Little River Watershed Management Plan

Little River

2

Acknowledgements The Little River Watershed Management Plan is a sub-section of ACAP Saint John’s ‘Investing in Saint John’s Urban Watercourses’ initiative. The project represents a collaboration of numerous individuals and organizations that share a common vision of protecting the immense natural capital that exists within our city. We would like to extend a special thank you to the New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund, the New Brunswick Wildlife Trust Fund, Unilever Inc., and Clow Canada for their generous financial contributions to this important community endeavor. Contributions from the City of Saint John included those of Yves Leger (GIS Planning and Developing Branch) who contributed many of the aerial photographs and digitized maps of the City of Saint John. Thanks also to Helene Rioux from Service New Brunswick for information on property ownership, to Ryan MacAllister from the University of New Brunswick (Saint John) CURA for assistance with the concepts of urban planning and green spaces. ACAP Saint John staff member Colin Forsythe provided a wealth of background information, both biological and cultural. Eugene Lounsbury, an avid Saint John lake fisherman, provided an account of the species of fish he has caught in many of the Little River watershed lakes. Also thank you to Heather Ferguson from Jacques Whitford environmental consulting firm for electrofishing data from watercourses found within the Little River watershed. Finally, a thank you goes to Glenn Ingersoll from Hit Media for his work filming Little River and it’s tributaries, providing a video showcasing this beautiful stream hidden within our urban environment

Little River

3

Executive Summary The Little River watershed is a 4050 ha drainage basin located in eastern Saint John, New Brunswick. The watershed contains four sub-drainages with the surrounding land draining three tributaries (Graham Brook, Buck Lake Tributary and Blackall Lake Tributary) into Little River itself. This watershed is a highly urbanized area comprised of heavy industrial, commercial, residential and recreational lands. The watercourse extends from its headwaters at Douglas Lake to the outer Saint John Habour at a length of 15.65 km. Fieldwork was conducted along the entire length of the stream and a comprehensive set of observations on current conditions was created. Using these observations as a base, recommendations for the remediation and conservation of key watershed areas were established. Key recommendations include modifying or replacing the many antiquated and deteriorated culverts along the watercourse, curbing sand erosion into the Silver Falls Reservoir, and reducing the frequency of illegal dumping, particularly around the Little River Reservoir.

Little River

4

Table of Contents Backgrounder on Watershed Management 5 Introduction 6 Methods 6 Chapter 1 : Little River Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Summary of Management Options

14

16 19 29 39 49 51 54

58

Chapter 2 : Graham Brook Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Summary of Management Options

60

62 65 68

71

Chapter 3 : Buck Lake Tributary Section 1 Section 2 Summary of Management Options

72

74 76

80

Chapter 4 : Blackall Lake Tributary Section 1 Section 2 Summary of Management Options

87

85 88

93

Little River

5

Backgrounder on Watershed Management A watershed is a distinct geographical area in which all water within its boundaries drains into a common watercourse (i.e. river, stream, lake, etc). Watershed management utilizes these precise geographic limits to form a finite working area within which recommendations can be made to conserve or enhance desirable features. Typically, watershed management plans focus on identifying existing or potential threats to the environmental integrity of the watershed. A watershed is bound by the geology of the area with the underlying bedrock, contours, and elevation of the earth ultimately determining the natural morphology and flow rates of the watercourse. The shape of a stream may be affected by natural events, such as heavy rainfalls, spring freshets and beaver dams. However, it is the anthropogenic activities such as road construction and residential and commercial/industrial developments that result in the most substantial changes. The same can be said for the chemical composition of a watercourse, with either point or non-point source pollutants often degrading its ability to sustain aquatic life or provide safe drinking or recreational waters for humans. Developing watershed management plans requires a detailed assessment of both the watershed itself, and the watercourse(s) it supports. Assessing the features and existing activities within a watershed often provides trained personnel with an immediate inventory of how the watershed benefits the community, which areas are most worth conserving, which areas are in need of remediation or enhancement, and who within the community might be willing to assist in developing and implementing the final plan. Assessing the chemical and physical attributes of the watercourse itself often provides insights into problems that are difficult to detect with the naked eye. Analyses of fecal coliform bacteria, phosphates and nitrates may highlight the occurrence of pollutants such as sewage or fertilizers. Information like this can be readily applied to a management plan to further pinpoint the source, and correct it. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of those developing the management plan to ensure the community has an opportunity to express its interests and ideas for how a given watershed should be used, developed, or conserved. This concept is especially true in urban settings where a diverse array of potential uses may exist. Engaging all interested parties in developing the final recommendations for a given watershed may prevent unnecessary conflicts.

Little River

6

Introduction and Methods Saint John, New Brunswick possesses an abundance of water resources, which form an intricate web of fish and wildlife habitat amidst an urban setting. This rich natural capital has historically been used by residents and tourists for fishing, hunting, swimming, canoeing, hiking and bird watching, in addition to the immeasurable aesthetic value it has added to our quality of life. Saint John, like other urban areas, has altered the morphological characteristics of its watersheds through residential, commercial and industrial developments. Such developments are proven environmental stressors that can negatively impact the water quality, quantity and hydraulics of the watercourse, as well as the quality and abundance of plant, animal and fish habitat. The Urban Watershed Management project set out to survey four major watersheds (and their respective watercourses) in the greater Saint John area observing both the positive features to be preserved and utilized, and the negative features which need improvement. Topographic maps and aerial photos were used to identify four major urban watersheds in Saint John including Little River, Hazen Creek, Marsh Creek and Alder Brook. Each watershed was subdivided into distinct sub-watersheds based on existing tributaries. Each watercourse (including streams, lakes, ponds etc.) was assessed by examining aerial photos and by physically walking and making first hand observations of specific sites. These observations formed the basis of the draft management plan (including suggested management options) that will be presented to stakeholders for review and editing. Watercourses were assessed for their general condition, substrate type, shape, water flow, and riparian vegetation. A “Sport Track Map, Magellan” Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver was used to mark the beginning and end of each walkthrough as well as important and interesting features along the watercourse. These notes and GPS points were then entered into a computer to assist in developing digitized maps of the watershed. Property maps and landowner information were obtained using the “Planet” program obtained via a demo account provided by Service New Brunswick.

Little River

7

Introduction to the Little River Watershed The Little River watershed is located in the eastern quadrant of Saint John, New Brunswick. Encompassing a total land area of 4050 ha, it forms the second largest watershed in the city (Figure 0.1). Little River is a fourth order stream, which contains four major tributaries: Little River, Graham Brook, the Buck Lake Tributary and the Blackall Lake Tributary.

Figure 0.1: Overview of Saint John showing the extent of the Little River

watershed

The watershed is defined by its ample wetlands, cradled between bedrock hills. These wetlands take the form of large bogs and wet cedar forests, which make many parts of the watershed rather inaccessible to the casual observer. Little River is also characterized by numerous lakes and reservoirs, many of which have been enjoyed for years as “cottage country.” Increasingly, the site is supportive year-round homes. The watershed is also defined by its hills, which are covered with healthy forests of spruce, fir and cedar. Many of these hills, particularly in the Uplands, are amongst the highest in the City of Saint John.

Little River

8

The following management plan is the culmination of hundreds of kilometres of fieldwork in and around the Little River watershed. The fieldwork was completed throughout the Summer of 2006 and sought to produce a comprehensive document that would catalogue the current state of the watershed and identify both areas of concern and interest. The goal was to then supplement these findings with management suggestions on how best to ameliorate these areas in the future.

Historical Background While Saint John possesses the same rocky hills as many other Atlantic coastal cities, it also has regions that share their morphology with the tidal marshlands of the Bay of Fundy. The Little River basin is a perfect example of how these two types of land interact with each other, as it naturally contains some low-level tidal marsh, as well as large rocky ridges interspersed with vast expanses of cedar and peat bog. These conditions made the watershed less prone to development over the centuries than its Marsh Creek counterpart, except in the lower stream section, where the access to the Bay of Fundy, and rich lowlands made it ideal for agricultural activities. The first real use of the Little River Uplands came in the form of resource extraction, primarily timber, sand and gravel. These industries changed the face of the watershed, while slowly opening it up to development. Little River has seen its share of developments over the centuries, but none more evident than those taking place since the 1950’s and 1960’s. During this period, the lower Little River basin was used extensively as land for new heavy industries, such as oil refining, paper production, etc. These developments did not significantly realign the watercourse, though they did change the way the channel behaves. Downstream from Silver Falls, Little River has become a wide, slow moving wetland, far different from the once narrow channel. Also of note when discussing the development of the watershed is the way in which the lakes and watercourses are used as reservoirs. Many dams and barrages have been created over the years, thus expanding existing lakes or streams into larger bodies of water. Such is the case with the Silver Falls Reservoir, which had not existed as such prior to the installation of the dam upstream from Silver Falls.

Little River

9

Figure 0.2: Map showing place names for the Little River Uplands that are not

commonly found in the vernacular literature.

Objectives This report identifies some of the existing physical, chemical and biological features of the Little River watershed, with a view toward developing recommendations to manage the natural capital contained within. Existing and pending developments are identified to provide recommendations to alleviate potential disturbance to the ecosystem, and to prevent the scenic and biological integrity of these valuable resources from being lost.

Little River

10

Sub-drainage Divisions The large size of the Little River watershed necessitates that each sub-drainage be examined as an individual entity, even though they collectively contribute to the overall environmental integrity of Little River proper. The greater Little River watershed can be divided into four distinct sub-drainages, and for the purposes of this management plan, these sub-drainages will be used to divide the plan into smaller geographic portions. These four sub-drainages are as follows: Little River, Graham Brook, the Buck Lake Tributary and the Blackall Lake Tributary (Figure 0.3 & Table 1). While each of these sections maintains its unique physical characteristics, drain its own tributaries and vary greatly in length and area, they are all major contributors to the Little River drainage pattern and are essential parts of this management plan.

Table 1: Little River Sub-drainage Areas

Sub-drainage Area (ha) Percentage of Total Watershed Area

Little River 2186 54 Graham Brook 1130 27.9 Buck Lake Tributary 592 14.6 Blackall Lake Tributary 142 3.5

Little River

11

Figure 0.3: Sub-drainages of the Little River Watershed

Elevations and Topography The Little River watershed is extremely varied in its overall topography, ranging from extremely level terrain just above sea level to rocky crags and hilltops. The highest peak within the watershed (~180 m) is the summit of Ptarmigan Hill (Figure 0.2). Located in the northeast corner of the watershed, this landmass drains into Finnegans Bog, which serves as the headwaters to Graham Brook. The lowest elevation in the watershed occurs along the downstream section of Little River as it runs behind the Courtenay Bay Generating Station, where there are several points that lie anywhere from 5m to 2m above mean sea level (Figure 0.4).

Little River

12

Figure 0.4: Elevation profiles along Little River and its tributaries

Little River

13

Little River

14

Chapter 1

Watershed Management Plan For

Little River Saint John, NB

Lacey McKenna Graeme Stewart-Robertson

Tim Vickers

Spring 2007

Little River

15

Sub-Drainage Little River The headwaters of Little Rivers stem from two lakes located in East Saint John, Cooks Lake and Douglas Lake. Little River flows 15.65 km from its headwaters to its terminus at the Bay of Fundy, making Little River the longest sub-drainage within the watershed. Little River is divided into seven management sections based on geographical, habitat types, and developmental changes. (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1: Aerial view of Little River showcasing the seven management sections

¥ n µ

Little River

16

Section 1 Section 1 contains the two headwater lakes, and is broken down into two sub-sections (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2: Location of Sub-Section 1a and Sub-Section 1b within Little River

Little River

17

Sub-section 1a This sub-section contains the larger of the two-headwater lakes, Douglas Lake, which has an area of 17.8 ha. This lake is highly developed for residential use (Figure 1.3). The majority of the lake’s shore is developed and in many locations little to no riparian vegetation is present. Evidence of recreational use of the lake is displayed through the large number of local docks around the lake.

Figure 1.3: An aerial view of Douglas Lake displaying the surrounding residential

development

Management recommendations The management recommendations for this section would include discouraging future development of any remaining undeveloped sections of the shoreline. Also residents who landscape directly to the lake should be provided with an information packet stressing the importance of riparian vegetation along the shoreline.

Little River

18

Sub-section 1b This sub-section contains the second headwater Lake, Cooks Lake. This lake is much smaller than Douglas Lake with an area of 1.6 ha. Cooks Lake has less development resulting in a healthier ecosystem with an abundance of riparian vegetation gracing the shoreline (Figure 1.4).

Figure 1.4: An aerial view of Cooks Lake

Management recommendations Preserve undeveloped shoreline and re-vegetate areas where riparian vegetation has been removed.

¥ n µ

Little River

19

Section 2 Section 2 has a total length of 3.9 km and is divided into three subsections. The section stretches from where Little River exits its headwater lakes, to a point just upstream of the Little River Reservoir where there is a distinct change in vegetation. The stream banks remain wet, however there is a significant increase in alder and open bog/marsh areas (Figure 1.5).

Figure 1.5: Location of Sub-Section 2a, 2b, and 2c within Little River

Little River

20

Sub-section 2a This sub-section, at 0.62 km in length, begins where Little River exits Douglas Lake. The stream flows briefly through woods with a thick canopy cover composed of spruce and cedar, to where it crosses Norris Road through a metal, closed-bottom culvert (Figure 1.6). Upon exiting the culvert the stream flows between two residential properties with manicured lawns, which in places are close to the stream edge. Vegetation such as cattails, spruce, birch and cedar are found bordering the stream in some portions. The local residents have installed two small rock structures housing small lamps in the stream (Figure 1.7).

Figure 1.6: Little River crosses thought a metal closed bottom culvert beneath

Norris Road

Little River

21

Figure 1.7: As Little River flows between two residential properties on Norris

Road the riparian vegetation is greatly reduced. Two small, in-stream rock structures housing garden lights have been installed

Little River once again enters a well-forested area with no development for the rest of this section. The canopy cover is good, consisting primarily of cedar.

Little River

22

Sub-section 2b This sub-section begins as Little River exits Cooks Lake as a small marsh area (Figure 1.8). The stream crosses under Norris Road through a newly installed culvert (installed during the summer of 2006). The stream flows through a closed bottom culvert with the water level about half filling the cylinder. The roadside stream banks have been reinforced with riprap, however the bank on the upstream side is reinforced primarily with large rocks and the bank on the downstream side combines some large rocks with gravel. The gravel is loosely packed and easily washes into the stream (Figure 1.9). The wetland narrows downstream and flows through a mix of bog and cedar forest. This area is well protected from development by a very thick vegetative buffer.

Figure 1.8: Wetland formed as Little River exits Cooks Lake

Figure 1.9: Left; Upstream roadside stream bank composed of large rock riprap Right; Downstream roadside stream bank composed of large rock mixed with

gravel

Little River

23

Sub-section 2c Sub-section 2c begins where 2a and 2b intersect to form one stream. The combined stream continues through predominantly cedar forest, frequently intersected by bogs. A small tributary (hereby referred to as Unnamed Brooklet) flows into Little River from the southeast. The headwaters for Unnamed Brooklet is a small pond located in the Latimore Lake Trailer Park (Figure 1.10). The brooklet exits the pond by flowing through the cracks of a poorly designed concrete dam. The stream banks of this section contain virtually no canopy given the manicured lawn, which extends directly to the stream. The stream then runs alongside Bustin Boulevard serving as a ditch, crossing under a number of driveways through small concrete culverts before flowing into the woods (Figure 1.11). After entering the woods, the tributary is bordered by a sand pit located on the Pipe Line Road East. The Unnamed Brooklet then leaves the sandpit, flows beneath Eldersley Avenue and into a boggy wetland. After exiting the wetland the brooklet crosses the Pipe Line Road East then flows through the dense cedar banks to unite with Little River.

Figure 1.10: Left; A small unnamed tributary flows from an appellation-less pond

through the cracks of an old deteriorating concrete dam. Right; The tributary flows across Latimer Lake Trailer Park with a manicured lawn extending down the

stream banks

Little River

24

Figure 1.11: Unnamed Brooklet flowing towards Little River with Bustin Blvd on

the left stream bank. The stream passes under a number of driveways through concrete culverts

Downstream from where the Unnamed Brooklet flows into it, Little River exits the wooded area to cross Eldersley Avenue through three old concrete culverts (Figure 1.12). The pavement is draped over the concrete and the adjacent banks are covered with grasses and cattails (Figure 1.13).

Figure 1.12: Three culverts carry Little River beneath Eldersley Avenue

Little River

25

Figure 1.13: Riparian vegetation where Little River crosses Eldersley Avenue

Little River forms a shallow, wide stream with a rocky substrate as it flows from the culverts. A rock deflector has been installed by an unknown source on the right stream bank (Figure 1.14).

Figure 1.14: Rock deflector installed on the right stream bank where Little River

emerges from beneath Eldersley Avenue

Little River

26

The stream flows into the dense cedar forest creating a network of channels that cut through the soft soil. The streambed remains rocky and the water shallow. The canopy is thick and there are fallen trees throughout this network of channels creating a shady environment with many places for wildlife and fish to hide (Figure 1.15). There is a small amount of refuse (including tires) along the stream (Figure 1.16).

Figure 1.15: Little River cutting through the a dense cedar forest

Figure 1.16: discarded tires found in Little River near Eldersley Avenue

Little River

27

Little River maintains its wet stream banks as it continues to flow through dense cedar forest until it nears Bustin Lake. At this point the stream widens and the banks become increasing wet and boggy (Figure 1.17). The left stream bank approaches residential development, however the majority of the stream bank is surrounded by a thick vegetative buffer.

Figure 1.17: Little River widens and the stream banks become very boggy as it

approaches Bustin Lake

Bustin Lake, with an area of 2.9 ha, is free from development. The left shore of the lake is near ongoing residential development (new homes are not visible in above aerial photograph), however the City of Saint John owns the shore surrounding Bustin Lake creating a vegetative, protective buffer from new development. A network of ATV trails wind through the woods surrounding Little River in this area. There are two places where major ATV trails intersect the stream. These are visible from aerial photographs. Upon leaving Bustin Lake, Little River narrows and once again is well vegetated with cedar until the end of this section (Figure 1.18).

Little River

28

Figure 1.18: Oblique aerial photo diagrammed to indicate the flow of Little River

in Bustin Lake

Management Recommendations Recreational ATV trails can be detrimental to the health of any watercourse. As vehicles cross the stream they may cause erosion of the stream banks, disturbance of the streambed, and act as a point source pollutant by depositing oil, gas and other fluids into the stream. It is recommended that any necessary crossings of Little River be assessed to create an ATV ford which will not be environmentally damaging. Alternatively, a small bridge with appropriate reinforcement of the stream and banks could be installed. The stream banks at three locations need an increase in native riparian vegetation. The first location is downstream of where Little River crosses the Norris Road in section 2a. Additional native riparian vegetation should be planted along the stream banks to buffer the residential lawns from the watercourse. Local residents also should be informed of the danger of using lawn care chemicals. The second location is the newly installed crossing also on the Norris Road, located in section 2b. Joint plantings of alder or willow should be included with the riprap to create a vegetative buffer helping to filter road runoff. The third location is further down stream, in section 2c, as Little River approaches Bustin Lake. There is a location on the left stream bank near a residential home where riparian vegetation has been removed. Native riparian vegetation should be replanted. ¥ n µ

Little River

29

Section 3 Section 3 of Little River is 2.67 km long, and encompasses the Little River Reservoir. The section begins where the vegetation changes from alternating between bogs and dense, closed canopy cedar, to bogs mixed with a more open canopy comprised of primarily alder and spruce (Figure 1.19). Three tributaries join Little River within this section: Graham Brook, Buck Lake Tributary, and Blackall Lake Tributary (Figure 1.20).

Figure 1.19: Location of Section 3 within Little River

Little River

30

Figure 1.20: Oblique view of section three showing where Graham Brook, Buck

Lake Tributary, and Blackall Lake Tributary connect with Little River

Little River crosses the Pipe Line Road East by literally flowing over the road. Beavers have built a dam on the edge of the road causing a large pool to collect upstream (Figure 1.21). Little River flows around the dam creating a large pool of water covering an entire section of the road before flowing through an area vegetated primarily with alder, spruce, and a mix of herbaceous plants (Figure 1.22 & 1.23). The beavers have also started construction of a second dam on the downstream side of the Pipe Line Road East (Figure 1.24). The streambed is rocky and the flow is good, creating a well-aerated stream. Fish were observed swimming down stream from one side of the crossing to the other.

Little River

31

Figure 1.21: Beaver dam built roadside along Pipe Line Road East

Figure 1.22: Left stream bank in the flooded Pipe Line Road East

Little River

32

Figure 1.23: Little River downstream from the Pipe Line Road East crossing

Figure 1.24: A second beaver dam is being constructed on the downstream

roadside bank of the Pipe Line Road East

Little River

33

Downstream of the Pipe Line Road East, the stream crosses an ATV access road through three culverts. The culverts in this area are old and deteriorating, and a buildup of natural debris is causing a blockage reducing water flow and fish passage (Figure 1.25). The blockage is collecting thick white foam. The stream banks are soft and wet with a mix of bog habitats and areas vegetated with spruce, alder, cedar and grasses (Figure 1.26).

Figure 1.25: Above; Beaver-related blockage of one of the three culverts located

on the upstream side of Little River, near Little River Reservoir Below; Downstream view showing two of the three culverts at the ATV crossing

Little River

34

Figure 1.26: Riparian vegetation for Little River as it approaches the Little River

Reservoir

Section 3 also contains five unnamed lakes that Little River parallels (but does not connect with) as it approaches that Little River Reservoir. The combined area of the lakes is 16.4 ha. Two of the smaller lakes, with areas of 1.5 ha and 1.9 ha respectively, have a green/brown hue when observed on aerial photographs. The cause of the discoloured water is unknown (Figure 1.27).

Figure 1.27: An aerial view of the five unnamed lakes near Little River Reservoir.

The water colour of the two lakes in the lower right corner should be noted.

Little River

35

Little River drains into the Little River Reservoir, which has an area of 22.2 ha (Figure 1.28). The Reservoir is used recreationally throughout the year for a variety of uses including swimming and fishing. The north shore serves as the main entrance to Little River Reservoir providing a parking lot and small playground area (Figure 1.29). The beach is a small sandy strip located on the north shore beside the parking lot. This also marks the beginning of the Pipe Line Road East. The entrance to the road has been chained shut however, vehicles can still gain access to the road through unofficial trails created and widened over time by frequent use.

Figure 1.28: An aerial view of the Little River Reservoir beach and playground

(top) and the Reservoir as a whole (bottom)

Little River

36

Figure 1.29: Above; Playground located beside the parking lot and entrance to the Little River Reservoir. Below (left & right); Two views of the north shore of Little

River Reservoir

The banks of Little River Reservoir consist of marsh/bog wetlands and forested with spruce, alder, and cedar. Most of the banks remain undeveloped with exception of the main entrance and a land based aquaculture facility located on the west shore. The aquaculture facility is set back from the lake and is separated from the shore by a low-lying vegetative buffer. There is a network of ATV trails that border Little River Reservoir and the five unnamed lakes in the area. These trails are used frequently throughout the year, and twist and turn through the woods, often within close vicinity or in contact with a watercourse. Illegal dumping is a major concern in this section. The illegally dumped material covers a wide range of refuse including food and beverage containers, carpets, household appliances, tires, building materials, and vehicles (Figure 1.30). Much of the debris was removed during a community cleanup organized by The Little River Reservoir Restoration Association and ACAP Saint John’s Green Network. Not all illegal dumping sites were targeted during this cleanup and despite efforts to block dumping, it may still be occurring.

Little River

37

Figure 1.30: Illegal dumping around Little River Reservoir

The Little River Reservoir Restoration Association is a community-based group dedicated to improving the quality of Little River Reservoir and surrounding trail network to benefit residents of the area. The group has already conducted one major clean up to remove a portion of the illegally dumped material from the area and are planning to continue efforts in this area. They have also developed an initiative to ban ATV use in the area and to create a network of maintained walking trails utilizing the existing ATV trails as a base to build from. Management Recommendations The major issue of concern within this section is the large amount of illegal dumping. The main entrance to the Pipe Line Road East (near the Little River Reservoir parking lot) has been blocked with a chain to prevent easy vehicular access; however, there are other methods of access to both this road and the surrounding network of ATV trails. One such entrance is simply a few hundred feet down the road allowing people to bypass the chain blocking access to the entrance. An increased amount of monitoring in this area and harsher consequences for illegal dumping would be beneficial in reducing the amount of

Little River

38

illegal dumping in the area. The other entrances to the area should also be blocked to reduce the amount of traffic entering the area. Not all dumpsites were targeted during the first cleanup because of the limited time and resources. A second clean up should be organized to remove remaining refuse deposited within the Little River Reservoir area. Little River crosses directly over the Pipe Line Road East after passing through a beaver dam. This crossing has resulted in erosion of the Pipe Line Road East and nearby stream banks, resulting in a general widening of the streambed. The road should be reconstructed to include a proper culvert crossing for Little River. Downstream from where Little River crosses Pipe Line Road East, another ATV trail crossing is encountered. This trail is a wide dirt road and Little River flows beneath through three old, clogged, concrete culverts. These culverts should be replaced with one large open bottom metal culverts and the surrounding stream banks should be reinforced with gabions and joint plantings of alder and willow. The Little River Restoration Association has developed a number of suggestions for improvements to the reservoir and surrounding area. Their main goal is to develop a recreational park complete with walking trails for the residents of east Saint John to enjoy. Their goal is to create a natural and environmentally friendly trail system allowing people to relax and enjoy walking in a natural setting.

¥ n µ

Little River

39

Section 4 Section 4 stretches for 2.96 km between the Little River Reservoir and the Silver Falls Reservoir (Figure 1.31). Little River is wide with a rocky streambed and wet stream banks throughout the first of this section. The riparian vegetation varies in thickness as the stream meanders between inhabited and uninhabited areas. The vegetation includes alder, willow, spruce, cedar, and many grass species (Figure 1.32). As Little River approaches Silver Falls Reservoir the stream banks become increasingly marsh/bog like with wetland grasses becoming the dominant vegetation. This section also shows signs of wildlife usage, including deer, beavers, as well as various waterfowl and other avian species.


Little River

40

Figure 1.32: Typical stream banks and streambed for Little River between Little

River Reservoir and Silver Falls Reservoir

Little River exits the Little River Reservoir on the western shore and runs alongside the aquaculture facility. Portions of the facility come close to the stream, and the vegetative buffer ranges from small to non-existent (Figure 1.33).

Figure 1.33: Little River Flows beside an aquaculture facility with very little

riparian vegetation

Little River passes to the north of Heather Way, which contains three large apartment buildings (and accompanying parking lots) and connects with Kappa Avenue, Omega Drive and Lambda Avenue. A new residential development on Lamba Avenue is situated within acceptable boundaries from Little River; however, there are wide ATV trails which lead from the development to the watercourse. There is also a concrete culvert emerging from beneath Heather Way which handles rainwater overflow (Figure 1.34). Pollutants are introduced into this section in the form of litter and an oily substance flowing off the hill from Heather Way. The litter consists mostly of household trash including food and beverage containers. The oily substance is carried into Little

Little River

41

River through a small channel of slow moving water, which displays the rainbow sheen associated with oil-based product contamination. This is possibly associated with parking lot runoff (Figure 1.34)

Figure 1.34: Left; Storm overflow culvert near Heather Way Right; Small channel

carrying contaminated water into Little River near Heather Way

Little River crosses under the Hickey Road through two large open bottom culverts (Figure 1.35). The streambed is wide and rocky and the stream has good flow. Some refuse has been deposited into the stream including bicycles (Figure 1.36), silt fencing, and many food and beverage containers. After crossing under Hickey Road, Little River’s right stream bank is bordered by Simonds High School’s sports field and tennis courts while the left remains vegetated with willow and alder and grasses. The sports field approaches Little River with only sparse vegetation for protection and sections of the bank are reinforced with old gabions that are slipping away from the bank, drooping towards the stream (Figure 1.37). There has also been a small rock weir installed in this area. Water flows easily over the rocks (Figure 1.38).

Figure 1.35: Large open bottom culverts carry Little River beneath Hickey Road

Little River

42

Figure 1.36: A bicycle and old silt fencing deposited into Little River under Hickey

Road

Figure 1.37: Views of Little River near Simonds High School

Little River

43

Figure 1.38: Small rock weir installed in Little River near Simonds High School

Behind Simonds High School a network of ATV trails exist. The trail crosses a small tributary flowing from the south joining a small wetland to Little River. The tributary crosses under the trail behind Simonds High School through two small culverts with metal grating propped open on the down stream side. The water from the left culverts is orange in colour and the water in the right culverts is murky and brown/gray (Figure 1.39).

Figure 1.39: Culvert crossing carrying small tributary from the south to Little River under an ATV trail behind Simonds High. Note the open metal grating

installed downstream and the colour of the water emerging from both culverts.

Little River

44

The tributary follows closely alongside an ATV trail until reaching Little River. Further downstream (before uniting with Little River) the tributary is crossed once again as the ATV trail forks. This crossing contains a makeshift bridge constructed from small trees lying across the width of the stream (Figure 1.40). The logs creating the bridge are blocking the natural flow of the water. These logs have come loose over time and have moved downstream where they are caught in the riparian vegetation increasing the blockage.

Figure 1.40: Left & Middle; Second ATV crossing behind Simonds High School

containing a make shift bridge composed of logs spanning across the width of the tributary Right; buildup of branches blocking flow located on the down stream

side of the ATV crossing

Little River crosses under an old, wooden, industrial bridge linking a dirt road stemming from Bruce Lane to an abandoned sand quarry. The bridge consists of wooden boards arranged on a steel frame and supported by creosote preserved wooden braces and pillars (Figure 1.41). The stream banks near the bridge are vegetated with grasses and small low-lying shrubs. At this point the stream is wide and smooth flowing through a lot of aquatic vegetation.

Figure 1.41: Wooden industrial bridge crossing Little River

Little River

45

Figure 1.42 Left; Riparian vegetation downstream of wooden industrial bridge Right; Creosote preserved support stabilizing the bridge crossing Little River

Figure 1.43: An aerial view of Little River near Simonds High School

The Silver Falls Reservoir marks the end of this section. The reservoir is negatively affected by mass wasting of sand and silt washing down from an abandoned sand pit located to the south on the right hand bank of the reservoir (Figure 1.44). Recreational ATV enthusiasts frequent the land adjacent to the reservoir, which has resulted in an array of trails through the riparian zone. When heavy rainfall occurs sand from the pit is eroded and washed down the hill through these trails, carving deep channels towards the reservoir. As the eroded earth reaches the reservoir it forms an alluvial fan resulting in an unnatural sandy bank extending into the water causing an increase in silt load and destruction of the natural bank (Figure 1.44).

Little River

46

Figure 1.44: Left; A deep channel has carved into the earth as rainwater rushes

down the hill Right; Mass wasting of sand has created a plume free of vegetation

Riparian vegetation surrounding the banks of the reservoir varies in density. There is no vegetation near the sand plume and reduced amounts in sections where ATV trails and eroded runoff channels come in contact with the shore (Figure 1.45). Other areas of the reservoir are covered in thick, dense amounts of marsh grasses and alder. Aquatic vegetation is plentiful throughout the reservoir providing shelter, food and dissolved oxygen for fish living in the lake.

Figure 1.45: Aerial view of Silver Falls Reservoir showing the eroded sand plume

Little River

47

Illegal dumping is of concern around the silver Falls Reservoir. Items including roofing tar, tires, building materials, appliances, and furniture have been discarded in the area. This section ends as Little River exits Silver Falls Reservoir through two large open bottom culverts that flow beneath Champlain Drive (Figure 1.46). The stream bank parallel to Champlain Drive is vegetated with grass, herbaceous plants and a few low-lying shrubs. Storm drains for Champlain Drive empty into Silver Falls reservoir where the culverts cross the road.

Figure 1.46: Two large open bottom culverts carry Little River beneath Champlain

Drive

Management Recommendations Native riparian vegetation has been reduced in various locations throughout this section. The first location encountered in need of increased vegetation is located along the left stream bank as Little River leaves the reservoir. The left bank vegetation has been reduced by the aquaculture facility located beside the bank. An inquiry of this facility should be conducted to ensure the aquaculture practices meet provincial standards for operation near a watercourse. The second area in need of re-vegetation is located along the right stream bank where Simonds High School sports field is located. The manicured lawn of the field and surrounding sidelines extends to the right bank of Little River. A small portion of the bank is reinforced with gabions, however the gabions are loose and sagging towards the stream. The un-reinforced portions of the bank are eroding as the stream flows, particularly with increased water levels. By increasing the native riparian vegetation, such as alder and willow, banks stabilization reducing erosion is only one of the benefits. The reduced erosion will also decrease the sediment load deposited into the stream and the vegetation will provide canopy cover and in stream wood debris, creating better fish habitat.

Little River

48

The third area with a significant decrease in riparian vegetation is the sand plume created from the mass wasting of sand from a nearby sand pit into Silver Falls Reservoir. The sand plume has resulted in removal of all riparian vegetation and an increase in the area of the shoreline. The sand plume should be physically removed to restore the bank to the natural shape and the use of fascines with live staking can be installed in tiers to create a multi-leveled barrier against future mass wasting. A fascine is a method, using bundles of live dormant cuttings, allowing large amounts of riparian vegetation to take root establishing a health population within a small time frame. Chemical analyses of the murky and orange water from the small tributary connecting from the south should be conducted. The test will reveal the composition of the substances causing water discolouration in the steam and whether they are detrimental to the health of wildlife using the stream. Recreational ATV use is common throughout this section, particularly behind Simonds High School and near the Silver Falls Reservoir. The trails show the frequent use by the presence of deep ruts, muddy pools, and eroded trail edges, which result in a general widening of the trails. There are portions where these trails come close to, in contact with, or cross the stream. The small tributary from the south is crossed twice by ATV trails. The first crossing allows the stream to cross under the trail through two culverts. Further downstream another trail crossed the tributary over branches local residents have deposited into the stream. The branches are causing a blockage in the stream reducing the natural flow. This makeshift crossing should be removed and redesigned to provide an environmentally friendly crossing for recreational ATV.

¥ n µ

Little River

49

Section 5 Section 5 is 0.44 km in length, flowing from Champlain Drive to the base of Silver Falls (Figure 1.47). After emerging from beneath Champlain Drive Little River comes in contact with a moderately sized dam before flowing over Silver Falls.


Little River plunges with great force over a soft, shale, and rock bed for approximately 40 m creating Silver Falls. The falls is a beautiful, hidden gem many citizens have no idea exists. The stream banks are steep with shale ledges that are scattered with cedar and spruce rooted on the small plateaus. Brown trout were observed jumping out of the water at the base of Silver Falls however it is unlikely they would be able to swim against the force of the water to reach the reservoir. During the summer when the water is low, sturgeon can be seen in the plunge pool.

Little River

50

Figure 1.48: Photos of Silver Falls

Management Recommendations The natural beauty of Silver Falls should be preserved and maintained. A closer look at the Silver Falls Dam is suggested. The dam should not be inhibiting fish passage and should include a fish ladder.

¥ n µ

Little River

51

Section 6 Section 6 begins as the elevation levels out below Silver Falls and flows for 2.17 km. The Irving Oil Refinery borders the right stream bank (Figure 1.49).

Figure 1.49: Position of Section 6 in Little River

At this point Little River’s main channel meanders through the soft, marshy banks flowing with the same general morphology as 1952 (Figure 1.50). Although the natural meandering of the central channel is still visible, the stream banks have undergone significant changes. Development of the area has caused Little River to flood the stream banks throughout this section. This has created a number of pools and general widening of the wetland. The widening of the wetland has resulted in excellent habitat to sustain a health brown trout population. Ducks Unlimited Canada, in partnership with Irving Oil, has completed work to improve and manage this section to maintain the brown trout habitat.

Little River

52

Figure 1.50: Aerial shots showing the changes in Little River from 1952 to 2004.

Note the deep main channel is morphologically the same however the stream banks show significant flooding and pooling.

The left stream bank consists mostly of marsh grass and alder and is separated from Loch Lomond Road by a hill covered in herbaceous plants. This wooded area is well-known as a habitat for a herd of deer that exist there year-round (Figure 1.51). The right stream bank after leaving Silver Falls is bordered by a sandy hill with a small alder buffer. The sand is loosely packed and easily disturbed resulting in wind and water erosion. Adjacent to the sandy hill is the Irving Oil Refinery. Little River then flows beside the refinery for the rest of this section, including where the main entrance road’s bridge crosses the stream.

Little River

53

Figure 1.51: Large Bucks and an albino female are just a few of the deer routinely

seen in this area

Figure 1.52: Little River with the Irving Oil Refinery behind the right stream bank

Management Recommendations This section is currently managed by Ducks Unlimited. ¥ n µ

Little River

54

Section 7 Section 7 is 1.98 km in length flowing between Irving Paper and the Irving Oil Refinery to its terminus at the Little River Beach on the Bay of Fundy (Figure 1.53).


Little River’s morphology has been slightly altered as the channel is redirected in various locations around sections of the surrounding industry (Figure 1.54). The banks of this section are wet with a low-lying vegetative buffers of various thicknesses occuring throughout this section.

Little River

55

Figure 1.54: Historical comparison of the morphological changes to Little River

between 1952 and 2004

The stream is crossed in six locations as it flows through the Irving Oil and Irving Paper properties, towards the bay. The crossings of this section have not been extensively observed due to the restricted nature of the industry. Aerial photos were observed to determine the physical characteristics and crossings encountered within this section (Figure 1.55 & 1.56). The first crossing of Little River within this section is large metal pipeline, suspended over the stream by a metal frame. Directly beside this pipeline is small bridge for an access road. The stream then crosses through two old metal culverts beneath a railroad crossing. The fourth is an old crossing with rusted culverts and does not appear to have a current use. Little River then flows through two new, metal culverts beneath a road entering Irving Paper. The final crossing is located as Little River flows beneath Bayside Drive under a large, multi-lane bridge.

Little River

56

Figure 1.55 & Figure 1.55: Aerial views of Little River flowing between the Irving

Oil Refinery and Irving Paper properties and out into the Bay of Fundy.

Little River

57

The surrounding industry has had a history of expelling byproducts into Little River. Specifically ballast water from Irving ships is treated at the Irving Oil Refinery and released into the stream for disposal. Since the summer of 2005 the amount of ballast water treated has been greatly reduced with a month or more between treatments. After crossing Bayside Drive, Little River flows towards the bay with Bayside Drive bordering the right stream bank, and Little River Beach bordering the left. The stream is a typical tidal marsh channel with soft banks that are well vegetated in marsh grasses (Figure 1.57). A variety of waterfowl, including Canada Geese, have been observed utilizing this wetlands for nesting.

Figure 1.56: Oblique aerial photo showing the Little River beach and the mouth of

the river

Management Recommendations The crossing beneath the railroad is in poor condition. A new train bridge should replace this old culverted crossing. Also the old, unused crossing should be removed allowing the stream to flow freely.

¥ n µ

Little River

58

Summary of Management Suggestions Stream Section Location Recommendations

1a Douglas Lake Protect undeveloped shoreline; educate public as to the importance of maintaining native riparian vegetation

1b Cooks Lake Preserve undeveloped shoreline and revegetate cleared riparian buffers

2 Entire length of section Assess ATV crossings and create proper ATV fords where appropriate

2 Norris Road & Bustin Lake

Three locations require riparian vegetation renewal including alder or willow joint plantings

3 Entire Section Cleanups on a regular basis to remove all C&D, industrial, and household refuse from Little River and riparian zone

3 Pipe Line Road East Road reconstruction with a proper culvert crossing to prevent further washout

3 Little River Reservoir Assess ATV crossings and create proper ATV fords or bridges where appropriate

4 Between the Little River

Reservoir & Simonds High School

Stream bank revegetation, repair gabions, improve canopy cover, reduce ATV traffic through the stream itself

4 Silver Falls Reservoir Remediation of stream bank vegetation, removal of sand plume, erosion protection measures.

5 Silver Falls Maintain natural status of the falls, monitor upstream dam

7 Next to the Irving Oil Refinery

Replace antiquated culvert crossings, remove all abandoned stream crossings

Little River

59

Little River

60

Chapter 2


Graham Brook Saint John, NB

...


Tim Vickers

Spring 2007

Little River

61

Sub-Drainage Graham Brook Graham Brook has a total length of 7.36 km, and originates in Finnegans Bog (located just above Churchland Road). Its terminus is in the Little River Reservoir where it meets Little River. The stream flows through forested, boggy, and residential areas. Graham Brook is divided into three sections for management, based on physical changes within the stream (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1: Aerial view of Graham Brook showcasing the three management

sections

¥ n µ

Little River

62

Section 1 The first section of Graham Brook begins at its headwaters in Finnegans Bog, and extends for 1.44 km through Long Lake to its outlet on the northwest shore (Figure 2.2).

Figure 2.2: Location of section 1 within Graham Brook

The stream exits Finnegans Bog and flows through an undeveloped forested area consisting primarily of cedar and spruce until reaching a culvert carrying the stream under Churchland Road. Here it enters Long Lake. Banks surrounding the culvert are reinforced with large granite blocks and gravel; rainwater runs off the road carrying gravel into the stream. The culvert is closed bottom, concrete and allows the water to flow freely beneath the road (Figure 2.3). Although illegal dumping was not rampant in this area a significant amount of litter, primarily food and beverage containers, were disposed of along the sides of the road bordering the riparian zone.

Little River

63

Figure 2.3: Left; Culvert carrying Graham Brook under Churchland Road Right;

Graham Brook flowing into Long Lake

Long Lake, with an area of 12.4 ha, contains a small amount of residential development and an equestrian farm. Approximately two-thirds of the lake contains no development allowing the shoreline to remain in a natural state, vegetated with native riparian vegetation. The developed one-third, located along the western shore, is occupied by Lakewood Stables. The stables and accompanying fields and pastures are buffered from the lake by a vegetative buffer, which varies in thickness along the shore. This shore also houses one small dock suggesting the recreational use of the lake (Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4: An aerial view of Lakewood Stables, which is located on the western

shore of Long Lake

Little River

64

Management recommendations A cleanup of the area should be conducted to remove the litter deposited along the stream banks. The well-vegetated and currently undeveloped shore of Long Lake should be preserved. Long Lake appears to be well buffered from Lakewood Stables, however water quality tests should be conducted to ensure the fecal coliform levels are within acceptable boundaries. Manure piles from the stable may increase the fecal coliform levels. Bacteria can be transported via rainwater runoff into the lake.

¥ n µ

Little River

65

Section 2 Section 2 of Graham Brook is its longest management zone with a length of 4.9 km. The section begins as Graham Brook exits Long Lake and ends where it meets Loch Lomond Road (Figure 2.5).


Upon exiting Long Lake, Graham Brook flows directly beneath a crossing built for horses to pass between stables and an outdoor arena. It then flows in a southwestern direction towards Little River. Throughout this section Graham Brook flows through the forest alternating between patches of bog, wet stream banks dominated with cedar, and sections of mixed spruce and cedar. Graham Brook crosses Hillcrest Road through a large metal culvert. The surrounding banks and road are deteriorating and the stream banks are very soft, wet, and vegetated with cedar trees. The culvert is clogged by a buildup of debris consisting of sticks and leaves causing an increase in water level. This culvert crossing also had a large amount of litter including food and beverage containers and discarded clothing.

Little River

66

Figure 2.6: The culvert where Graham Brook crosses Hillcrest Road blocked with

branches causing the upstream water level to rise

Three small feeder tributaries join Graham Brook within this section. The first tributary is Moonless Creek originates from a wetland located to the northwest of the Graham Brook headwaters from the Tarn of St. Cecilia, which has an area of 2.2 ha. The cool, clear water of the Moonless Creek crosses Hillcrest Road through two small plastic culverts with good flow and no obstructions. The streambed of this section was rocky as it cut though the forest to merge with Graham Brook.

Figure 2.7: Left; Culverts carrying the Moonless Creek beneath Hillcrest Road Right: Streambed and riparian vegetation of the Moonless Creek

The second small tributary, Ascension Brook, stems from the Bight of Ascension with an area of 1.9 ha. This tributary has a riparian zone similar to the rest of the section, consisting of bog and cedar. The tributary is encased completely within an undeveloped area.

Little River

67

The third tributary, Greenwood Stream, approaches Graham Brook from the east stemming from a wetland adjacent to Karen Street. The stream crosses under Karen Street through a small culvert in poor condition and then cuts alongside a small building. This building’s lawn cuts directly into the stream bank in one location which has a buildup of whitish gray sludge deposited along the right hand stream bank. Greenwood Stream then heads away from development through the wet, bog filled, forest to meet Graham Brook. Graham Brook emerges from the forest adjacent to two residential properties located on Loch Lomond Road. The property along the right hand stream bank has a vegetative buffer separating the manicured lawn from the stream however; the left hand stream bank has been mowed directly to the edge (Figure 2.8).

Figure 2.8: The lack of riparian vegetation along the banks of Graham Brook as it

approaches Loch Lomond Road

Management recommendations Increase the native riparian vegetation along the stream banks near Loch Lomond Road. Conserve the natural areas that presently exist within this stretch.

¥ n µ

Little River

68

Section 3 Section 3 of Graham Brook begins as the brook crosses under Loch Lomond Road and extends for 0.93 km where it meets Little River (Figure 2.9). The crossing is a two-lane bridge allowing the natural streambed to continue without interruption beneath the road. The banks near the bridge have been reinforced with large concrete wing abutment and riprap (Figure 2.10).


Little River

69

Figure 2.10: Left; Concrete abutment supporting the bridge allowing Loch Lomond Road to cross Graham Brook. Right; Riprap reinforcing the bridge

As Graham Brook continues to flow away from Loch Lomond Road it is well buffered by native riparian vegetation consisting of spruce, alder, birch and cedar. The streambed is rocky and has a moderate flow. As Graham Brook approaches the Little River Reservoir, the riparian zone becomes wetter eventually becoming a bog. The stream cuts through the soft, bog banks and widens the channel (Figure 2.11). The stream meets an old deteriorating dam before flowing under the Pipe Line Road East towards Little River Reservoir (Figure 2.12). The concrete of the dam is crumbling into Graham Brook.

Figure 2.11: Boggy banks of Graham Brook has created a widening of the stream

Little River

70

Figure 2.12: Dam structure near as Graham Brook crosses the Pipe Line Road East

near Little River Reservoir

Graham Brook flows beneath the road via a culvert and emerges on the other side cutting through wet stream banks vegetated with alder. Here an ATV trail crosses the final stretch of Graham Brook before joining Little River Reservoir. The ATV trail cuts directly across the stream causing damage to the streambed and stream banks, potentially destroying fish habitat. Management recommendations The dam located near Little River Reservoir is in very poor condition. This dam should be replaced and a new open bottom culvert should be installed where Graham Brook crosses the dirt access road to allow better fish passage. If ATV use is not eliminated from the Little River Reservoir and surrounding area, then an appropriate stream crossing should be installed where an ATV trail crosses Graham Brook.

¥ n µ

Little River

71

Summary of Management Suggestions Stream Section Location Recommendations

1 Long Lake Cleanup of refuse along stream banks, preserve undeveloped lake shore.

1 Long Lake Monitor runoff from agriculture to ensure water quality and safety.

2 Loch Lomond Road Increase riparian vegetation

2 Entire length of section Conserve vast natural areas

3 Concrete dam Replace or repair dam with a new one allowing better fish passage (incorporating open-bottomed culverts)

3 Little River Reservoir Proper ATV crossings should be installed where appropriate

Little River

72

Chapter 3


Buck Lake Tributary Saint John, NB


Tim Vickers

Spring 2007

Little River

73

Sub-drainage: Buck Lake Tributary The Buck Lake Tributary, as the name implies, flows north from Buck Lake, located south of Latimore Lake Road, for a length of 2.55 km to its terminus, where it intersects with Little River in the Little River Reservoir. The Buck Lake Tributary can be divided into two distinct management sections (Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1: Aerial photo indicating the many and varied sections of the Buck Lake

Tributary

¥ n µ

Little River

74

Section 1 This section has a length of 1.6 km and consists of Buck Lake itself, and its many marsh channels. The lake is rather ambiguous in size, as it is located in a large marsh basin that varies its water levels. Specifically due to the gentle elevations, significant shifts in lake area can occur depending on the time of year or meteorological conditions. The lake is on average between 35-39 ha in surface area, located within a large wetland over 140 ha in size (Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2: Aerial photo diagrammed to show the extent of Section 1 of the Buck

Lake Tributary

Buck Lake is populated primarily by marsh grasses, shrubbery, and cedar trees. Overall the water clarity is excellent, and the lake shores themselves are well isolated from human contact because of their soft nature. The greater Buck Lake wetland is closely bordered by several anthropogenic influences. These include McLaughlin Road and McLeod Road to the northwest, which come the closest to the lake shore of any roadways, Gladstone Avenue lies to the north, and meets the

Little River

75

far corner of the wetland. Two resource operations (logging and gravel) occur on the east and west sides of the wetland, both of which have tree buffers from the wetland.

Figure 3.3: Oblique aerial photo showing Buck Lake and its environs

Management recommendations Given the lack of development on the lake itself, no immediate action is necessary. However given all the closely bordering influences, the area should be monitored to ensure it remains as protected as possible.

¥ n µ

Little River

76

Section 2

Figure 3.4: Aerial photo diagrammed to demonstrate the length and shape of

Section 2 of the Buck Lake Tributary

Management Section 2 of the Buck Lake Tributary contains a variety of landscapes situated between Buck Lake itself and the Little River Reservoir (Figure 3.3). Beginning in a wooded area at the northern limit of Buck Lake, the stream moves rapidly through dense coniferous forest toward Latimore Lake Road. The streambed is of fine sand and small gravel, with a few larger rocks (few exceeding 40 cm in diameter). There are virtually no anthropogenic influences on the watercourse in this area, until it meets the residential properties along Latimore Lake Road.

Little River

77

Figure 3.5: The Buck Lake Tributary as it approaches Latimore Lake Road. The

lawn of a residential property can be seen to the left of the photograph

Just prior to the culverts beneath the Latimore Lake Road, the stream passes along a cleared area of lawn, and lacks any riparian buffer or canopy along one side of the watercourse for approximately 20-30 m (Figure 3.5). The stream then flows into two concrete culverts surrounded by deteriorating granite retaining blocks. On the upstream side, the culverts are often clogged with debris because of their small diameter openings. On the downstream side, the culverts were found to be hanging above the water level, this despite the fact that the water level of the stream was higher than normal due to recent rainfall. On a normal day, the drop from the culvert is greater than 20 cm. The banking from the roadside was found to be in poor shape due to deteriorating asphalt and erosion of gravel fill (Figure 3.6). Downstream of the culverts, the stream re-enters dense forest terrain, where the streambed is very similar to its upstream condition. The only difference is an increase in rock and boulder size, particularly along the shoreline. The riparian area consists of a mix of cedar, spruce and a few growths of alder, willow and varied shrubbery. Before it joins with Little River, the Buck Lake Tributary finishes its run through the forest and enters a more level, wetter terrain. This area is part of the Little River Reservoir surroundings, and thus shares the same dense growths of alder and willow. It also shares the same type of streambed, as well as ATV trail crossings. Only one crossing of note was found, though it appeared to have been washed out at the time.

Little River

78

Figure 3.6: Downstream end of the culverts under Latimore Lake Road

Figure 3.7: Oblique aerial photo showing Buck Lake Tributary’s terminus in the

Little River Reservoir

Little River

79

Management recommendations The culverts under Latimore Lake Road should be improved by removing the antiquated concrete pipes and replacing them with a single large open-bottomed culvert. This would improve fish passage and reduce the chances of debris clogging the culverts. Riparian vegetation along the residential property on the upstream side of the road could also be improved by planting native riparian species to provide canopy and reduce runoff. The ATV crossings near the Little River Reservoir should be given consideration, preferably with the construction of a proper bridge structure so that the vehicles do not drive through the watercourse itself.

¥ n µ

Little River

80

Summary of Management Recommendations Stream Section Location Recommendations

1 Buck Lake Preserve the natural lake habitat and monitor the impact of nearby resource operations

2 Latimore Lake Road Improve culverts by using open-bottomed type

2 Latimore Lake Road Increase natural riparian vegetation and improve canopy cover for the stream

2 Little River Reservoir Assess ATV crossings and create proper ATV fords where appropriate

Little River

81

Little River

82

Chapter 4


Blackall Lake Tributary Saint John, NB


Tim Vickers

Spring 2007

Little River

83

Sub-drainage: Blackall Lake Tributary The Blackall Lake Tributary flows south from Blackall Lake, located north of Loch Lomond Road, for a length of 1.2 km to its terminus, where it intersects with Little River (Figure 4.1). This intersection is approximately half a kilometre downstream from the Little River Reservoir. The Blackall Lake Tributary can be divided into two distinct management sections (Figure 4.2).

Figure 4.1: Oblique aerial photo diagrammed to show the path of the Blackall Lake Tributary as it flows from its headwaters, to the juncture with Little River

Little River

84

Figure 4.2: Management sections of Blackall Lake Tributary

¥ n µ

Little River

85

Section 1 Section 1 consists of Blackall Lake (Figure 4.3). The lake has a surface area of 8.6 ha, interrupted only by a single rocky island in the southeast corner. It is primarily surrounded by vegetation consisting of spruce and cedar, with small stands of deciduous trees (including maple and alder).

Figure 4.3: Location of Section 1 within Blackall Lake Tributary

Suburban development occurs along the shores of Blackall Lake. The development is primarily aggregated between the southwest and southeast quadrants of the lake’s shoreline. Many of the new homes also have replaced the natural riparian vegetation and shore rock with landscaped lawns and reinforcing walls that directly ab ut the water (Figure 4.4). Rock fill has been deposited on the southern tip of the lake extending the shoreline by a distance of approximately 10 m (Figure 4.5). These two issues are of concern for both water quality and wildlife use. Currently the water clarity was good and many waterfowl were observed using Blackall Lake. Further development is underway along both the western and the northern shore of the lake.

Little River

86

Figure 4.4: New homes along the shore of Blackall Lake, showing how closely

their construction encroaches upon the lakeshore

Figure 4.5: Fill deposited on the southern tip of Blackall Lake

Blackall Lake Tributary exits Blackall Lake through a culvert in the southwest corner of the lake. The culvert is closed-bottomed, constructed of concrete, and runs for 10 m underneath Old Lake Trail (Figure 4.6). There is a large amount of both wood debris and old silt fencing inside and around the culvert opening.

Little River

87

Figure 4.6: The culvert carrying beneath Old Lake Trail, silt fencing is washing

into the lake and draped over the culvert

Management recommendations The shoreline around Blackall Lake is experiencing residential development. This development should be monitored to find a balance between the human use of the lake and ecological concerns. The new residents should be informed of the benefits of riparian vegetation and urged to landscape their property in the most environmentally friendly manner. The debris and collapsed silt fencing should be removed from the culvert, which carries Blackall Lake Tributary beneath Old Lake Trail. A community based clean up of the area should be organized to remove the litter that has blown into the stream.

¥ n µ

Little River

88

Section 2 Section 2 of the Blackall Lake Tributary runs a distance of 0.62 km from the culvert under Old Lake Trail to the juncture with Little River (Figure 4.7). The stream maintains a relatively straight course through this section, and drops less than 10m in elevation along its run.

Figure 4.7: Position of Section 2 within Blackall Lake Tributary

The culvert that carries Blackall Lake Tributary beneath Old Lake Trail clogs frequently with wood debris from Blackall Lake. There is only a small amount of flow through this culvert. Blackall Lake is not the only source of water flowing into the stream at this point, as he storm drains of the road above flow from a small plastic pipe located up the embankment from the culvert (Figure 4.8).

Little River

89

Figure 4.8: Culvert exit from under Old Lake Trail. Also visible is the storm drain

runoff pipe, located above the culvert

The stream then flows down through a medium-density grove of mixed vegetation, ranging from maple to fir to shrubbery (Figure 4.9). The stream banks are low and grassy, and in-stream vegetation is abundant. A number of pieces of litter have been deposited into the riparian zone; primarily food and beverage refuse, along with discarded construction materials and packing.

Figure 4.9: Stream bank and in-stream vegetation of Section 2 of the Blackall Lake

Tributary

The stream continues to flow between the existing development on Bon Accord Drive and a cleared lot off Old Lake Trail. The vegetated buffer between these lots and the stream is maintained throughout this area and neither of the anthropogenic

Little River

90

influences seem to impact the stream in any way except for the litter caught in the trees and shrubs. As the stream approaches Loch Lomond Road the banks become populated with dense willow growths. The stream flows through a small concrete culvert to cross Loch Lomond Road (Figure 4.10).

Figure 4.10: Culvert opening under Loch Lomond Road

On the downstream side of Loch Lomond Road, the stream exits the culvert into a thick stand of Japanese Knotweed, an identified invasive species (Figure 4.11). The knotweed has overtaken all of the native vegetation in the riparian zone and grows as a monoculture for 15 m or more. The effects on a watercourse by a monoculture of an invasive species are not fully understood.

Figure 4.11: Dense, dormant, monoculture of Japanese Knotweed has overtaken

the riparian zone of the Blackall Lake Tributary

Little River

91

Past the dense stand of Japanese Knotweed, the Blackall Lake Tributary flows through some alder and willow and into a marsh meadow. This meadow is part of a larger piece of a marsh landscape that extends along Little River from the Silver Falls Reservoir to the Little River Reservoir. The meadow is primarily grasses, though alders and willows do grow in abundance along the streams and ditches that crisscross its level terrain. The Blackall Lake Tributary finally flows into Little River in the marshy meadow behind Heather Way. The junction of the stream is quite good, though the increased water volume causes the stream to spread out into multiple small channels for a short way, but this is primarily due to the extremely level terrain.

Figure 4.12: Oblique aerial photo diagrammed to show the path of the Blackall Lake Tributary as it flows from its headwaters, to the juncture with Little River

and out to the Bay of Fundy

Little River

92

Management recommendations The Japanese Knotweed along the stream banks should be removed and replaced with native riparian vegetation.

¥ n µ

Little River

93

Summary of Management Recommendations Stream Section Location Recommendations

1 Blackall Lake Monitor new development to ensure minimal impact on lake habitat

1 Blackall Lake Increase native riparian vegetation in new residential areas

1 Old Lake Trail Improve silt and road runoff protection measures

1 Entire Section Organize community cleanups/awareness

programmes to reduce the onslaught of litter unto the stream

2 Loch Lomond Road Remove invasive riparian monocultures and replace with native riparian vegetation

Little River

94

Table of Figures FIGURE 0.1: OVERVIEW OF SAINT JOHN SHOWING THE EXTENT OF THE LITTLE RIVER

WATERSHED 7 FIGURE 1.1: AERIAL VIEW OF LITTLE RIVER SHOWCASING THE SEVEN MANAGEMENT

SECTIONS 15 FIGURE 1.2: LOCATION OF SUB-SECTION 1A AND SUB-SECTION 1B WITHIN LITTLE RIVER 16 FIGURE 1.3: AN AERIAL VIEW OF DOUGLAS LAKE DISPLAYING THE SURROUNDING

RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT 17 FIGURE 1.4: AN AERIAL VIEW OF COOKS LAKE 18 FIGURE 1.5: LOCATION OF SUB-SECTION 2A, 2B, AND 2C WITHIN LITTLE RIVER 19 FIGURE 1.6: LITTLE RIVER CROSSES THOUGHT A METAL CLOSED BOTTOM CULVERT

BENEATH NORRIS ROAD 20 FIGURE 1.7: AS LITTLE RIVER FLOWS BETWEEN TWO RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES ON NORRIS

ROAD THE RIPARIAN VEGETATION IS GREATLY REDUCED. TWO SMALL, IN-STREAM ROCK STRUCTURES HOUSING GARDEN LIGHTS HAVE BEEN INSTALLED 21

FIGURE 1.8: WETLAND FORMED AS LITTLE RIVER EXITS COOKS LAKE 22 FIGURE 1.9: LEFT; UPSTREAM ROADSIDE STREAM BANK COMPOSED OF LARGE ROCK RIPRAP

RIGHT; DOWNSTREAM ROADSIDE STREAM BANK COMPOSED OF LARGE ROCK MIXED WITH GRAVEL 22

FIGURE 1.10: LEFT; A SMALL UNNAMED TRIBUTARY FLOWS FROM AN APPELLATION-LESS POND THROUGH THE CRACKS OF AN OLD DETERIORATING CONCRETE DAM. RIGHT; THE TRIBUTARY FLOWS ACROSS LATIMER LAKE TRAILER PARK WITH A MANICURED LAWN EXTENDING DOWN THE STREAM BANKS 23

FIGURE 1.11: UNNAMED BROOKLET FLOWING TOWARDS LITTLE RIVER WITH BUSTIN BLVD ON THE LEFT STREAM BANK. THE STREAM PASSES UNDER A NUMBER OF DRIVEWAYS THROUGH CONCRETE CULVERTS 24

FIGURE 1.12: THREE CULVERTS CARRY LITTLE RIVER BENEATH ELDERSLEY AVENUE 24 FIGURE 1.13: RIPARIAN VEGETATION WHERE LITTLE RIVER CROSSES ELDERSLEY AVENUE 25 FIGURE 1.14: ROCK DEFLECTOR INSTALLED ON THE RIGHT STREAM BANK WHERE LITTLE

RIVER EMERGES FROM BENEATH ELDERSLEY AVENUE 25 FIGURE 1.15: LITTLE RIVER CUTTING THROUGH THE A DENSE CEDAR FOREST 26 FIGURE 1.16: DISCARDED TIRES FOUND IN LITTLE RIVER NEAR ELDERSLEY AVENUE 26 FIGURE 1.17: LITTLE RIVER WIDENS AND THE STREAM BANKS BECOME VERY BOGGY AS IT

APPROACHES BUSTIN LAKE 27 FIGURE 1.18: OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTO DIAGRAMMED TO INDICATE THE FLOW OF LITTLE

RIVER IN BUSTIN LAKE 28 FIGURE 1.19: LOCATION OF SECTION 3 WITHIN LITTLE RIVER 29 FIGURE 1.20: OBLIQUE VIEW OF SECTION THREE SHOWING WHERE GRAHAM BROOK, BUCK

LAKE TRIBUTARY, AND BLACKALL LAKE TRIBUTARY CONNECT WITH LITTLE RIVER 30 FIGURE 1.21: BEAVER DAM BUILT ROADSIDE ALONG PIPE LINE ROAD EAST 31 FIGURE 1.22: LEFT STREAM BANK IN THE FLOODED PIPE LINE ROAD EAST 31 FIGURE 1.23: LITTLE RIVER DOWNSTREAM FROM THE PIPE LINE ROAD EAST CROSSING 32 FIGURE 1.24: A SECOND BEAVER DAM IS BEING CONSTRUCTED ON THE DOWNSTREAM

ROADSIDE BANK OF THE PIPE LINE ROAD EAST 32 FIGURE 1.25: ABOVE; BEAVER-RELATED BLOCKAGE OF ONE OF THE THREE CULVERTS

LOCATED ON THE UPSTREAM SIDE OF LITTLE RIVER, NEAR LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR BELOW; DOWNSTREAM VIEW SHOWING TWO OF THE THREE CULVERTS AT THE ATV CROSSING 33

FIGURE 1.26: RIPARIAN VEGETATION FOR LITTLE RIVER AS IT APPROACHES THE LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR 34

Little River

95

FIGURE 1.27: AN AERIAL VIEW OF THE FIVE UNNAMED LAKES NEAR LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR. THE WATER COLOUR OF THE TWO LAKES IN THE LOWER RIGHT CORNER SHOULD BE NOTED. 34

FIGURE 1.28: AN AERIAL VIEW OF THE LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR BEACH AND PLAYGROUND (TOP) AND THE RESERVOIR AS A WHOLE (BOTTOM) 35

FIGURE 1.29: ABOVE; PLAYGROUND LOCATED BESIDE THE PARKING LOT AND ENTRANCE TO THE LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR. BELOW (LEFT & RIGHT); TWO VIEWS OF THE NORTH SHORE OF LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR 36

FIGURE 1.30: ILLEGAL DUMPING AROUND LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR 37 FIGURE 1.31: LOCATION OF SECTION 4 WITHIN LITTLE RIVER 39 FIGURE 1.32: TYPICAL STREAM BANKS AND STREAMBED FOR LITTLE RIVER BETWEEN LITTLE

RIVER RESERVOIR AND SILVER FALLS RESERVOIR 40 FIGURE 1.33: LITTLE RIVER FLOWS BESIDE AN AQUACULTURE FACILITY WITH VERY LITTLE

RIPARIAN VEGETATION 40 FIGURE 1.34: LEFT; STORM OVERFLOW CULVERT NEAR HEATHER WAY RIGHT; SMALL

CHANNEL CARRYING CONTAMINATED WATER INTO LITTLE RIVER NEAR HEATHER WAY 41

FIGURE 1.35: LARGE OPEN BOTTOM CULVERTS CARRY LITTLE RIVER BENEATH HICKEY ROAD 41

FIGURE 1.36: A BICYCLE AND OLD SILT FENCING DEPOSITED INTO LITTLE RIVER UNDER HICKEY ROAD 42

FIGURE 1.37: VIEWS OF LITTLE RIVER NEAR SIMONDS HIGH SCHOOL 42 FIGURE 1.38: SMALL ROCK WEIR INSTALLED IN LITTLE RIVER NEAR SIMONDS HIGH SCHOOL

43 FIGURE 1.39: CULVERT CROSSING CARRYING SMALL TRIBUTARY FROM THE SOUTH TO

LITTLE RIVER UNDER AN ATV TRAIL BEHIND SIMONDS HIGH. NOTE THE OPEN METAL GRATING INSTALLED DOWNSTREAM AND THE COLOUR OF THE WATER EMERGING FROM BOTH CULVERTS. 43

FIGURE 1.40: LEFT & MIDDLE; SECOND ATV CROSSING BEHIND SIMONDS HIGH SCHOOL CONTAINING A MAKE SHIFT BRIDGE COMPOSED OF LOGS SPANNING ACROSS THE WIDTH OF THE TRIBUTARY RIGHT; BUILDUP OF BRANCHES BLOCKING FLOW LOCATED ON THE DOWN STREAM SIDE OF THE ATV CROSSING 44

FIGURE 1.41: WOODEN INDUSTRIAL BRIDGE CROSSING LITTLE RIVER 44 FIGURE 1.42 LEFT; RIPARIAN VEGETATION DOWNSTREAM OF WOODEN INDUSTRIAL BRIDGE

RIGHT; CREOSOTE PRESERVED SUPPORT STABILIZING THE BRIDGE CROSSING LITTLE RIVER 45

FIGURE 1.43: AN AERIAL VIEW OF LITTLE RIVER NEAR SIMONDS HIGH SCHOOL 45 FIGURE 1.44: LEFT; A DEEP CHANNEL HAS CARVED INTO THE EARTH AS RAINWATER RUSHES

DOWN THE HILL RIGHT; MASS WASTING OF SAND HAS CREATED A PLUME FREE OF VEGETATION 46

FIGURE 1.45: AERIAL VIEW OF SILVER FALLS RESERVOIR SHOWING THE ERODED SAND PLUME 46

FIGURE 1.46: TWO LARGE OPEN BOTTOM CULVERTS CARRY LITTLE RIVER BENEATH CHAMPLAIN DRIVE 47

FIGURE 1.47: LOCATION OF SECTION 5 WITHIN LITTLE RIVER 49 FIGURE 1.48: PHOTOS OF SILVER FALLS 50 FIGURE 1.49: POSITION OF SECTION 6 IN LITTLE RIVER 51 FIGURE 1.50: AERIAL SHOTS SHOWING THE CHANGES IN LITTLE RIVER FROM 1952 TO 2004.

NOTE THE DEEP MAIN CHANNEL IS MORPHOLOGICALLY THE SAME HOWEVER THE STREAM BANKS SHOW SIGNIFICANT FLOODING AND POOLING. 52

FIGURE 1.51: LARGE BUCKS AND AN ALBINO FEMALE ARE JUST A FEW OF THE DEER ROUTINELY SEEN IN THIS AREA 53

Little River

96

FIGURE 1.52: LITTLE RIVER WITH THE IRVING OIL REFINERY BEHIND THE RIGHT STREAM BANK 53

FIGURE 1.53: LOCATION OF SECTION 7 WITHIN LITTLE RIVER 54 FIGURE 1.54: HISTORICAL COMPARISON OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES TO LITTLE

RIVER BETWEEN 1952 AND 2004 55 FIGURE 1.55 & FIGURE 1.55: AERIAL VIEWS OF LITTLE RIVER FLOWING BETWEEN THE IRVING

OIL REFINERY AND IRVING PAPER PROPERTIES AND OUT INTO THE BAY OF FUNDY. 56 FIGURE 1.56: OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTO SHOWING THE LITTLE RIVER BEACH AND THE

MOUTH OF THE RIVER 57 FIGURE 2.1: AERIAL VIEW OF GRAHAM BROOK SHOWCASING THE THREE MANAGEMENT

SECTIONS 61 FIGURE 2.2: LOCATION OF SECTION 1 WITHIN GRAHAM BROOK 62 FIGURE 2.3: LEFT; CULVERT CARRYING GRAHAM BROOK UNDER CHURCHLAND ROAD

RIGHT; GRAHAM BROOK FLOWING INTO LONG LAKE 63 FIGURE 2.4: AN AERIAL VIEW OF LAKEWOOD STABLES, WHICH IS LOCATED ON THE

WESTERN SHORE OF LONG LAKE 63 FIGURE 2.5: LOCATION OF SECTION 2 WITHIN GRAHAM BROOK 65 FIGURE 2.6: THE CULVERT WHERE GRAHAM BROOK CROSSES HILLCREST ROAD BLOCKED

WITH BRANCHES CAUSING THE UPSTREAM WATER LEVEL TO RISE 66 FIGURE 2.7: LEFT; CULVERTS CARRYING THE MOONLESS CREEK BENEATH HILLCREST

ROAD RIGHT: STREAMBED AND RIPARIAN VEGETATION OF THE MOONLESS CREEK 66 FIGURE 2.8: THE LACK OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION ALONG THE BANKS OF GRAHAM BROOK

AS IT APPROACHES LOCH LOMOND ROAD 67 FIGURE 2.9: LOCATION OF SECTION 3 WITHIN GRAHAM BROOK 68 FIGURE 2.10: LEFT; CONCRETE ABUTMENT SUPPORTING THE BRIDGE ALLOWING LOCH

LOMOND ROAD TO CROSS GRAHAM BROOK. RIGHT; RIPRAP REINFORCING THE BRIDGE 69

FIGURE 2.11: BOGGY BANKS OF GRAHAM BROOK HAS CREATED A WIDENING OF THE STREAM 69

FIGURE 2.12: DAM STRUCTURE NEAR AS GRAHAM BROOK CROSSES THE PIPE LINE ROAD EAST NEAR LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR 70

FIGURE 3.1: AERIAL PHOTO INDICATING THE MANY AND VARIED SECTIONS OF THE BUCK LAKE TRIBUTARY 73

FIGURE 3.2: AERIAL PHOTO DIAGRAMMED TO SHOW THE EXTENT OF SECTION 1 OF THE BUCK LAKE TRIBUTARY 74

FIGURE 3.3: OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTO SHOWING BUCK LAKE AND ITS ENVIRONS 75 FIGURE 3.4: AERIAL PHOTO DIAGRAMMED TO DEMONSTRATE THE LENGTH AND SHAPE OF

SECTION 2 OF THE BUCK LAKE TRIBUTARY 76 FIGURE 3.5: THE BUCK LAKE TRIBUTARY AS IT APPROACHES LATIMORE LAKE ROAD. THE

LAWN OF A RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY CAN BE SEEN TO THE LEFT OF THE PHOTOGRAPH 77

FIGURE 3.6: DOWNSTREAM END OF THE CULVERTS UNDER LATIMORE LAKE ROAD 78 FIGURE 3.7: OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTO SHOWING BUCK LAKE TRIBUTARY’S TERMINUS IN THE

LITTLE RIVER RESERVOIR 78 FIGURE 4.1: OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTO DIAGRAMMED TO SHOW THE PATH OF THE BLACKALL

LAKE TRIBUTARY AS IT FLOWS FROM ITS HEADWATERS, TO THE JUNCTURE WITH LITTLE RIVER 83

FIGURE 4.2: MANAGEMENT SECTIONS OF BLACKALL LAKE TRIBUTARY 84 FIGURE 4.3: LOCATION OF SECTION 1 WITHIN BLACKALL LAKE TRIBUTARY 85 FIGURE 4.4: NEW HOMES ALONG THE SHORE OF BLACKALL LAKE, SHOWING HOW CLOSELY

THEIR CONSTRUCTION ENCROACHES UPON THE LAKESHORE 86 FIGURE 4.5: FILL DEPOSITED ON THE SOUTHERN TIP OF BLACKALL LAKE 86

Little River

97

FIGURE 4.6: THE CULVERT CARRYING BENEATH OLD LAKE TRAIL, SILT FENCING IS WASHING INTO THE LAKE AND DRAPED OVER THE CULVERT 87

FIGURE 4.7: POSITION OF SECTION 2 WITHIN BLACKALL LAKE TRIBUTARY 88 FIGURE 4.8: CULVERT EXIT FROM UNDER OLD LAKE TRAIL. ALSO VISIBLE IS THE STORM

DRAIN RUNOFF PIPE, LOCATED ABOVE THE CULVERT 89 FIGURE 4.9: STREAM BANK AND IN-STREAM VEGETATION OF SECTION 2 OF THE BLACKALL

LAKE TRIBUTARY 89 FIGURE 4.10: CULVERT OPENING UNDER LOCH LOMOND ROAD 90 FIGURE 4.11: DENSE, DORMANT, MONOCULTURE OF JAPANESE KNOTWEED HAS

OVERTAKEN THE RIPARIAN ZONE OF THE BLACKALL LAKE TRIBUTARY 90 FIGURE 4.12: OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTO DIAGRAMMED TO SHOW THE PATH OF THE

BLACKALL LAKE TRIBUTARY AS IT FLOWS FROM ITS HEADWATERS, TO THE JUNCTURE WITH LITTLE RIVER AND OUT TO THE BAY OF FUNDY 91

Date post:	29-Mar-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	acap-saint-john
View:	223 times
Download:	1 times

Little River Watershed Management Plan

Documents