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Little Hercules
Image courtesy of NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program, INDEX-SATAL 2010
Average depth of the ocean:
a)6 milesb)0.5 milesc)2.65 milesd)15 miles
Mandy-Rae Cruickshank is a world-record free-diver
The average depth of the ocean is about 4,267
m (14,000 feet, approx 2.65 miles).
MARSH
Town Hall
a) Mariana Trenchb) Cayman Trenchc) Peru-Chile
Trench d) Tonga Trench
What is the deepest part of the ocean?
Challenger Deep is approximately 11,030 meters (36,200 feet) deep.
Pacific Ocean
Mariana Trench vs. Mt. Everest
Image from: www.whoi.edu
www.kidscoolzone.com
6.86 miles deep 5.50 miles above sea level
<180m (~600 ft)
Sigsbee Deep~3,600m(~11,800 ft)
Florida Plain
2,500 m
(~8,300 ft)
Dauphin Island
The average temperature of the deep ocean is:
a) 15 Fb) 36 Fc) 57 Fd) 72F
Water temperature in the deepest parts of the ocean averages about 36°F (2°C).
Temperature in the ocean
remains relatively constant until the shallows of the
twilight zone
Sea levelSunlit Zone
(Epiplelagic)
660 ft (200 m)
Twilight Zone
(Mesopelagic)
3,300 ft (1,000m)
Dark Zone(Bathypelagic)
9,800 ft (4,000 m)
Hadal Zone(Hadopelagic)
19,700 ft (6,000 m)
Abyssal Zone(Abyssopelagic)
16,400 ft (5,000 m)
Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some
trenches
Sea level
Koko Crater, Oahu
1 atmosphere of pressure: the pressure inside your lungs is the same as the pressure around you.
In the ocean, pressure works the same way.
2,500 meters = 250 atmospheres of pressure
That’s about what your big toe would feel like if an elephant were
standing on it! Water is heavier than air!
http://avaxhome.ws/video/Extraordinary_People.html
Tanya Streeter – The Woman Who Dives the Deepest
World Record Holder – 160m on a single
breath!!!(6+ minutes!)
That equals approx 1 ½ football fields!!!!!
1935, Credit: OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dykeri,_fig_6,_Nordisk_familjebok.png
S.C.U.B.A.
– Self Contained Underwater Breathing
Apparatus
The 22 year old Mexican reached this depth on April 20, 2010
Ascent =135 min
DEEPEST Guinness VERIFIED
SCUBA DIVE = 318.25m
324 m
Nuno Gomes
Descent = 9 min
Why do these boats not sink?Because they are “positively buoyant.”
Neutrally buoyant
Negatively buoyant
How are these fish “neutrally buoyant”?
SWIM BLADDE
R
OILY LIVER
The Alvin underwater. Image courtesy of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutions (WHOI)
The vessel weighs 17 tons. It allows for two scientists and one pilot to dive for up to nine hours at 4500 meters (15,000 ft).
Submersible
The Titanic Hydrothermal Vent - Black smoker
Alvin in History
Hydrogen bomb
http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/27641853#27641853
Ann Curry and the Alvin
John Riley, ROV Pilot
MILITARY – retrieve
missiles, search for mines
Oil & Gas industry – offshore development
BP Oil Spill 2010
Marine Science – seafloor mapping, study ocean habitats
“Bumpy”
Communication cables, energy source & Info transfer
Small Electric Vehicle
•Single camera, dive no deeper than 300 m (984 ft)•Used by Science & Military
High Capability Electric Vehicle
•Dive to depths of 6,096 m (20,000 ft)•have cameras, but can’t perform detailed tasks•Used by Science & Military
Work Class Vehicle
•Powered electronically & hydraulically•7 function manipulator•5 function grabber•Drilling and construction/pipeline
Person!
Heavy Work Class Vehicle
•Dives 3000 m (10,000 ft)•multiple manipulators & grabbers
Programmed missionsBattery power
Less cost, deeper dives, longer missions
(No real-time video available)
There are International competitions for the best
design.
Not yet available in consumer market.
http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/robotics/vehicles.html
***This is in your Resource folder on the flash drive.
Sea level
Sunlit Zone(Epiplelagic)
660 ft (200 m)
Twilight Zone(Mesopelagic)
3,300 ft (1,000m)
Dark Zone(Bathypelagic)
9,800 ft (4,000 m)
Hadal Zone(Hadopelagic)
19,700 ft (6,000 m)
Abyssal Zone(Abyssopelagic)
16,400 ft (5,000 m)
Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some
trenches
2500 m (feed b/t 500-1000m)
14,8000 ft (4500m)
6,561 ft (2000m)
19,685ft (6,000m)
8,000ft (2,438m)
3280 ft (1000m)3300 ft (1,005m)
525ft (160m)
1,043ft (318m)
35,797ft (10,911m)
How deep can you go?
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/habitats-environment/habitats-
oceans-env/cameron-how-deep/?source=news_cameron_mariana_story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mKotQs93Dc
Fish that live exclusively below 6,000 m
Fish from the ocean trenches like this rat-tail (left) look less strange than those that live in the mid-waters, such as this fangtooth (right)
Sea levelSunlit Zone
(Epiplelagic)
660 ft (200 m)
Twilight Zone
(Mesopelagic)
3,300 ft (1,000m)
Dark Zone(Bathypelagic)
9,800 ft (4,000 m)
Hadal Zone(Hadopelagic)
19,700 ft (6,000 m)
Abyssal Zone(Abyssopelagic)
16,400 ft (5,000 m)
Up to 36,100 feet (11,000 m) in some
trenches
http://www.seasky.org/deep-sea/ocean-layers.html
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Oceans_K-4.html
http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/water-sports/first-scuba-diver.htm
http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/dsv/pressures.html
Cold water is more dense than warm water
Salty water is more dense than fresh water
DENSITY = Temperature, Salinity and Pressure
HMS Challenger
A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water.
a submersible has more limited underwater capability
Submersibles typically have shorter range, and operate underwater almost exclusively, having little function at the surface. Many submersibles operate on a "tether" or "umbilical", remaining connected to a tender (a submarine, surface vessel or platform).