.

2. The computer is not the first new technology in music the pipe organ and saxophone were also technological breakthroughs in their day. 3. Musicians have always experimented with new technology audiences have always resisted the experiments.

1. More and more musicians are playing computerized instruments; more and more listeners are worrying about the future of acoustic instruments.

2. The computer is not the first new technology in music; the pipe organ and saxophone were also technological breakthroughs in their day.

3. Musicians have always experimented with new technology; audiences have always resisted the experiments.

Show Answer

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Answer

The Semicolon 1. THE SEMICOLON SEPARATES EQUAL AND BALANCED

SENTENCE ELEMENTS, USUALLY MAIN CLAUSES Exercises:· 4. Most computer musicians are not merely following the latest fad they are discovering new sounds and new ways to manipulate sound.

5. Few musicians have abandoned acoustic instruments most value acoustic sounds as much as electronic sounds.

4. Most computer musicians are not merely following the latest fad; they are discovering new sounds and new ways to manipulate sound.

5. Few musicians have abandoned acoustic instruments; most value acoustic sounds as much as electronic sounds.

Show Answer

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The Semicolon with adverbs and transitions

2. Use a semicolon between main clauses related by however, for example, and so on.Two kinds of words can relate main clauses: conjunctive adverbs, such as consequently, hence, however, indeed, and thus and other transitional expressions. such as even so, for example, and of course. When either of these connects two main clauses, the clauses should be separated by a semicolon:

An American immigrant, Levi Strauss, invented blue jeans in the 1860s; eventually, his product clothed working men throughout the West. conjunctive adverbs and transitional expressions can move around but the ; stays put between the clauses.Blue jeans have become fashionable all over the world; however, the American originators still wear more jeans than anyone else. Blue jeans have become fashionable all over the world; the American originators, however, still wear more jeans than anyone else.

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2. Use a semicolon between main clauses related by however, for example, and so on.

I. Music is a form of communication like language the basic elements however are not letters but notes.

II. Computers can process any information that can be represented numerically as a result they can process musical information.

III. A computer's ability to process music depends on what software it can run it must moreover be connected to a system that converts electrical vibration into sound.

IV. Computers and their sound systems can produce many different sounds indeed the number of possible sounds is infinite.

V. The powerful music computers are very expensive therefore they are used only by professional musicians.

1. Music is a form of communication like language; the basic elements, however, are not letters but notes. 2. Computers can process any information that can be represented numerically; as a result, they can process musical information. 3. A computer's ability to process music depends on what software it can run; it must, moreover, be connected to a system that converts electrical vibration into sound. 4. Computers and their sound systems can produce many different sounds; indeed, the number of possible sounds is infinite. 5. The powerful music computers are very expensive; therefore, They are used only by professional musicians.

Show Answer

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The Semicolon: Separate a series

2. SEMICOLONs SOMETIMES SEPARATES ITEMS IN SERIES ifthey are long or contain commas. We normally use commas to separate items in a series. When the items are long or internally punctuated, semi colons help readers identify the items:

The custody case involved Amy Dalton, the child; Ellen and Mark Dalton, the parents; and Ruth and Hal Blum, the grandparents.

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The Semicolon: separate main clauses if they are complicated or contain commas, even with a coordinating conjunction.

Semicolons make a sentence easier to read when the main clauses contains commas or are grammatically complicated:

By a conscious effort of the mind, we can stand aloof from actions and their consequences; and all things, good and bad, go by us like a torrent. -Henry David Thoreau

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The Semicolon: Substitute semicolons for commas in the following sentences to separate main clauses or series items that are long or contain commas.1. The Indian subcontinent is separated from the rest of the world by clear barriers: the

Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea to the east and west, respectively, the Indian Ocean to the south, and 1600 miles of mountain ranges to the north.

2. In the north of India are the world's highest mountains, the Himalayas, and farther south are fertile farmlands, unpopulated deserts, and rain forests.

3. India is a nation of ethnic and linguistic diversity, with numerous religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity, with distinct castes and ethnic groups, and with sixteen languages, including the official Hindi and the "associate official" English.

4. Between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, the British colonized most of India, taking control of government, the bureaucracy, and industry, and they assumed a social position above all Indians.

5. During British rule the Indians' own unresolved differences and their frustrations with the British erupted in violent incidents such as the Sepoy Mutiny, which began on February 26, 1857, and lasted two years, the Amritsar Massacre on April 13, 1919, and violence between Hindus and Muslims during World War II that resulted in the separation of Pakistan from India.

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The Semicolon: Substitute semicolons for commas in the following sentences to separate main clauses or series items that are long or contain commas.1. The Indian subcontinent is separated from the rest of the world by clear barriers: the

Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea to the east and west, respectively; the Indian Ocean to the south; and 1600 miles of mountain ranges to the north.

2. In the north of India are the world's highest mountains, the Himalayas; and farther south are fertile farmlands, unpopulated deserts, and rain forests.

3. India is a nation of ethnic and linguistic diversity, with numerous religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity!. with distinct castes and ethnic groups; and with sixteen languages, including official Hindi and the "associate official" English.

4. Between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, the British colonized most of India, taking control of government, the bureaucracy, and industry; and they assumed a social position above all Indians.

5. 5. During British rule the Indians' own unresolved differences and their frustrations with the British erupted in violent incidents such as the Sepoy Mutiny, which began on February 26, 1857, and lasted two years; the Amritsar Massacre on April 13, 1919; and violence between Hindus and Muslims during World War II that resulted in the separation of Pakistan from India.

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The misuse of a Semicolon 2. use the semicolon only where required. Semicolons do not separate unequal sentence elements andshould not be overused.

Delete or replace any semicolon that separates asubordinate clause or a phrase from a main clause.

Faulty: Pygmies are in danger of extinction; because of encroaching development. Revised Pygmies are in danger of extinction because of encroaching development. faulty According to. African authorities; only about 35,000 pyg- mies exist today. Revised According to African authorities, only about 35,000 pyg- mies exist today.

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The Colon

2. The colon chiefly separates unequal sentence elements.

It separates a main clause from a following explanation or summary, which may or may not be a main clause: Many successful advertising campaigns have used this message: the anxious seller is harder working and smarter than the competitor,

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Answer

The Colon 1. The colon chiefly separates unequal sentence elements.

Show Answer

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Apostrophe

• Use the apostrophe to indicate the possessive case for nouns and indefinite pronouns. 1. Add -'s to singular nouns and indefinite pronouns.

• Bill Boughton's skillful card tricks amaze children.

• Anyone's eyes would widen. [Indefinite pronoun.]

• Most tricks will pique an adult's curiosity, too.

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Apostrophe• Add -‘s as well to singular nouns that end in -s:

Henry James's novels reward the patient reader. • Los Angeles's weather is mostly warm.• The business’s customers filed suit.

Exception We often do not pronounce the possessive -s of a few singular nouns ending in an s or Z sound: names with more thanone -s sound (Moses). names that sound like plurals (Rivers. Bridges),and nouns followed by a word beginning in -s. In these cases, manywriters add only the apostrophe to show possession.• Moses’ mother concealed him in the bulrushes.• Joan Rivers' jokes offend many people.• For conscience' sake she confessed her lie.• However, usage varies widely, and the final -s is not wrong with words like these

(Moses’s, Rivers's, conscience’s).

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Apostrophe

• Add -'s to plural nouns not ending in –s• The bill establishes Children's rights.• Publicity grabbed the media‘s attention.

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Apostrophe

• Add only an apostrophe to plural nouns ending in –s

• Workers' incomes have not risen much over the past decade.

• Many students benefit from several years’ work after high school.

• The Jameses’ talents are extraordinary.

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Apostrophe

• Add -'s only to the last word of compound words or word groups.

• The council president's address was a bore.• The brother-in-Iaw's business failed.• Taxes are always somebody else's fault. .

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Apostrophe

• With two or more words, add ·'s to one or both depending on meaning.

• Individual possession• Zimbale's and Mason's comedy techniques are

similar. [Each comedian has his own technique.] • Joint possession• The child recovered despite her mother and

father's, neglect. [The mother and father were jointly neglectful.)

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Uses Apostrophe• Use an apostrophe to form the possessives of nouns and indefinite pronouns

Singular Plural • Ms. Park's the Parks‘• lawyer's lawyers' • everyone's two weeks'

• Use an apostrophe to form contractions.• it's a girl shouldn't• you're won't• The apostrophe is optional for plurals of abbreviations, dates, and words or

characters named as words . • MAs or MA's cs or c’s• 1960s or 1960's jfs or if's

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Misuses Apostrophe• Do not use an apostrophe plus -s to form the possessives of plural nouns ending

in -s (opposite). Instead, use an apostrophe alone after the -s that forms the plural. Not But.

• babie's care babies' care• Do not use an apostrophe to form plurals of nouns .

Not But book's are books are

• Do not use an apostrophe with verbs ending In -s . Not But swim's swims

• Do not use an apostrophe to form the possessives of personal pronouns• Not But• it's toes its toes• your's yours

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Correct Apostrophe1. In the myths of the ancient Greeks, the [goddesses] roles vary widely.2. [Demeter] responsibility is the fruitfulness of the earth.3. [Athena] role is to guard the city of Athens.

4. [Artemis] function is to care for wild animals and small children. 5. [Athena and Artemis] father, Zeus, is the king of the gods.6. Even a single [goddess] responsibilities are often varied. 7. Over several [centuries] time, Athena changes from a [mariner] goddess to the patron of

crafts. 8. Athena is also concerned with fertility and with [children] wellbeing, since [Athens]

strength depended on a large and healthy population.9. Athena often changes into [birds] forms. 10. In [Homer] Odyssey she assumes a [sea eagle] form.11. In ancient Athens the myths of Athena were part of [everyone] knowledge and life.12. A cherished myth tells how Athena fights to retain possession of her [people] land when

the god Poseidon wants it.13. [Athena and Poseidon] skills are different, and each promises a special gift to the

Athenians.14. At the [contest] conclusion, Poseidon has given water and Athena has given an olive tree,

for sustenance. 15. The other gods decide that the [Athenians] lives depend more on Athena than on

Poseidon.

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Ans: Correct Apostrophe

• EXERCISE 30.1 Forming possessives (p. 464) • 1. In the myths of the ancient Greeks, the goddesses' roles vary widely .• 2. Demeter's responsibility is the fruitfulness of the earth.• 3. Athena's role is to guard the city of Athens.• 4. Artemis's function is to care for wild animals and small children.• 5. Athena and Artemis's father, Zeus, is the king of the gods.• 6. Even a single goddess's responsibilities are often varied.• 7. Over several centuries' time, Athena changes from a mariner's goddess to the patron of crafts. • 8. Athena is also concerned with fertility and with children's well-being, since Athens's strength depended

on a large and healthy population. • 9. Athena often changes into birds' forms.• 10. In Homer's Odyssey she assumes a sea eagle's form.• 11. In ancient Athens the myths of Athena were part of everyone's knowledge and life. • 12. A cherished myth tells how Athena fights to retain possession of her people’s land when the god

Poseidon wants it. • 13. Athena's and Poseidon's skills are different, and each promises a special gift to the Athenians. • 14. At the contest's conclusion, Poseidon has given water and Athena has given an olive tree, for

sustenance. • 15. The other gods decide that the Athenians' lives depend more on . Athena than on Poseidon.


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