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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLAN (LRP)

Lonrho Oil Services Terminal

www.srcghana.com

November 2012 Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world

Ghana Oil Services Terminal

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

(ESIA)

Draft ESIA Report and Environmental Impact Statement

Volume I

August 2012

www.erm.com

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This document represents the Livelihood1 Restoration Plan and Resettlement Action Plan (LRP/RAP) for the Lonrho OST Project development near Atuabo in the Western Region, Ghana. In doing so the Company is committed to complying with Ghanaian law, its own internal policies and international standards.

1.1 BACKGROUND Lonrho signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of Ghana (GoG) in August 2011, to develop, construct and manage an OST to the west of Takoradi. The MOU gives Lonrho twelve months to conduct site selection, feasibility studies, plan the construction of the OST and draft and finalize the concession agreement which will include the designation of an area for the OST. The OST will be developed on a green field site, with the Ghanaian government providing the land in return for an equity share. Thus the proposed OST will form a special purpose vehicle (SPV), with the majority share owned by Lonrho, and the minority share owned by the Ghanaian government. The Project will need to acquire land, which is currently used for agricultural activities such as cattle grazing, cassava cultivation and coconut palm cultivation. It will also acquire a stretch of coastline, which is currently used by fishermen to cast off and land their nets. Accordingly, the Project will lead to economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or other means of livelihood), and will thus require an economic resettlement process to be planned and carried out, should the project proceed.

1.2 PROJECT LOCATION

The Project site is located within the Ellembelle District of the Western Region of Ghana. The proposed site is positioned between two coastal communities, Atuabo and Anokyi, and one slightly inland community, Asemdasuazo, in a rural section of the coastline.

The total Site area is approximately 2000 acres (800 ha). The proposed buildings, infrastructure and port facilities will cover approximately 300 acres (90 ha) of the total site. The Project site is shown in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 below.

1 The term “livelihood” as defined by the IFC, refers to the full range of means that individuals, families, and communities utilize to make a living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural resource-based livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering.

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Figure 1.1: Project location (Souce: Lonrho OST ESIA)

Figure 1.2: Project location (Souce: Lonrho OST ESIA)

Figure 1 Location and layout of the proposed Project site

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Figure 5.2 Study Area Communities: Atuabo, Anokyi and Asemdasuazo

Figure 5.3 Project Spheres of Influence

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1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Lonrho is proposing to develop an Oil Services Terminal (OST) to provide support services for the offshore Oil and Gas developments in Ghana as well as providing the infrastructure for companies to offer services to the Oil and Gas Industry to their clients in the Region.

The OST will include various services for the oil and gas industry including, but not limited, to:

Logistics Supply Base;

Offshore Fabrication Yard;

Shipyard facilities to provide a base in which to undertake Rig Repair / Modification / Maintenance services;

Spool yard;

Waste Management arising from the Oil and Gas Industry; and

Life Support Services for employees of the port users and tenants. The development will be designated as a Free Port and companies registering in the Free Zone will be able to attract benefits that are available to companies who are registered as a Free Zone Company. It is anticipated that the port will be operational from mid / late 2014.

1.3.1 Project Components

The proposed Oil Services Terminal would be developed in phases based on market demand. The initial development will comprise the following components:

i. Marine Offshore Logistics Facility (MOLF): Offshore project activities require the

supply of various cargoes / goods such as heavy equipment and materials. These goods are generally bought in by large container vessels / ships to the OST facilities and then transferred to the oil fields using smaller marine offshore supply vessels. The MOLF has facilities for laydown storage areas, warehousing, workshops for the operators and contractors alike to support their operations.

ii. Rig Repair / Shipyard Facility: These facilities are used for repairing / modifying and undertaking recertification work on oil drill rigs. The size and extent of the rig repair facilities will be able to deal with 6th Generation Semi Submersibles and Drill Ships with a draft of up to 16.5m in the channel and at the quayside.

iii. Offshore Fabrication Yards: There is limited infrastructure in Ghana for offshore

fabrication companies to build the heavy subsea structures on land before transporting to the oil and gas fields. The development intends to make provision for the development of fabrication yards including the provision for a Spool Base.

iv. Waste Management Facilities: As part of the OST operations, facilities for the col-

lection and treatment of industrial waste materials such as brown water, drill

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cuttings and oily water other industrial waste material will be provided.

v. Life Support Facilities: Any industrial facility will require the provision of living and life support services and the development will have a mixture of short term hotel accommodation and extended stay accommodation for the users / tenants of the port.

vi. Logistics and Personnel Movement: The development will also feature the

necessary logistic connections to allow the easy transfer of materials and personnel and will include an airstrip and helipad to allow the safe movement of personnel to and from the development

vii. Other OST Related Services: Related services that are required for the OST

include port control, general office space, medical services, customs clearance, water and power sup- plies, security and fire fighting and environmental incident response services.

It is envisaged that the proposed project will become the economic center for the oil and gas industry creating local employment and economic stimulus in Ghana.

1.3.2 Magnitude of Displacement

The main residential parts of the three settlements flanking the Project footprint (i.e. Atuabo, Anokyi and Asemdasuazo) do not fall within the Project footprint, and thus no physical displacement (relocation or loss of shelter) will be necessary. However, a significant area of the agricultural land will need to be acquired for the Project2. This agricultural land constitutes part of an affected area that extends approximately three kilometers along the coast, and approximately one kilometer inland. The affected agricultural land is used for a range of activities including cattle grazing and crop cultivation. The Project will induce a number of other economic displacement impacts including loss of access to fishing grounds and loss of access to communal forest.

1.4 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE LRP

The purpose of developing a LRP at this stage of the Project cycle is to outline the framework for mitigating and restoring the project’s impacts on the livelihoods of project-affected communities as early as possible in project development. This will allow for effective disclosure to key stakeholders, and subsequent feedback and inputs, prior to the project approval and commencement. It is also to meet part of the permit requirement of the Ghana’s Environmental Protection Agency. In addition to the Ghanaian Government’s requirements, Lonrho is committed to meeting international standards such as the Equator Principles, which refer to the International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Performance Standards on Social and

2 Land is owned by the stool but households have customary access to the land

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Environmental Sustainability and the African Development Bank’s Safeguard Policies. The scope of work for the development of this LRP therefore reflects requirements of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, IFC’s Performance Standard 5 on Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement, dated January 2012 and the African Development Bank’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy, dated November 2003.

The LRP, for instance, includes measures, which meet the objectives of the IFC PS 5, which requires that:

Affected people are fully informed and consulted on their legal rights, resettlement preferences and alternatives, and are given opportunities to participate meaningfully in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the resettlement;

Prompt and effective compensation is paid to affected people at full replacement cost, and prior to land take;

Compensation packages emphasize in-kind replacements, where possible;

The required transitional support and development assistance is provided to affected people, to enable them to restore / improve their livelihoods and standards of living; and

Particular attention is paid to vulnerable groups among the affected population.

In accordance with the policy objectives of AfDB, the LRP seeks to:

Avoid involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable project designs; and

Ensure that displaced people receive resettlement assistance, preferably under the project, so that their standards of living, income earning capacity, and production levels are improved;

In line with principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Constitution of Ghana, adopted in 1992, includes a number of provisions aiming at protecting the right to private property. As per the Terms of Reference (TOR), the LRP will covers the following key elements:

A brief description of the project components for which land acquisition and resettlement are required;

A list of the objectives of the project’s resettlement operation;

An outline of the project’s resettlement impacts and how the project’s design plans are being influenced by the important need to avoid / minimize such resettlement impacts;

A description of the legal context within which the project’s resettlement operation will take place. This should include an analysis of local legislation,

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international standards requirements, the gaps between the two and how the project should fill such gaps;

A socio-economic baseline of the affected communities, drawing from the census, the asset inventory and the socio-economic survey;

An analysis of the project’s existing institutional framework, including the identification of responsible agencies, an assessment of institutional capacity and proposed capacity enhancement measures to be carried out to enable the institutional framework to implement the resettlement operation effectively;

A definition of the criteria to be used to determine eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance;

The methodology to be used in valuing losses to determine their full replacement cost, a description of the proposed types and levels of compensation under local law and a description of the supplementary measures that the project will need to provide to ensure adherence to IFC PS 5;

A tentative entitlements matrix, a summary of which will be disclosed to the affected communities;

A description of the compensation package options and the livelihood restoration options that affected people will be asked to choose between;

An assessment of the various relocation sites considered and the justifications for the final site/s selected;

A description of any issues pertaining to host and remaining communities and how these are being addressed;

A description of the consultation and engagement strategy that is, and will continue to be, used in the design and implementation of the resettlement activities;

A summary of the local views thus far expressed in the consultation and engagement process, and how these views have been taken into account in RAP / LRP development;

A description of the project’s grievance mechanism;

A description of plans for livelihood monitoring and evaluation; and

A detailed implementation schedule and budget.

1.5 OUTLINE OF THE LRP/RAP REPORT

In developing this report, close attention was paid to international guidance and best practice, particularly International Finance Corporation (IFC) Standards and AfDB and Safeguard Policy.

Accordingly, this RAP is broken down into the following sections:

Section 1: Introduction

Section 2: The Socio-Economic Environment

Section 3: Legal and Institutional Framework

Section 4: Socio-Economic Baseline Survey Findings

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Section 5: Identification of Project Impacts

Section 6: Eligibility and Entitlement Section 7: Valuation and Compensation

Section 8: Livelihood Restoration and Enhancement

Section 9: Vulnerable Assessment and Assistance

Section 10: Stakeholder Engagement

Section 11: Institutional Arrangements

Section12: Grievance Management And Redress Mechanisms

Section13 Monitoring and Evaluation

Section 14 Implementation Schedule and Compensation Budget

The approach and methodology adopted for preparing the LRP is presented below to conclude this introduction.

1.6 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Both quantitative and qualitative tools were employed in the data gathering process. The approach adopted for the study were based on current and evolving methodologies for Livelihood Restoration Plans, including the following:

Community entry and field reconnaissance This involved rapid reconnaissance visits to the project areas to get acquainted with the terrain, livelihoods and general characteristics of the area through transect walks and direct observations. This process enabled initial contacts to be made with key stakeholders such as the Chief and elders of the towns, providing the opportunity to introduce the purpose and approach of the study in advance of more detailed consultations. It also helped in initiating the planning process for the field visits and refining data collection tools and procedures.

Reviewing of reports/documents Project-related reports including technical and environmental reports as well as official documents from the relevant District Assembles were reviewed. This provided in-depth information on the human environment of the project areas. Legislations and policy documents governing involuntary displacement and livelihood restoration were also reviewed.

Census survey A 100 percent census survey was conducted in Atuabo, Anokyi and Asemdasuazo to determine the number of households living within and/or making use of land within the specified area, and to provide a brief overview of the number of structures each household owns.

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Socio-economic survey A socio-economic survey was undertaken to collect additional socio-economic data from a random 25 percent of households in the affected communities. A representative random sample of the population was interviewed. The survey focused on additional variables that complement the socio-economic baseline, as well as variables that will be used as indicators for monitoring resettlement implementation. The data collected has been analyzed to generate descriptive statistics for a socio-economic baseline on potentially project-affected households.

Heritage Resources Study All heritage features within the study area were identified and described in accordance with IFC Performance Standard 8 criteria (IFC 2012). These resources include cemeteries - both public and royal sites, and sacred sites - both community and individual.

Community Profile Community profiles of all impacted settlements have been prepared using the results of the census and socio-economic surveys as well as focus group discussions. Socioeconomic environments of the district and the traditional structure of the project area have also been described.

Community Needs Assessment An assessment of the preferred or desired needs of community members was undertaken. The approach adopted for the study was based on current and evolving methodologies for Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) including community mapping, institutional mapping and analysis, and preference ranking. This was done through focus group discussions with fishermen/fishmongers, farmers, Traditional Authorities, Unit Committee members, petty traders and the youth.

Fetch Point Analysis Fetch point analysis was carried out to elicit information on the presence, distance and means of access to the closest markets, agricultural input supplies, education, health, and credit facilities.

Gender Analysis As part of the baseline survey, we examined the socially defined roles, relationships and responsibilities of both women and men within the social and economic context in which they live.

Institutional Assessment This has been done to gain an understanding of the institutions that have a political, social or economic influence on the communities in the project area. Interviews were held with senior managers and frontline officers such as Agricultural Extension Officers, Health Officers, Education Heads, and National Board for Small-Scale Industries (NBSSI).

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Identification of vulnerable groups We identified members of vulnerable groups who may require special or supplementary resettlement assistance because they are less able to cope with the physical and/or economic displacement than the affected population in general. Identification of persons and reasons for vulnerability was undertaken directly or through the community.

Non-farm business survey All economic activities (farm and non-farm business) in the Project area have been identified and documented. Community infrastructures survey This involved the mapping out community infrastructures that will be affected by the Project. The assessment covered facilities such as roads, electricity poles/lines, water facilities etc.

Valuation survey All assets have been valued in accordance with standardized item prices for agricultural goods and other assets by the Land Valuation Board’s certified valuers. The purpose of the valuation exercise is to seek an independent estate survey assessment of the values of properties to be affected by the project as a basis of determining the total amount payable as part of the assessment of resettlement or compensation program. The scope of the valuation covers all structures, farms, fishponds and any other business on the project footprint that are entitled to compensation.

Establishing “Cut-off Date” In order to protect those who are eligible for compensation, and prevent possible in-migration and opportunistic development, an ‘Entitlement Cut-off Date’ was announced. This date refers to the day on and beyond which any person who occupies land, earns an income from the land, or builds assets on the land required for project use, would not be eligible for compensation. The announcement was done through public forum, notification on the community notice boards, on local public address systems and by beating of the gong-gong3.

Stakeholder Engagement Basic information was provided to and feedback received from potentially affected people on the project regarding compensation and livelihood restoration issues public meetings, one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions. This was in addition to the process of engaging with the LRP Committee.

Formation of LRP Committee An LRP Committee has been formed to deal with compensation levels for the agricultural assets on the land affected by the Project and other relevant issues arising out of the LRP process.

3This is a traditional village method of public announcement that uses the town crier known as the ‘gong-gong’ beater to

provide information to the public.

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Preparation of Entitlement Matrix An entitlement matrix was prepared to outline all project-affected persons (PAPs), the characteristics of the impact, and the types of compensation/reinstatement due them. By this matrix, all project-affected persons will be entitled to a combination of compensation measures and livelihood assistance, depending on the nature of ownership rights of lost assets and scope of the impact, including the social and economic vulnerability of the affected persons.

Establishment of Grievance Resolution Mechanism A grievance mechanism has been established to receive, respond and address any complaints made to the Project.

Investigation of Alternative Sites To determine whether there is a suitable alternative site for PAPs to continue their farming, fishing, grazing and other economic activities, community leaders, district assembly officials and PAPs themselves were consulted and engaged in the search for sites in the immediate vicinity and other parts of the Project area.

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2.0 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 2.1 REGIONAL OVERVIEW4

The project is located in the Western Region of Ghana. The region covers an area of approximately 2,3 91 square kilometers, which is about 10 percent of Ghana’s total land area. The region has about 75 percent of its vegetation within the high forest zone of Ghana, and lies in the equatorial climatic zone that is characterized by moderate temperatures. It is also the wettest part of Ghana with an average rainfall of 1,600mm per annum. It is bordered on the east by the Central Region, to the west by the Ivory Coast (Côte d’Ivoire), to the north by Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo Regions, and to the south by the Gulf of Guinea. The southernmost part of Ghana lies in the region, at Cape Three Points near Busua, in the Ahanta West District. There are seventeen (17) Administrative Districts in the region.

The Regional Co-ordinating Council (RCC), which is the highest decision-making body, comprises the Regional Minister who is also its Chairperson, District Chief Executives, Presiding Members of the various District Assemblies and two Paramount Chiefs nominated by the Regional House of Chiefs. There is also a Regional Coordinating Director, who is the Secretary to the RCC and the head of the civil administration of the region. The Region is divided into 18 administrative districts. Each of the districts has a District Assembly headed by the District Chief Executive. The District Chief Executive is appointed by the President, but has to be endorsed by a two-thirds majority of members of the Assembly. Meetings of the Assembly are chaired by a Presiding Member elected by members of the Assembly. Majority of members of the District Assembly are elected by secret ballot on a non-partisan basis. In addition to the elected members, there are also members nominated to represent various specified stakeholders, in accordance with the constitution. The Region has 22 Parliamentarians representing the people at the constituency level at the National Assembly. The Members of Parliament are also members of the various district assemblies in the districts in which their parliamentary constituencies are located. The population of the region is 2,325,597, constituting about 9 percent of the total population of the country. The population is relatively young, with over 40 percent within the age group 0-14. In contrast to national gender data, the Western region has more men 50.6 percent than women 49.4 percent5. There are five major indigenous ethnic groups, namely, the Ahantas, Nzemas (including the Evalue), Wassa, Sefwis and Aowins. The Region depicts this phenomenon of freedom of worship. Christianity is the largest religion (81 percent) in all the districts, followed

4 This section draws on information contained in www.modernghana.com and Lonrho OST ESIA Draft Report (Socio-

economic baseline section). 5 According to the provisional results of the 2010 Population and Housing Census

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by Islam (8.5 percent).

The region is endowed with considerable natural resources, which give it a significant economic importance within the context of national development. It is the largest producer of cocoa, rubber and coconut, and one of the major producers of oil palm. The rich tropical forest makes it one of the largest producers of raw and sawn timber as well as processed wood products. A wide variety of minerals, including gold, bauxite, iron, diamonds and manganese are either being exploited or are potentially exploitable. The region’s total geological profile and mineral potential are yet to be fully determined. In terms of education, there are currently 1,320 primary schools in the Western Region, of which 1,240 are public and 80 are private. These schools are fairly evenly distributed across ten of the Region’s Districts. The level of literacy in the Western Region is 58.2 percent, with females (47.9 percent) recording a lower proportion compared to males (68.0 percent). Nearly 64.3 percent of those currently in school are at the primary level, while 21.3 percent are in Junior High School (JHS). This highlights a very high attrition rate between primary and JHS levels. As with most Ghanaians, the commonest illness that affects people in the region is malaria, which is reported to account for one third of all hospital admissions and is the leading cause of death amongst youth children. In terms of access to health, approximately 90 percent of the population in the Region is within a five km radius of a medical facility but, in 2000, the doctor patient ratio across the Region was 1:18,500. The four major occupations in the region are agriculture including fishing, animal husbandry and hunting; production and transport work; sales work; and professional and technical work. The major industrial activities in the region are agriculture, excluding fishing but including forestry and hunting; mining and quarrying; manufacturing; and wholesale and retail trade.

In the Western Region, 32 percent of houses have access to treated piped water with 8.5 percent having this available within their dwellings. The highly urbanized districts have almost 100 percent availability of, or accessibility to, piped water. This is in contrast to rural districts where over 60 percent of households use rivers, streams, wells, spring or rainwater as their main source of water. The availability of toilet facilities seems to be a major problem in the region, as about 40 percent of dwellings in the region have either no toilet facility or use a public toilet. Only a few districts have most of the households with a toilet facility in the housing unit, in the form of a pit latrine, a Kumasi Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (KVIP), a bucket or pan or a water closet (WC). Even in these districts, most of these in-house toilet facilities are ordinary pit latrines, constituting about 50 percent in each case. The remaining 40 percent use public toilets, which may include KVIPs or pit latrines.

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In the Western Region the most common way of disposing of household waste is to dump it at specified dumping sites or in the absence of such sites, ad hoc disposal on open land. Approximately 60 percent of all households in all the Districts use a specified public dump while an additional 29 percent use unauthorized dumping sites. Electricity and kerosene lamps are used as the main sources of lighting in the Western Region, providing about 99 percent. In the urban areas, the majority of households use electricity while in the rural districts kerosene lamps are the main source of lighting. Rural households are also gradually gaining access to electricity through a rural electrification program. Charcoal and fuel wood are the main sources of cooking fuel in the region (even for quite a sizeable number of urban dwellers), however liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and coconut husks are also used in parts of the District.

2.2 PROFILE OF ELLEMBELLE DISTRICT6

The Ellembelle district is one of the newly created districts in the Western Region of Ghana. It was carved out of the Nzema East district in 2008 under LI 1918. Its district capital is Nkroful, the birth and original birthplace of Osagyefo Dr Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of the Republic of Ghana. The district capital is situated about 4 kilometers of the main trans-West Africa trunk road to La Cote D’ Ivoire. It is about 80 kilometers from Takoradi, the regional capital and 305 kilometers to Accra the national capital. It is made up of 115 settlements with the major ones in the south.

The Ellembelle District, which is one of the Twenty-Two (22) Districts in the Western Region of Ghana, is located on the southern end of the region between longitudes 2º05’ and 2º35’ West and latitude 4º40 and 5º20 North. The district is bounded in the South by the Gulf of Guinea, North by part of the North-Eastern part of the Axim municipality and the Wassa Amefi West district, West by the Jomoro District and the East by the River Ankobra (a major river in Western Region which separates the district from its mother district, now called Axim Municipality). It covers a total area of about 1,468 (Square kilometers), which constitutes about 6.8 percent of the total landmass of the Western Region.

The population of 87,501 for the District (according to the 2010 population & housing census) may indicate no great pressure of population on the land. However the same cannot be said of the pressure on resources. Settlements or Growth points like Esiama and Aiyinase have been experiencing relatively higher population densities with corresponding pressure being exerted on the existing limited infrastructural facilities.

In terms of religion, Christians constitute about 79 percent of the population with Muslims having 8 percent, Traditionalists 3 percent and others 10 percent. The predominant Ethnic grouping is Akan 89 percent, Ga Adangbe 3 percent, Ewe 4 percent and Mole-Dagbani 4 percent. The District is dominated by two main local

6 Information presented in sub-section 2.2 was provide by the Ellembelle District Assembly

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groups within the following corresponding dominant Areas. The ethnic groups Akonu and Nzema are dominated by Nkroful and Atuabo respectively (EDA, 2012). The District Assembly has seven Area Councils namely: Nkroful, Assasetre, Kikam, Essiama, Atuabo, Awiebo-Basake and Aiyinase. The District has one Paramountcy, The Eastern Nzema Traditional Council, situated at Atuabo. All the Traditional Councils, in the three (3) Districts of Nzema East, Ellembelle, Jomoro, constitute the Nzema Manle Council (District House of Chiefs). One significant feature in the District is the traditional festival of Kundum, which is celebrated in all the communities of the District between August and October each year. The major language spoken all over the District is Nzema with other dialects like Evalue and Gwira, Fanti and Twi also widely spoken. Tourist attractions and social investment in the district include Nkrumah’s Mausoleum at Nkroful, Amanzure Wetlands, Kundum Festival, Ankobra Beach Resort and Ankasa Conservation Area.

The topography of the District is generally undulating with the highest point at about 450ft above mid sea level. The rock is made up mainly of the Cambrian type of the Birimean formation and the Tarkwaian sandstone-Association Quartzite and Phyllites types. It contains economic minerals such as kaolin, silica and gold, as well as sandstone deposits. The presence of these precious minerals has given rise to a number of mining activities with especially the “Galamsey” mining activities posing serious security and environmental challenges.

The District is mainly drained by the Ankobra River and its major tributaries like the Ahama and Nwini rivers. Others like the Ankansa River and its Tributaries drain the Northern side and act as a boundary between the District and Wassa Amenfi, Amansure River in the south – western area, and some numerous minor rivers and streams flow throughout the year. Figure 2.1: Map showing the Western Region, Ellembelle District and the Project area (Source: Lonrho OST ESIA)

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5.1 DEFINING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY AREA

The geographical focus of the socio-economic study area has been defined,

based on the location of the Project (1) and description of the Project

components (Chapter 3) as the vicinity of Atuabo, Ellembelle District, Western

Region of Ghana (Figure 5.1). Communities identified as directly affected in

this area are Atuabo, Anokyi and Asemdasuazo (Figure 5.2). These three

towns, together with the physical footprint of the Project will hereafter be

referred to as the “Study Area”.

The Project is anticipated to impact particularly upon these towns (2), but also

on the wider region in general (Figure 5.3). This baseline chapter therefore

examines, briefly, the macro socio-economic environment, the regional and

district context and then looks in more detail at the way in which towns,

households and individuals, directly affected by the Project, currently exist.

Figure 5.1 Contextual Map: Region, District and Study Area

(1) When commenting on issues likely to arise from the Project, the reader should note that all comments are based on the

premise of “if the Project is approved” or “if the Project goes ahead”. This decision is to be made by the developer based on

the financial feasibility of the Project and on the approval of the ESIA by the Ghanaian Government. (2) Although Ghana uses the term “town” to describe settlements of 5000 or more inhabitants, this report refers to the three

directly impacted communities of Atuabo, Anokyi and Asemdasuazo as towns, even though they are smaller in size than

the official definition.

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The District lies within the wet semi-equatorial climate zone of the West African Sub-region. Rainfall is throughout the year with the highest monthly mean occurring around May and June. The average temperature in the District is about 29.4 with variation in mean monthly ranging between 4 - 5 degrees Celsius throughout a year. The vegetation of the District is made up of the moist semi-deciduous rain forest in the northern part of the District, but turns into secondary forest as one moves southwards mainly due to human activities like tree felling and farming. There is about 70km coastline, which is mainly of savanna vegetation.

The District has several timber species and other non-timber forest products like rattan, bamboo. It also abounds in game and wildlife all of which offer opportunities to generate resources for development. There are three forest reserves in the District. These are Shelter Forest Reserve, Ndumfri Forest Reserve to the North Eastern end of the District, and Draw River Forest Reserve which the largest among the three and located at the Northern half of the District. These are acidic and low in nutrient due to high leaching. Leaching is the result of the high rainfall in the District.

The high rainfall pattern and the long periods of the rainfall has resulted in the presence of many rivers like Ankobra and Mufre in the District which can, using the right technology, easily be harnessed to provide potable water and water transport the communities. They can also be a good source of Inland fishing as well as for irrigation farming in order to provide employment and improve food security of the people.

Fishing is the main occupation of the people in the district. However farming, small-scale mining, and trading is carried out in the middle and the northern zones. There are three major market days in the district at Aiyinase and Asasetre markets where most foodstuffs are sold. Processing and sale of copra oil is also carried out in certain parts of the district an activity which also generates waste and environmental hazards.

The majority of the road networks that links the sub-districts to the District capital are tarred. While the road network in the northern part of the district, that is, the New Aiyinase Sub-district is bad and unmemorable throughout the year and becoming more deplorable especially during the rainy season. The roads that link the communities to the sub-districts are also mostly untarred with some of them being bad and hard to reach. The main means of transportation is by road and few communities along the Ankobra River are accessed by boat. Telecommunication is mainly on individual cell phones either networked to MTN, TIGO or in some few areas by the Vodaphone. The whole of the New Aiyinase Sub-district is hardly reached by phone or vehicle. In a whole, the District has 154km of trunk road of which 63km are tarred representing 41.5 percent. There are postal services at Nkroful, Essiama and Aiyinase. Infrastructure in the district includes roads, electricity, postal and telecommunication services. This infrastructure is at various levels of development and accessibility.

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The main source of energy for domestic, commercial and industrial needs are electricity, fuel-wood, charcoal, kerosene and gas. There are 74 pre-schools, 74 primary schools, 44 junior high schools, 3 senior high schools, 1 technical, 1 vocational and 1 trade school for the handicapped most of which are situated in the southern part of the district. There are two health training institutions namely Community health nursing school at Essiama and Seventh Day Adventist Health Assistant Training School at Asenda. There is only one hospital and eight health centers in the district.

Most of the communities in the southern part of the district have good water supply either by borehole or running pipes. However, others especially those in the northern zone (New Aiyinase sub-district) uses wells, streams and the rivers. Communities like Aiyinase, Asasetre, Kikam, Nkroful and Awiebo-Baseke are benefiting from Small Scale Water Systems. Refuse disposal is mainly by crude dumping. The few waste disposal sites are over used and not properly catered for, creating more nuisances to the environment. Most of the communities dispose of their solid and liquid waste into the seas, along the part of streams, and drains. Indiscriminate defecation along the beaches and the road is common especially among the youth. There are inadequate toilet facilities in the district. The use of plastic materials with its indiscriminate means of disposal coupled with the sand weaning which is now a growing business activity has become an environmental and health threat.

Police Stations are available at Nkroful, district capital, Essiama, and Aiyinase. There is a District Magistrate Court at Nkroful for the dispensation of justice in the district. The Ellembelle District has one Paramountcy, the Eastern Nzema Traditional Council, which is headed by Awulae Amehere Kpanyinle II and is situated at Atuabo. The three districts of Nzema East, Ellembelle and Jomoro constitute the Nzema Manle Council.

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3.0 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

This section outlines the principal policy and legislative framework that pertains to land acquisition and involuntary resettlement in Ghana as it applies the Project. It provides a summary of the relevant IFC and African Development Bank policies as well as Equator principles and illustrates that Ghanaian Laws and the international guidelines have similar objectives. Both the local and international legal frameworks provide adequate compensation to affected private and public parties in a transparent manner. In other words, the international and national policy/legal frameworks complement each other in providing residents of affected settlements resettlement options.

3.1 RELEVANT NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

The legal and institutional framework in Ghana over land administration, land tenure, and land expropriation is complex. The National Land Policy was prepared in 1999, and the ongoing Land Administration Project (LAP) seek among other things, to streamline the myriads of laws regulating land administration and/ or establishing mandates for different land administration agencies in the country. Among the numerous land-related laws passed in the last 50 years, the most relevant to this Project are:

The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992;

The State Lands Act, 1962;

Administration of Lands Act 1962 Act 123;

The Lands Commission Act 2008, Act 767;

The Ghana Land Policy, 1999;

Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands Act 1994, Act 481;

The Land Title Registration Act 1986, PNDCL 152;

Survey Act 1962, Act 127;

3.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992

In line with principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Constitution

of Ghana, adopted in 1992, includes a number of provisions aiming at protecting the right to private property and at setting principles under which citizens may be deprived of their property in the public interest. Article 18 provides that:

“Every person has the right to own property either alone or in association with others.” In Article 20, the Constitution describes the circumstances under which compulsory acquisition of immoveable properties in the public interest can be done: “No property of any description, or interest in, or right over any property shall be compulsorily taken possession of or acquired by the State unless the following conditions are satisfied:

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a) The taking of possession or acquisition is necessary in the interest of defence, public

safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning or the

development or utilization of property in such a manner as to promote the public

benefit; and

b) The necessity for the acquisition is clearly stated and is such as to provide reasonable

justification for causing any hardship that may result to any person who has an

interest in or right over the property.”

Article 20 of the Constitution provides further conditions under which compulsory acquisition may take place: no property "shall be compulsorily taken possession of or acquired by the State" unless it is, amongst other purposes, “to promote the public benefit" (Clause 1).

Clause 2 of Article 20 further provides that:

“Compulsory acquisition of property by the State shall only be made under a law which makes provision for:

(a) The prompt payment of fair and adequate compensation; and

(b) A right of access to the High Court by any person who has an interest in or right over the property whether direct or on appeal from any other authority, for the determination of his interest or right and the amount of compensation to which he is entitled.”

Clause 3 adds that:

“Where a compulsory acquisition or possession of land affected by the State in accordance with clause (1) of this article involves displacement of any inhabitants, the State shall resettle the displaced inhabitants on suitable alternative land with due regard for their economic well-being and social and cultural values.”

Comments

Ghana is one of a few African countries whose legislation requires resettling people that may be displaced as a result of public interest projects. This requirement is enshrined in the highest level law of Ghana, the Constitution.

It is also worth noting that the Constitution requires the “prompt” payment of fair and adequate compensation, but does not require this payment to be “prior”. In effect, there are numerous examples in Ghana of land having been compulsorily acquired without compensation having been paid “promptly”. AfDB and IFC PS5 clearly requires compensation to be paid prior to land entry.

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3.1.2 The State Lands Act, 1962 (Act 125 as amended)

The State Lands Act, 1962 (Act 125) vests in the President of the Republic the authority to acquire land for the public interest. The President "may, by executive instrument, declare any land specified in the instrument ... to be land required in the public interest" (Sect. 1-1). The Act details the procedural requirements to be followed, and further provides that "on the publication of this instrument..., the land shall, without any further assurance than this subsection, vest in the President on behalf of the Republic, free from any encumbrance whatsoever" (Sect. 1-3). The State Lands Act also places responsibility for registering a claim on the affected party, and details the related procedure. The State Lands Act, 1962, details the different elements to be taken into consideration when calculating compensation:

“Cost of disturbance” means the reasonable expenses incidental to any

necessary change of residence or place of business by any person having a right

or interest in the land,

“Market value” means the sum of money which the land might have been expected to realize if sold in the open market by a willing seller to a willing buyer,

“Replacement value” means the value of the land where there is no demand or market for the land by reason of the situation or of the purpose for which the land was devoted at the time of the declaration made under section 1 of this Act, and shall be the amount required for reasonable re- instatement equivalent to the condition of the land at the date of the said declaration7,

“Other damage” means damage sustained by any person having a right or interest in the land or in adjoining land, by reason of severance from or injurious affection to any adjoining land."

Comments

The State Lands Act basically provides for an “automatic” process of compulsory acquisition, whereby at the publication of an instrument declaring land needed for the public interest, it is automatically vested in the President of the Republic. It is important to observe that, although the 1992 Constitution is much more “human-rights oriented”, it does not repeal this Act but only supersedes it.

7 Note that this is a different definition than that used in IFC’s PS 5 which states: Replacement cost is defined as the market

value of the assets plus transaction costs. In applying this method of valuation, depreciation of structures and assets should not be taken into account. Market value is defined as the value required to allow Affected Communities and persons to replace lost assets with assets of similar value.

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This Act paves the way for a process, widely practiced just after Independence and afterwards, where the State is taking land by powers of eminent domain and pays no compensation unless required to do so by a Court ruling, which needs to be triggered by a claim from the affected landowner.

3.1.3 Administration of Lands Act 1962 Act 123

Act 123 of 1962 was enacted to facilitate the management and administration of stool lands (and other lands). The Act empowers the Minister responsible for lands to manage stool lands in accordance with the provision of the law. By section 7 of the Act 123 the President of the Republic may by Executive Instrument declare any stool land to be vested in trust and accordingly the state could administer such land as a trustee for the stool involved. In such situation the legal rights to sell, lease, collect rent, litigate and manage generally is taken away from the customary landowners and vested in the state. However, the equitable right in the land, which is the right to enjoy benefits, is retained by the landowner.

Similarly the Act provides in section 10 that “the President may authorize the occupation and use of any land for any purpose which, in his opinion, is conducive to public welfare or the interest of the state”. It is a requirement that a public notice shall be published in the Gazette giving particulars of the lands to be taken and the use to which it will be put. Persons whose interests are affected by “reasons of disturbance as a result of the authorization” so made are entitled to be compensated. The entitlements are however to be assessed by giving due consideration to the values of the land (and other losses suffered) and the benefits to be derived by the people in the area (by way of the use to which the state is going to put the land).

The difficulty of this law is that the nature of interest taken is not expressed in definite terms. Again stakeholder consultation and community involvement is not highlighted. It must be observed that the state does not normally use this section of the Act and thus occupation of lands is rarely exercised.

3.1.4 The Ghana Land Policy 1999

The Government of Ghana in 1999 put in place the above policy to serve as a broad framework and policy guidelines for land administration and utilization. The main objective is to provide guidelines aimed at enhancing land management systems, land use, conservation of land resource and enhancing environmental quality. All these are intended to ensure coordinated and orderly use of land, a vital resource, by present and future generations. Ultimately the policy seeks to give protection to proprietary rights and promote the concept of prompt payment of adequate and fair compensation for compulsorily acquired lands and also create the enabling environment for community participation in sustained land management.

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3.1.5 The Lands Commission Act 2008, Act 767

The Lands Commission Act 2008 establishes the Lands Commission to integrate the operations of public service lands institutions in order to secure effective and efficient land administration to provide for related matters. The objectives of the Commission include among others:

To promote the judicious use of land by the society and ensure that land use is in accordance with sustainable management principles and maintenance of sound eco-system; and

To ensure that land development is effected in conformity with the nation’s development goals.

Currently, the Commission has the following divisions:

Survey and Mapping

Land Registration

Land Valuation

Public and Vested Lands Management

3.1.6 Office of The Administrator of Stool Lands Act 1994, Act 481

The Act establishes the Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands as enshrined in Article 267 (2) of the 1992 Constitution and it is responsible for establishment of stool land account for each stool, collection of rents and the disbursement of such revenues. The Administrator is charged with the management of stool lands and in accordance with provisions in the 1992 Constitution, 10 percent of the gross revenue goes to the Administrator of Stool Lands for administrative expenses and the remainder disbursed as follows:

25 percent to the stool through the traditional authority for the maintenance of the stool;

20 percent to the traditional authority;

55 percent to the District Assembly, within the area of authority of which the stool lands are situated.

The Act 481, the Administration of Lands Act, 1962 (Act 123), the Concessions Act, 1962 (Act 124) and the State Lands Act, 1962 (Act 125) and their amendments

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3.1.7 The Land Title Registration Act 1986, PNDCL 152 The challenges arising from registration of instruments under the Land Registry Act 1962, Act 122 led to the promulgation of the Land Title Registration Act 1986, PNDCL 152 which sought to improve on the registration of deeds. The Law with its amendments provides for accurate parcel or cadastral maps, which would reduce fraud, multiple registrations and reduces litigation. It also provides for publication and adjudication of conflicts. The certificate of title to the land is indefeasible and can only be cancelled by a court of law. The Land Title Registration Law provides for the registration of all interests held under customary law and also the common law. Under this law, the registerable interests include (i) allodial title, (ii) usufruct/ customary law freehold, (iii) freehold, (iv) leasehold, (v) customary tenancies and (vi) mineral licenses.

3.1.8 Survey Act 1962, Act 127 The Survey Act 1962, Act 127 relates to geological, soil and land survey. Part II of the Act deals with demarcation and survey of lands. Under the law, the sector minister may appoint official surveyors and the Chief Survey Officer (Director of Surveys) may license private surveyors. It is the official surveyor or licensed surveyor that shall certify plans for attachments to instruments of conveyance, leases, assignment, charge or transfer. Under the law it is an offence to damage, destroy or alter any boundary mark. The Act 127 with its amendments gave legal backing to the Director of Surveys to carryout cadastral and other surveys through official surveyors who work directly under him at the Survey Division of the Lands Commission. It also gave authority to the Director of Surveys to recommend from time to time experienced surveyors to the Minister responsible for Lands to be licensed to undertake surveys. Licensed surveyors did all survey works carried out under this project.

3.2 GHANA’S INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

The key governmental institutions responsible for administration of government lands and/or resettlement activities in line with this LRP include:

The Public and Vested Lands Management Division of the Commission;

Land Valuation Division of the Lands Commission

Land Registration Division of the Lands Commission;

Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission;

Ministry of Transport;

Environmental Protection Agency;

Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands;

The Local Authorities or Assembly; and

Department of Town & Country Planning.

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3.2.1 The Public and Vested Lands Management Division of the Commission

The Public and Vested Lands Management Division of the Commission (established by the Lands Commission Act, 2008, Act 767) is the principal land management organization of the government. All public lands are vested in the President of Ghana and held in trust by him for the people of Ghana. The Public and Vested Lands Management Division manages all public lands on behalf of the President. In each of the ten regions of Ghana, branch, known as the Regional Lands Commission, performs the function of the Lands Commission. In addition to managing public lands on behalf of government, other mandates include:

Advise the government and local authorities on policy matters, and to ensure that the development of individual parcels of land is consistent with area development plans; and

Advise on and assist in the execution of a comprehensive program of land tittle registration.

The acquisition of any rights of exclusive possession over public lands would necessitate discussions with the relevant Regional Lands Commission for a lease over the selected site.

3.2.2 Land Valuation Board (LVB)

It was established in 1986 (PNDC Law 42) as Land Valuation Board (LVB), through a merger of valuation divisions operating within different ministries. However, the LVB was brought under the Land Commission as the Land Valuation Division with the promulgation of the new Lands Commission Act 2008, Act 767. The LVD is responsible for all valuation services for the government, including assessing compensation to be paid as a result of land acquisition or damage to an asset in view of a government project. The Division keeps rates for crops, which are applicable nation-wide. The LVD has offices in all the ten regions of Ghana and 44 districts offices. The district offices are involved only in ‘rating valuation’ and that any valuation taking place has to be undertaken by the Regional offices which have certified valuers. The LVD also keep records of private sector certified valuers.

3.2.3 Land Registration Division of the Lands Commission

It was established in 1986 as the Title Registration Advisory Board under section 10 of the Lands Title Registration Act, 1986. However, it was brought under the Lands Commission as the Lands Registration Division with the promulgation of the Lands commission Act 2008, Act 767. The Division ensures registration of title to land and other interests in land; maintains land register that contains records of land and other interests in land; ensures registration of deeds and other instruments affecting land, among other functions.

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3.2.4 Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission It was established in 1962 under the Survey Act 1962, Act 127 as the Survey Department. The Department was brought under the Lands Commission as the Survey and Mapping Division with the promulgation of the Lands Commission Act 2008, Act 767. The Division supervises, regulates and controls the surveys and demarcation of land for the purposes of land use and land registration. It also supervises, regulates, controls and certifies the production of maps. It is responsible for planning all national surveys and mapping among other functions.

3.2.5 Ministry of Transportation (MoT)

Until March 1997 the Ministry of Roads and Highways was responsible for road infrastructure and the Ministry of Transport and Communications for the road transport services and other transport modes. The two ministries were amalgamated to become the Ministry of Roads and Transport (MRT) in that year, and later on following re-designation and realignment of functions became the Ministry of Transportation (MoT). The MoT has responsibility for the:

• Formulation and implementation of integrated transport policy and planning;

• Promotion of strategic investment in the sector;

• Development, implementation, monitoring of road projects; and

• Regulation of standards.

The MoT has the specific task of coordinating and guiding the activities of the executing agencies in the road sector under the ministry. These are the Ghana Highway Authority (GHA), the Department of Urban Roads (DUR) and the Department of Feeder Roads (DFR). The other related organizations under the ministry include: the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority, the Road Safety Commission and the Metro Mass Transit Limited and the Road Fund Secretariat. The MoT has a Road Safety, Environment and Social Unit under the Policy and Planning Office, manned by a Deputy Director who has direct responsibility to monitor the resettlement.

3.2.6 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The EPA established under the EPA Act, 1994 (Act 490) is responsible for the protection of the environment and this include the human/ socio-economic environment as well. Its functions include the following amongst others:

Advise the Minister on the formulation of policies on all aspects of the environment and in particular make recommendations for the protection of the environment;

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Ensure compliance with any laid down environmental impact assessment procedures in the planning and execution of development projects, including compliance in respect of existing projects;

Act in liaison and co-operation with government agencies, district assemblies and other bodies and institutions to generally protect the environment; and

To promote effective planning in the management of the environment. The EPA is the main government body for receiving and reviewing all Environmental and Social Impact Assessment reports including LRP reports. Currently LRP reports sent to the EPA for review are usually attached to the mainstream Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report. The Environmental Assessment Regulation 1999 has listed the developments that require clearance with the EPA. Development of a port is one of the undertakings that require the issuance of environmental permit before construction could commence. The EPA has offices in all the ten regions of Ghana and some districts such as Tarkwa and Tema. The Agency will monitor the resettlement/rehabilitation operations.

3.2.7 Office of the Administrator of Stool Land

This institution was established by the Office of the Administrator of Stool Land Act, 1994. It is intended to manage revenue drawn from stool/skin lands, by establishing a stool land account for each stool, collecting revenue into this account, and disburse these monies to the stool, to the traditional authority and to the related District Assembly. It is placed under the overall control of the Lands Commission.

3.2.8 The District Assembly and Local Administration

The project is within the jurisdiction of the Ellembelle Administrative District, which was established in 2008. The current local government structure or the district assembly system is established by two main Acts, namely Act 462 and Act 480. Both Act 462 and Act 480 designate the District/Municipal/Metropolitan Assembly as the planning authority, charged with the overall development of the district. Both Acts provide that local people (communities) must participate in the formulation of the District Development Plan.

A key feature of this Assembly System is the involvement of communities or zones or whole villages who elect their representatives (Assemblymen) to the Assembly. The structure of the Assembly comprises Unit Committees, which are usually formed at the community levels, and the Urban/Town/Area Councils.

The Ellembelle District Assemblies will provide technical support in land acquisition, compensation and livelihood restoration planning process.

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3.2.9 Town and Country Planning Department

Established in 1945, it is responsible for designing plans (planning schemes) and controlling settlements. It is no longer an independent department but currently forms part of the Assembly Structure. The Town and Country Planning Department have limited role in the process of land acquisition but responsible for designing plans and controlling settlements.

3.2.10 Traditional Authorities

In the 1992 Constitution, chieftaincy together with its traditional councils is guaranteed and protected as an important institution in the country. In Ghana, land is predominantly owned by customary authorities (stools, skins, clans and families). Together they own about 78 percent of all lands while the State owns about 20 percent with the remaining 2 percent owned by the state and customary authorities in a form of partnership (split ownership), (Larbi W O, 2008). Article 267 (1) of the 1992 Constitution avers that all stool lands in the country shall vest in the appropriate stool on behalf of, and in trust of the subjects of the stool in accordance with customary law and usage. All revenue from stool lands are collected and disbursed by the Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands (OASL). Customary land represents all the different categories of rights and interests held within traditional systems and which includes stool lands, skin lands, clan lands, and family lands8. Any decision taken by the custodian that affects rights and interests in the land, especially disposition of any portion of the communal land to non-members of the land holding community, require the concurrence of the principal elders.

The State exerts considerable control over the administration of customary lands. All grants of stool land to non-subjects of the stool require the concurrence of the Lands Commission to be valid. No freeholds can be granted out of stool lands. Foreigners cannot own more than 50-year leases in stool and state lands (Article 267(5) of the 1992 Constitution).

3.3 LAND TENURE AND TRANSACTIONS IN GHANA

Land tenure refers to the way in which rights to land are obtained and distributed among people. Land tenure in Ghana comprises a dual system, being governed both by a title registration system (i.e. a legislative framework) and by customary system. The following section presents a brief outline of land tenure and administration systems in Ghana.

8 The various forms of land ownership are explained under sub-section 3.3

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3.3.1 Interests in Land

Ghanaian law recognizes the following four interests in land:

Allodial title

In the Ghanaian context, this is the highest interest capable of being held in land. The Allodial title is customarily communally owned and is generally held or vested in stools or skins. In some traditional areas, it is held by clans, families or individuals depending on areas and ethnic group. Being generally in the form of communal interest in land it accrues to the entire community and is administered by the recognized traditional authority. The owner of the allodial title has complete and absolute freedom to use and dispose of the land only subject to the restrictions, or limitations or obligations as may be imposed by the general laws of the country. The mode of acquisition of the allodial title is through discovery by hunters or pioneers of the stool etc. of unoccupied land and subsequent settlement thereof and use by the subject, conquest, purchase or gift.

Customary Freehold

Customary law freehold is a perpetuity interest vested in members of the

community that hold the allodial title. Customary law freehold implies that the

holder can occupy the land and derive economic use of it. It is an interest, which is

held as of right by virtue of being a member of the community. It is of indefinite

duration and thus potentially exists forever. The member who holds such interest

has the right of beneficial occupation and unfettered use (also subject to the laws of

the country). Upon death, the interest devolves on his/hers successors in title and

infinitum. This interest prevails against the whole world including the allodial title

from which it was derived. The customary freehold may however be terminated by

the occurrence of any of these occasions; failure of successors, compulsory

acquisition by the state; sale or gift by owner, abandonment or forfeiture in rare

circumstances where for example the holders denies the absolute title of the allodial

owner.

The Common Law Freehold Common law freehold is an interest in land acquired through a freehold grant made by the allodial owner, either by sale or gift to another person out of his interest. This grant requires the parties to agree that their obligations and rights will be regulated by common law. The grantor may thus impose terms on the grantee provided such terms are reasonable and not contrary to public policy or unconscionable. Currently, the laws of the land forbid non- Ghanaians from acquiring freehold in lands in Ghana.

The Leasehold This type of interest is also a creation of the common law and not Ghanaian customary law. It is an interest in land for a specified period. The leasehold may be granted by the allodial holder in respect of lands in which no conflicting interest

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exists, or by a customary freeholder or common law freeholder. In Ghana, leasehold may be for a maximum duration of 99 years. (Non-Ghanaians can only acquire leases up to 50 years). Various terms and conditions may be imposed by the grantor including the payment of rent as consideration for the grant.

3.3.2 Existing forms of Land Ownership

Land in Ghana belongs to two broad categories:

1. Customary land, including stool land and family land

2. Public land, including state land and vested land (i) Stool land Stool land is land the allodial title of which is vested in a stool. Although under customary law, stool land has a customary custodian (the chief of the stool), the 1992 Constitution has created the Office of the Administrator of Stool Land, which is in charge of collecting fees and royalties, which amount to land taxes. (ii) Family land Family land is vested in the head of the family. These lands are not placed under the control of the Government, as stool lands are, and are less regulated.

(iii) State land

State land is land that the State has compulsorily acquired for public purposes or in the public interest. State Land is administered by the Lands Commission.

(iv) Vested land

Vested land is still owned by a customary landowner, typically a stool, but has been “vested” in the Government, which manages it on behalf of the customary owner. This should mean that the customary owners still retain the land economic benefits, whereas the Government, through the Lands Commission, manages the land (i.e. has a right to sell or lease it for instance).

3.4 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

This Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) has been prepared in line with international best practices with regard to involuntary resettlement. The LRP is therefore in conformity to African Development Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement, International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards and guidelines, and the Equator Principles (EP). Relevant sections of these policies and principles are described below:

3.4.1 African Development Bank’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy, November 2003

According to the African Development Bank (AfDB), projects that involve involuntary resettlement shall be prepared and evaluated according to the following objectives and guiding principles:

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• The borrower should develop a resettlement action plan 9 where loss of economic assets are unavoidable. The plan should ensure that displacement is minimized, and that the displaced persons are provided with assistance prior to, during and following displacement. The resettlement plan should be conceived and executed as part of a development program, with displaced persons provided sufficient resources and opportunities to share in the project benefits.

• Ensure that displaced people receive livelihood restoration assistance so that

their income earning capacity and production are improved.

• Particular attention should be paid to the needs of disadvantaged groups among those economically displaced, especially those below the poverty line, the landless, the elderly, women and children, and ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities; including those without legal title to assets, female-headed households.

Displaced persons should be compensated for their losses at “full replacement” cost prior to their actual move or before taking of land and related assets or commencement of project activities, whichever occurs first; and

• The total cost of the project as a result should include the full cost of all

resettlement activities, factoring in the loss of livelihood and earning potential among affected peoples.

In line with AfDB, displaced persons in the following first two groups are entitled to compensation for loss of land or other assets taken for the project purposes:

1) Those who have formal legal rights to land or other assets recognized under the

laws of the country. This category will generally include people who are physically residing at the project site and those who will be displaced or may lose access or suffer a loss in their livelihood as a result of the project activities; and

2) Those who may not have formal legal rights to land or other assets at the time of the census but can prove that they have a claim such as land or assets that would be recognized under the customary laws of the country. This category may also include those people who may not be physically residing at the project site or persons who may not have any assets or direct sources of livelihood derived from the project site, but who have spiritual and/or ancestral ties with the land (e.g. graveyards, sacred forests, places of worships). This category may also include sharecroppers or tenant farmers, seasonal migrants or nomadic families losing user rights, depending on the country’s customary land use rights. Additionally, where resettlers lose access to resources such as forests, waterways, or grazing lands, they would be provided with replacements in kind.

A third group of displaced persons are those who have no recognizable legal right or

9 Note: while referred to as a resettlement action plan, physical displacement will not occur in the Lonrho Oil Services

Terminal project.

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claim to the land they are occupying in the project area and who do not fall in any of the two categories described above. This category of displaced persons, will be entitled to resettlement assistance in lieu of compensation for land to improve their former living standards (compensation for loss of livelihood activities, common property resources, structures and crops, etc.), provided they occupied the project area prior to a cut-off date established by the borrower and acceptable to the Bank (AfDB, November 2003).

3.4.2 The IFC Policies and Performance Standards

For social aspects of the Project, certain basic documents of World Bank Group Policies and Guidelines are taken into consideration. The reference documents include the following: • IFC Sustainability Framework 2012;

• The Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

updated in January 2012;

• The Guidance Note 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement, updated in January 2012;

• A Guide to Designing and Implementing Grievance Mechanisms for Development

Projects, 2008; and

• IFC’s Handbook on Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan (2002).

The main objective of these documents is to ensure that potential adverse impacts on the community are mitigated through planning. To make it clearer, taking precautions to satisfactorily compensate the loses of people who were obliged to displacement due to physical or economic reasons, endeavoring as much as possible to enhance the living conditions and means of income generation of the people who are affected by a project financed by the World Bank Group are the basic aims of the policies indicated in these documents. Due to its incorporation in the Equator Principles, this LRP reflects the requirements of IFC Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement, (January 2012). According to the IFC Performance Standard 5, involuntary resettlement refers both to physical displacement (relocation or loss of shelter) and to economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or means of livelihood) as a result of project-related land acquisition. Resettlement is considered involuntary when affected individuals or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition that results in displacement. This occurs in cases of: (i) lawful expropriation or restrictions on land use based on eminent domain; and ii) negotiated settlements in which the buyer can resort to expropriation or impose legal restrictions on land use if negotiations with the seller fail.

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The Performance Standard 5 encourages the project proponent to:

Avoid or at least minimize involuntary resettlement wherever feasible by exploring alternative project designs;

Mitigate adverse social and economic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on affected persons’ use of land by: (i) providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost; and (ii) ensuring that resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information, consultation, and the informed participation of those affected;

Improve or at least restore the livelihoods and standards of living of displaced persons; and

Improve living conditions among displaced persons through provision of adequate housing with security of tenure at resettlement sites.

This IFC Performance Standard applies to physical or economic displacement resulting from the following types of land transactions:

Type I: Land rights for a private sector project acquired through expropriation or other compulsory procedures; and

Type II: Land rights for a private sector project acquired through negotiated settlements with property owners or those with legal rights to land, including customary or traditional rights recognized or recognizable under the laws of the country, if expropriation or other compulsory process would have resulted upon the failure of negotiation.

General requirements of Performance Standard 5 are as follows:

Project Design: The proponent/client will consider feasible alternative project designs to avoid or at least minimize physical or economic displacement, while balancing environmental, social, and financial costs and benefits;

Compensation and Benefits for Displaced Persons: When displacement cannot be avoided, the client will offer displaced persons and communities, compensation for loss of assets at full replacement cost and other assistance to help them improve or at least restore their standards of living or livelihoods;

Consultation: The client will consult with and facilitate the informed participation of affected persons and communities, including host communities, in decision-making processes related to resettlement;

Grievance Mechanism: The client will establish a grievance mechanism consistent to receive and address specific concerns about compensation and relocation that

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are raised by displaced persons or members of host communities, including a recourse mechanism designed to resolve disputes in an impartial manner;

Resettlement Planning and Implementation: Where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, the client will carry out a census with appropriate socio-economic baseline data to identify the persons who will be displaced by the project, to determine who will be eligible for compensation and assistance, and to discourage inflow of people who are ineligible for these benefits;

Physical Displacement: If people living in the project area must move to another location, the client will: (i) offer displaced persons choices among feasible resettlement options, including adequate replacement housing or cash compensation where appropriate; and (ii) provide relocation assistance suited to the needs of each group of displaced persons, with particular attention paid to the needs of the poor and the vulnerable; and

Economic Displacement: If land acquisition for the project causes loss of income or livelihood, regardless of whether or not the affected people are physically displaced, the client will meet the following requirements:

- Promptly compensate economically displaced persons for loss of assets or access

to assets at full replacement cost; - In cases where land acquisition affects commercial structures, compensate the

affected business owner for the cost of re-establishing commercial activities elsewhere, for lost net income during the period of transition, and for the costs of the transfer and reinstallation of the plant, machinery or other equipment;

- Provide replacement property (e.g., agricultural or commercial sites) of equal or greater value, or cash compensation at full replacement cost where appropriate, to persons with legal rights or claims to land which are recognized or recognizable under the national laws;

- Compensate economically displaced persons who are without legally recognizable claims to land for lost assets (such as crops, irrigation infrastructure and other improvements made to the land) other than land, at full replacement cost. The client is not required to compensate or assist opportunistic settlers who encroach on the project area after the cut-off date;

- Provide additional targeted assistance (e.g., credit facilities, training, or job opportunities) and opportunities to improve or at least restore their income-earning capacity, production levels, and standards of living to economically displaced persons whose livelihoods or income levels are adversely affected; and

- Provide transitional support to economically displaced persons, as necessary, based on a reasonable estimate of the time required to restore their income-earning capacity, production levels, and standards of living.

Physical displacement has been avoidable for the OST Project. However many local people will be affected by economic displacement as a result of the Project. The primary concern is to compensate loss of asset on time and in a fair way provide livelihood restoration programs to PAPs.

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3.4.3 The Equator Principles

The Equator Principles Financial Institutions (EPFIs) adopted a set of policies issued in 2006 and developed for determining, assessing and managing social and environmental risk in project financing to ensure that the projects financed by the EPFIs are socially and environmentally responsible. Accordingly, they point out significance of the Principles to the borrowers, as the responsible for the planning and implementation of the Project activities so that negative impacts on project-affected ecosystems and communities can be avoided where possible, and if these impacts are unavoidable, they should be reduced, mitigated and/or compensated for appropriately (EP, 2006, p.1).

According to the EPs, projects should be classified by potential risks and impacts and conform to the social and environmental performance standards of IFC. The standards will be used for the assessment of the risks and impacts resulting from the project and will also be assessed in compliance with the national laws and regulations. This assessment is needed to design and implement project specific action plans and management systems, which will help to describe necessary actions for implementation of mitigation measures.

The EPs state that for projects with significant adverse impacts, the process will ensure the free, prior and informed consultation with affected communities and facilitate their informed participation as a means to establish, to the satisfaction of the EPFI, adequately corporate response (EP, 2006, p.3).

3.5 COMPARISON AND GAP ANALYSIS OF GHANAIAN LAWS AND AFDB/IFC POLICIES

There is significant difference between Ghanaian legislation and those of AfDB and IFC policies. For instance, Ghanaian law focuses on compensation for lost assets and not necessarily on restoring displaced people’s ability to re-establish or improve their livelihood base. The AfDB/IFC policies, on the other hand place emphasis on a combination of compensation and on other kinds of assistance that help people restore incomes and restore or improve their standard of living (such as helping people become competitive for employment or other income opportunities, improving agricultural output or providing access to natural resources like wood or pasture). This ensures that a project does not cause affected people to become “worse off” but rather be preferably better off than they were before displacement. A summary comparison between national requirements and international standards is shown in Table 3.1. Lonrho’s compensation and livelihood restoration program is designed to meet Ghanaian legislation as well as the AfDB policy and the Equator Principles. However where there are gaps AfDB and Equator Principles will supersede.

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Table 3.1: Comparison of Ghanaian regulations with AfDB and IFC policies

Topic

Ghanaian legislation requirement

AfDB/IFC policy requirements

Procedures for bridging the gaps

Objectives

Offers compensation for project affected persons, but not clearly stated on the requirement of the livelihood restoration and improvement

Involuntary Resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized.

Resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs.

Displaced Persons should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.

Displaced persons should be assisted to improve their livelihoods or at least to restore them to pre-project levels.

Involuntary Resettlement such as destruction of physical structures has been avoided by means of project redesign.

Resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs.

Displaced Persons have been offered the opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs through stakeholder engagement, complaint/grievance and feedback mechanisms.

Displaced persons are being assisted to improve their livelihoods or at least to restore them to pre-project levels

Impacts

Covered only for direct impact by taking land and other assets.

Covers direct economic and social impacts caused by (i) taking land and other assets; and (ii) restriction of access to designated park and protected areas.

Covers direct economic and social impacts caused by (i) taking land and other assets; and (ii) restriction of access to designated park and protected areas.

Timing of compensation payment

Prompt

Prior to displacement

Compensation payments are done prior to displacement.

Calculation of compensation

Fair and adequate

Full replacement cost

The Replacement Cost Approach (RCA) is adopted for the calculation of compensation.

Squatters including settlers and migrants

No provision made for them. Are deemed not to be eligible

Are to be provided resettlement assistance (but no compensation for land)

They are provided resettlement assistance (but no compensation for land)

Topic

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Ghanaian legislation requirement

AfDB/IFC policy requirements

Cost, compensation and Resettlement

• Fair and adequate

In the event where inhabitants have to be displaced, the State is to resettle them on “suitable land with due regard for their economic well-being and social and cultural values”.

Paid at full replacement cost for lost assets.

Particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups (those below poverty line, the elderly, women and children and ethnic minorities etc.)

Recovery of land and other assets do not take place until compensation is paid.

Affected people who are physically displaced are to be provided with residential housing, or housing sites, or, as required, agricultural sites (…) at least equivalent to the old site.

Preference to be given to land-based compensation for persons whose livelihoods are land-based.

Paid at full replacement cost for lost assets.

Particular attention is given to the needs of vulnerable groups (those below poverty line, the elderly, women and children and ethnic minorities etc.)

Recovery of land and other assets do not take place until compensation is paid.

The project has been redesigned to avoid physical displacement of people.

Preference to be given to land-based compensation for persons whose livelihoods are land-based.

Resettlement assistance

No specific provision with respect to additional assistance and monitoring.

Affected people are to be offered support after displacement, for a transition period.

Affected people will be offered support after displacement, for a transition period.

Vulnerable groups

No specific provision Particular attention to be paid to vulnerable groups, especially those below the poverty line, the landless, the elderly, women and children

Particular attention are paid to vulnerable groups, especially those below the poverty line, the landless, the elderly, women and children

Information & consultation

The owner/occupier of the land must be formally notified at least a week in advance of the intent to enter, and be given at least 24 hours notice before actual entry

Displaced persons and their communities (…) are provided timely and relevant information, consulted on resettlement options, and offered opportunities to participate in planning, implementing, and monitoring resettlement.

Economically displaced persons and their communities (…) are provided timely and relevant information, consulted on resettlement options, and offered opportunities to participate in planning, implementing, and monitoring resettlement.

Grievances Access to Court of law Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms to be established.

Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms established.

Monitoring and evaluation

No specific provision Internal monitoring and external evaluation are required

Internal monitoring and external evaluation will be done

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4.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE SURVEY FINDINGS The socio-economic baseline study findings are organized around the following sub-sections:

Demographics;

Household heads;

Ethnicity of household heads;

Religious affiliation;

Place of birth of household heads;

Marital status;

Age distribution;

Education; Child labor; Primary source of energy for lighting;

Primary source of energy for cooking;

Source of domestic water;

Main toilet facilities;

Housing types and building materials;

Occupation;

Skills/trade of household members;

Health;

Agriculture and land use;

Fishing and related activities;

Income and expenditure;

Safety and security; and

Social services and knowledge about the project.

The household questionnaire was administered to a sample of households in each of the 3 communities within the Project Area, namely Atuabo, Anokyi and Asemdasuazo. Data on household composition and demographics were collected from all households in these communities. For the rest of the household socio-economic survey information, we sampled 25 percent of households, which is a common sample size in impact assessment research, and considered sufficiently large that the results could reasonably be extended to the wider affected population. Effort was also made to ensure that the sample reflected the diversity of the population under study, including all possible household types and compositions. To achieve this, some of the enumerators were drawn from the Project Communities who are familiar with the area makeup and able to speak the local Nzema language. Additionally, each community was divided into quarters, and every fourth household in each quarter was included in the sample to take into consideration the possibility that household types might cluster in geographic areas.

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Residents had been informed in advance of the household socio-economic survey regarding its purpose and process, and were assured that participation was completely voluntary and that the results would not identify the response of specific households. Enumerators were well received in all of the three communities.

Tina and Emmanuel of SRC interviewing household heads during Household Socio-economic Survey

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4.1 DEMOGRAPHICS Through a census, a total of 615 households were identified in the project area, with a total population of 2,908 people, of whom 1,539 were female (53 percent) and 1,361 male (47 percent), as compared with both the national and District figure of 49 percent for males, and 51 percent for females. This gives a sex ratio (i.e. number of males to 100 females) of 88.3 as compared with the district and national figures of 93.6 and 95.2 respectively (GSS, 201210). There 181 households in Anokyi, 111 in Asemdasuazo and 820 in Atuabo. For the census survey, all the households were interviewed. For the more detailed household socio-economic survey, 46 households in Anokyi were selected for interviewing, 205 in Atuabo and 27 in Asemdasuazo. As indicated in Table 4.1, the percentage difference between females and males are higher at Atuabo and Asemdasuazo (by 3 percent and 2 percent respectively) than at the national and district levels. This means that in the design of livelihood restoration and community development programs, much attention needs to be given needs of females in these communities, as they constitute the majority of the population.

Table 4.1: Demographic information of study communities

Total population

Male Female

No. Percent No. Percent

Anokyi 980 479 49 501 51

Atuabo 1,289 589 46 702 54

Asemdasuazo 639 303 47 336 53

Total 2,908 1,361 47 1,539 53

Source: Socio-economic survey, June 2012

4.2 HOUSEHOLD HEADS It is generally assumed that the household head oversees the day-to-day running of a household, and ensures that the needs and wellbeing of its members are addressed. It is based on this consideration that heads of households are considered key when analyzing issues at the micro level. The age, sex and socio-economic characteristics (education, occupation, employment status) of heads of household are therefore examined to help our understanding of household conditions and the standard of living of a community. The majority of households are headed by males (74 percent), which is more than the national statistic of 65 percent of households in Ghana being headed by males (GSS, 2012). This means that women head only 26 percent of the sampled households. However, there are differences in terms of individual communities. For

10

These are based on provisional 2010 results of the Population and Housing Census release by the Ghana Statistical Service in 2012.

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instance Asemdasuazo had the highest percentage of female-headed households (29 percent) followed by Atuabo (28 percent), while Anokyi has the lowest (22 percent). Focus group discussions with women in these communities revealed that female led-households are typically composed of women who have been widowed, divorced or abandoned by their husband; it may also reflect a choice made by younger, single women to head their own household.

4.3 ETHNICITY OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS

The majority of household heads in the study area identified their ethnicity as Nzema. It is the dominant ethnic group in the Anokyi community representing 91 percent of the total population interviewed, followed by Fante (6 percent) and Sefwi representing 3 percent. All household heads at Asemdasuazo are Nzemas. Likewise in Atuabo, Nzema dominates the ethnic group with 98 percent with the remaining (2 percent) being Ashanti.

4.4 RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION

The dominant religion in the study area is Christianity, which constitutes 91 percent in Anokyi, and 96 percent in Asemdasuazo and Atuabo. Those who practice Traditional Religion were 2 percent in Anokyi and 1 percent in Atuabo. Islam is practiced by 4 percent of households interviewed in Anokyi. In all the communities, only a few people (2 percent) said they had no religion. In the Western Region as a whole, 71 percent of household heads are Christians, 9 percent Muslim, and 1 percent practice Traditional Region while those who profess to have no religious affiliations constitute 7 percent (GSS, 2012).

4.5 HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND COMPOSITION

Households in the study communities typically consist of a man and his wife (or wives), children, in-laws, parents, grandchildren and other relatives. The determination of household membership however is not always straightforward, in particular regarding visitors and members who are temporarily absent. The analysis below includes members who usually reside in the household, even if they were absent at the time of the survey, but temporary visitors are excluded. The results indicate that average household sizes in Atuabo (5.3 persons) and Anokyi (6.7 persons) are fairly large when compared with national and regional statistics. According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, the mean household size in Ghana is 4.4 persons, with households in the Western Region being 4.2 persons (GSS, 2012). The mean household size of 3.5 persons in Asemdasuazo is therefore lower that the regional average. As indicated in Figure 4.1, two-member households are quite common in Asemdasuazo (41 percent) as oppose to 12 percent in Anokyi and 11 percent in Atuabo. It is also worth noting that households with 10 or more members are significantly high in Anokyi (19 percent) and Atuabo (11 percent) in contrast to Asemdasuazo where the maximum household size is 9 (15 percent).

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Figure 4.1: Household size

The relatively large household size in the Project area suggests that there is pressure on household incomes and therefore less saving can be made for investment. Indeed, large household size often impose great burden on the household heads unless large proportion of the household members are working.

4.6 PLACE OF BIRTH OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS

The survey revealed that majority of household heads (89 percent) were born in the Project area. As indicated in Table 4.3, Asemdasuazo recorded the highest number of household heads born in the community (100 percent) followed by Atuabo (93 percent) and Anokyi (74 percent). Of the few household heads who were born outside the community, the majority were born in neighboring communities such as Ekwei, Ekabaku, Elenda and Anyinasie. Table 4.3: Percentage distribution of heads of household born in the community

Communities Percentage of heads of households born in the community

Anokyi 74

Asemdasuazo 100

Atuabo 93

Aggregate percent 89

Source: Socio-economic Survey, June 2012

4.7 MARITAL STATUS

There are various types of marriage in Ghana, ranging from customary, civil, and religious marriage to a variety of informal unions. In this report, the term ‘married’ refers to legal or formal marriage, and ‘living together’ refers to an informal union in which a man and a woman live together, even if a formal civil or religious ceremony has not occurred. It was revealed that 14 percent of those households surveyed at Asemdasuazo and 2 percent at Atuabo admitted to practicing polygamy. Anokyi recorded no household practicing polygamy.

4%

11% 9% 11% 7%

15% 11%

9% 4%

19%

22%

41%

0 4%

11% 7%

0 0

15%

0

12% 12% 12% 15%

7%

10% 11%

5% 5%

11%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

One person

Two Persons

Three Persons

Four Persons

Five Persons

Six Persons Seven Persons

Eight Persons

Nine Persons

Ten or more

Persons

Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo

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As shown in Table 4.4, analysis of the marital status of adult household members revealed that overall 21 percent are married while 41 percent are single. However, Anokyi has more single adults (60 percent) while Atuabo has the least (21 percent). About 19 percent of adult household members on the other hand describe themselves as being in a consensual or informal union. Those divorced, separated and widowed constitute 3 percent, 10 percent and 2 percent respectively. This is in keeping with the national statistics on marital status in rural areas. Comparative data on the Western Region show that 41 percent of the adult population is singles, 4 percent is involved in informal or consensual union, 45 percent married, 2 percent separated, 4 percent divorced, and 4 percent are widowed (GSS, 2012).

Table 4.4: percentage distribution of marital status of adult household members

Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo Aggregate

Single 56.9 57.1 20.8 41.0

Married 31.8 33.8 7.4 21.5

Consensual 0.9 1.3 40.4 18.6

Separated 1.2 0.5 30.3 10.0

Divorced 5.4 3.6 0.1 2.7

Widowed 3.7 2.0 0.2 1.7

Source: Socio-economic survey, June 2012

It is also worth noting that Anokyi recorded the highest number of divorcees (5 percent) and widows (7 percent).

4.9 AGE DISTRIBUTION

The average age in the study area is 27 years old, which is higher than the regional mean age of 24 years. As depicted in Table 4.5, the age structure of the study communities is typical of a young population, which is in keeping generally with the Western Region. More than a third of the population (35 percent) is 14 years old or younger, while the older age groups (over 65 years) form 6 percent of the population. These figures compare favorably with the Western Region of age distribution figure of 39 percent of under-15 years of age and 5 percent over 57 years (GSS, 2012).

Table 4.5: Percentage distribution of selected age group of

Age group Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo Aggregate 0-4 years 10 7 12 10 Under 15 years 37 28 36 35 Between 15-65 years 56 68 57 59 Over 65 years 6 4 7 6 Under 15 & over 65 years 44 32 43 41

Source: Socio-economic survey, June 2012

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When examining the age structure by community, variations are worth noting. For instance, Anokyi has the highest percentage of under-15-year olds (37 percent), while Asemdasuazo has the lowest percentage of children under 15 years old (28 percent) and adults who are 65 years old or more (32 percent). There are more children below the age of four in Atuabo (12 percent) than Anokyi (10 percent) and Asemdasuazo (7 percent).

Based on this age structure, the survey reveals a dependent population of 41 percent and dependency ratio of 69. The current dependency ratio means that 100 economically active persons (15-64 years) are responsible for sustaining 69 dependents. The age dependency ratio at the national level is 75 (GSS, 2012). The large household sizes and high dependency ratios have a bearing on household vulnerability. Large households and numbers of dependents imply that heads of households and their spouse have to meet the basic needs of a greater number of people. In the analysis of poverty trends between 1991 and 2006, Coulombe and Wodon (2007) found that households with fewer members experienced a lower rate of poverty than large households.

4.10 EDUCATION

Generally, educational attainment is strongly correlated to a better quality of life for people and their families. It is an important factor in household development and livelihood outcomes as it partially determines the range of livelihood strategies and opportunities available to people.

Ghana’s educational system has undergone several stages of restructuring over the past 25 years. At the Basic Education Level, pre-school education has officially been incorporated into the system and all primary schools are required to have nurseries or kindergarten. The basic school education is mandatory. Children are supposed to begin primary education at the age of 6 and finish when they are 12 years old. Pre-school education start at much earlier age (by age 2 or 3 years). After completion of primary school, the child continues to the Junior High School (JHS) for three years. By time they enter the Senior High School (SHS), they would have been 16 years old. At the secondary level, since the 2007/2008 academic year, the three-year Senior Secondary School System has been changed to a four-year Senior High School (GSS, GHS, and ICF Macro, 2009). The different systems of formal education have been taken into account in tabulating the educational attainment of people interviewed during the survey.

4.10.1 Education attainment of 15 years and above

Table 4.6 shows the percent distribution of household population aged 15 years and over by the highest level of education ever attended or was attending. From the Census Survey, the highest education level attained or attempted by the greatest percentage of the adult household members (26 percent) is Junior High School. 10 percent of surveyed adults have never been to school, compared to the national

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figure of 28 percent. In the western region, adults who have no formal education constitute 26 percent of the population (GSS, 2012). The survey also revealed that 18 percent of adults have had some primary education or have completed Primary School, 15 percent have had some secondary education or have completed Senior High School, 26 percent has Junior high School, and 7 percent have some post-secondary school training. These figures are not markedly different from what pertains at the regional level where 27 percent of the population has at least started Junior High, 13 percent Middle School and 7 percent post secondary school training. It is significant to note that vocational training came up the least of all educational training courses attained or started by an adult household member (2 percent).

There are differences in the educational figures at the individual community level. As can be seen from Table 4.6, Atuabo recorded the highest percentage of adults without any formal education (12 percent). It also has the highest number of adults who have been to at least Senior Secondary School (23 percent).

Table 4.6: Educational attainment of household members Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo Aggregate

None 10 9 12 10

Preschool 10 12 9 12

Primary 15 18 20 18

Middle 16 12 16 15

JSS/JHS 30 28 20 26

SSS/SHS 12 18 14 15

Post secondary 5 2 7 7

Vocational/Technical 2 1 2 2

Source: Socio-economic survey, June 2012

4.10.2 Literacy levels of adults

Questions on literacy explored the ability of household members (15 years or older) to read or write a simple letter written in English or in a local Ghanaian language. A person was considered literate if they could read and write a simple statement with understanding.

Figure 4.2: Surveyed adults who reported being literate

53% 66% 38%

0

50

100

Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo

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As indicated in Figure 4.2, the highest level of literacy was recorded in Asemdasuazo (66 percent) followed by Anokyi (53 percent) and Atuabo 38 percent. These figures are lower than the national average of 74 percent (GSS, 2012). This has implications for employment with the Project.

4.11 CHILD LABOUR The census survey also sought to find out if children under the age of 14 years are engaged in fishing or farming activities. From the survey it was revealed that, almost 15 percent of the children in the project area are engaged in farming or fishing activities. As depicted in Figure 4.3, the highest number of children involved in this form of activity was recorded at Atuabo (19 percent) while Anokyi had the least (6 percent). At Asemdasuazo, 10 percent children were found to be engaged in farming or fishing activities. Indeed it is not uncommon to see children accompanying their parent to the farm or to the seashore to provide various form of support. Some are also involved in petty trading by themselves or assisting their parents. In the Western Region, 8 percent of children under the age of 14 years are economic active. The national figure is 14.5 percent (GSS, 2012). It is worth noting that Ghanaian law sets the minimum age for employment at 15 years, and at 13 years for light work. Light work is defined as work that is not harmful to the health or development of a child and does not affect the child's attendance or ability to benefit from school. The law stipulates that children 15 years and older, or children who have completed basic education, can work as apprentices if the craftsman provides food, training, and a safe and healthy work environment. Children under 18 years may not engage in night work between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. The law prohibits persons under 18 years from engaging in hazardous labor, which includes work in mines or quarries; at sea; in bars, hotels, or places of entertainment; in manufacturing that involves chemicals; in places that operate machinery; or in any job that involves carrying heavy loads. Employers, who violate any of the above provisions regulating children's employment, with the exception of those related to apprenticeships, are subject to a fine and/or 2 years of imprisonment. Employers who operate in the formal sector must keep a register with the dates of birth or apparent ages of the children they employ; failure to keep this register is punishable by a fine (USDL, 2007).

Figure 4.3: Percentage of children involved in child labor

6%

10%

19%

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Anokyi

Asemda

Atuabo

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4.12 PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIGHTING

Majority of all households interviewed (93 percent) use electricity as their main source of lighting, 6 percent use kerosene operated lantern, while only 1 percent use battery-operated/rechargeable lanterns. In Ghana 38 percent of rural households have electricity (GSS, GHS, and ICF Macro, 2009). Asemdasuazo has the highest number of households (96 percent) using electricity as their source of energy for lighting as compared with Anokyi (92 percent) and Atuabo (93 percent). Households without electricity use kerosene or paraffin lantern at Atuabo (5 percent), Asemdasuazo (4 percent) and Anokyi (6 percent). Alternative sources such as torchlight and candles were also reported at Anokyi (2 percent) and Atuabo (2 percent).

4.13 PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR COOKING

The primary source of energy for cooking for the majority of households (70 percent) in the project area is wood or firewood (harvested from farms) followed by charcoal, which is used by 20 percent of households. Gas is used by 10 percent of all households surveyed. There was no record of any household using electricity as the main source of cooking. At Anokyi, 70 percent of households use firewood as the main fuel for cooking, 20 percent use gas while 10 percent use charcoal. At Asemdasuazo 89 percent used firewood, 7 percent charcoal and 4 percent gas as the main source of fuel used in cooking. Meanwhile at Atuabo, 70 percent of households said they use firewood as their main source of cooking fuel, 19 percent use gas whereas 11 percent use charcoal.

4.14 SOURCE OF DOMESTIC WATER

The survey included questions on the household’s source of drinking water, type of sanitation facilities and methods of disposing of waste. With respect to the main source of drinking water, the availability of and accessibility to improved drinking water can minimize the prevalence of water-borne diseases among household members, especially young children. The source of drinking water is important because potentially fatal diseases such as diarrheal diseases, guinea worm, bilharzia, typhoid, cholera, schistosomiasis, trachoma, and dysentery, are common in Ghana (GSS, 2008). Overall, only 12 percent surveyed households in the study area report obtaining drinking water from a source considered to be ‘improved’ (i.e., private or public tap/borehole). The majority of households (86 percent) rely on wells, which are about 3-5 meters deep. Figure 4.4 shows the distribution of main sources of drinking water for households in individual communities.

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Figure 4.4: main source of drinking water

The proportion of Ghana’s rural population with improved water (i.e., household connection, borehole, protected dug well, protected spring, and public standpipe) is 77 percent (NDPC/UNDP, 2010). It is worth noting that community members also pointed out during focus group discussions that they also purchase water packaged in rubber sachets. Observation and discussions with community members revealed that adult females are more likely to collect drinking water for the household than the men. It is also not uncommon to see children (either male or female) collecting drinking water for the household.

4.15 MAIN TOILET FACILITIES

An improved sanitation facility is defined by WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Platform (JMP), as one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Examples of improved sanitation facilities are flush or pour-flush to piped sewer system, piped sewer system and pit latrine; flush or pour-flush to elsewhere; ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP); and composting toilet. By this definition, only users of improved sanitation facilities are considered as having access to sanitation on condition that the facility is not shared by multiple households (NDPC/UNDP 2010). An improved toilet facility is considered the most efficient and hygienic method of human waste disposal (GSS, GHS, and ICF Macro, 2009).

Figure 4.5 depicts the distribution of households by type of toilet facility they report having in the three project communities. Atuabo has the highest number of households with improved toilet facilities (49 percent) followed by Anokyi (38 percent). It is significant to note that only 11 percent of households interviewed reported having access to improved toilet facility, as compared to the national rate of 12 percent and the 8 percent for rural populations (NDPC/UNDP, 2010).

Again, at Asemdasuazo, the majority of households interviewed (82 percent) claim to have no toilet facility as compared with 51 percent at Atuabo and 62 percent at Anokyi. Evidence of the practice of open defecation was observed in the area, and focus group discussions also support the observation that most people use the bush. This is of concern because it is known to increase contamination of water bodies and some food crops (particularly leafy vegetables) with intestinal bacteria, parasites and viruses that may be responsible for causing diarrheal diseases in consumers of these crops. The current focus in the country (based on W.H.O. advice) is on home

89% 96%

75%

11% 4% 12% 0 0 13% 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Anokyi Asemda Atuabo

Well Private borehole Public borehole

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ownership of toilets as they are better maintained and lead to a reduction in the risk of indiscriminate littering of the environment with fecal material.

Figure 4.5: Main toilet facilities used by households

4.16 HOUSING TYPES AND BUILDING MATERIALS

This information is helpful in assessing the general well-being and wealth of a population of people. The household survey collected information on the type of dwelling unit and the main materials used in the construction of the roof, walls and the floor. It also sought to establish whether households rented or owned property.

In the project area, 76 percent of household heads live in their own homes, which is comparable to the 51 percent owning and 11 percent renting in rural forest localities of Ghana generally (GSS, 2008). Seventy two percent of heads of households at Anokyi, 93 percent at Asemdasuazo and 76 percent at Atuabo owned their houses. Of those who owned their houses at Anokyi, 15 percent said they had title deeds with the remaining 85 percent having no title deed to their houses, while 31 percent and 26 percent of house owners have title deeds at Asemdasuazo and Atuabo respective.

4.16.1 Number of years household has lived in present location

Regarding how long households have lived in their present location, a significant percentage of respondents at Anokyi (76 percent) have been living in their present location for more than 10 years, while 9 percent have been living in the community between 6 and 10 years. Only 15 percent of respondents said they have been living there for five years or less. In the case of Asemdasuazo, 85 percent of respondents have been living in the same location for more than 10 years, 7 percent have lived there between 6 and 10 years whilst another 8 percent of the population have lived in their location for five years or less. The situation is not different at Atuabo. Here, 76 percent of households have been living in their present location for more than 10 years, 14 percent have been living in the community between 6 and 10 years and 10 percent of respondents said they have been living there for five years or less.

0

17% 21%

62%

7% 7% 4%

82%

0

30% 19%

51%

0

20

40

60

80

100

Public KVIP Toilet Private VIP Toilet Water closet/flush Toilet No toilet (use bush)

Anokyi Asemda Atuabo

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4.16.2 Type of dwelling

Most of the buildings in the area are either compound houses, which are older, traditional ‘family’ houses, or newer, semi-detached. At Anokyi, 52 percent of households live in semi-detached11 houses, 13 percent in detached12 houses, 30 percent in compound houses13, and 5 percent live in detached single rooms. At Asemdasuazo, about 52 percent of households live in a semi-detached house, 30 percent in compound houses, 11 percent in detached single rooms and 7 percent in a detached self-contained house. Atuabo has the highest number of people living in single rooms (44 percent) with the rest occupying semi-detached houses (43 percent), detached houses (10 percent) and detached single room (3 percent). It is worth noting that in rural Ghana, 35 percent of households live in compound houses while 6 percent of rural households live in semi-detached houses (GSS, 2008). In the study area, 9 percent of households live in detached houses/bungalows as compared with 2 percent in rural Ghana.

4.16.3 Number of rooms occupied by households

The number of rooms in a dwelling provides an indication of the extent of overcrowding in an area. Overcrowding increases the risk of contracting infectious diseases like tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections and skin diseases, which particularly affect children in Ghana (GSS, GHS and ICF Macro, 2009). The survey revealed that more than 83 percent of households in the project area live in dwellings with two or more rooms while almost a third occupy one room. As can be seen in Table 4.7, Anokyi has the highest number of households (26 percent) having more than four rooms while Asemdasuazo has the highest number with one room (22 percent). This is of concern in light of the higher than average household size, and the expectation that the Project will stimulate further (possibly rapid) population growth. Table 4.7: Number of rooms occupied by household by percentage

Source: Household socio-economic survey, June 2012

11 A semi-detached housing unit consists of pairs of houses built side by side as two units sharing a common wall. 12

A detached (house, home, or dwelling) is a free-standing residential building. This means that the building does not share an inside wall with any other house or dwelling. It has only outside walls and does not touch any other dwelling. 13

A compound house is a cluster of buildings in an enclosure which may be a wall, a fence, a hedge or some other structure, or it may be formed by the buildings themselves, when they are built around an open area or joined together.

Community

Number of rooms occupied

1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms More than 4

rooms

Anokyi 17 28 17 12 26

Asemdasuazo 22 30 37 0 11

Atuabo 15 32 19 10 24

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4.16.4 Construction materials of dwellings

Cement blocks or sandcretes (49 percent) are the main construction material used for the outer walls of dwelling units, followed by raffia (45 percent) and wooden slabs (6 percent). Asemdasuazo recorded the highest percentage of households whose main construction material is made up of raffia (56 percent), while Anokyi has the largest percentage of households using cement blocks for buildings (59 percent). At Atuabo, households using cement blocks for buildings constitute 47 percent, those using raffia constitute 42 percent and wooden slab form 11 percent. Households using cement blocks to construct the outer walls of their dwelling formed 44 percent at Asemdasuazo. Construction materials made of raffia constitute 39 percent of households at Anokyi.

The main material used by households for roofing is corrugated aluminum or zinc sheets (67 percent) followed by raffia leaves (27 percent) and corrugated iron sheets (6 percent). Broken down by community, Anokyi has the highest percentage of households with raffia leaves as roofing material (37 percent) while Atuabo has the least (18 percent). Asemdasuazo has 34 percent of households with this form of roofing material. On the other hand, more households at Atuabo (76 percent) have corrugated zinc or aluminum roofing than Asemdasuazo (55 percent) or Anokyi (61 percent). As depicted in Table 4.8, only a few households have roofs with corrugated iron sheets as recorded at Asemdasuazo (11 percent), Atuabo (6 percent) and Anokyi (2 percent). Floors of dwelling units in the project area are mainly made of cement, which was reported by 91 percent of households surveyed. Only a few of the floors were not cemented (earth – 3 percent and wood – 6 percent).

Table 4.8: Main construction material for roof

Community

Roofing material

Aluminum/zinc (%) Raffia leaves/thatch (%) Iron sheets (%)

Anokyi 61 37 2

Asemdasuazo 55 34 11

Atuabo 76 18 6

Source: Household socio-economic survey, June 2012

4.17 OCCUPATION14

In the project area, 37 percent of the entire population is earning some form of income while children under the age of 15 years, students, retirees and the elderly (over 65 years old) constitute 55 percent. 11 percent of the population cited farming as their main occupation while 5 percent considered fishing as their primary occupation. Fifteen percent of the population is traders, 6 percent salaried employees and 8 percent being unemployed. In looking at differences across the villages, as depicted in Table 4.9, Asemdasuazo had the highest number of people who report farming as their primary occupation (14 percent) while Atuabo reported the least (8 percent).

14

Please note that some of the household members practice their trade/occupations outside the project area.

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Table 4.9: Occupation of household members

Occupation Atuabo Asemdasuazo Anokyi Aggregate

Self employed farmer 7 12 7 9

Farmer (employee) 1 2 2 2

Fisherman self employed 1 3 4 3

Fisherman (employee) 2 1 2 2

Petty trading 16 17 15 15

Salaried employee 7 5 6 6

Unemployed 9 7 8 8

Child/student/ elderly/retired

57 53 56 55

Source: Household socio-economic survey, June 2012

4.18 SKILLS/TRADE OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

When asked about specific skills/trades that household members have, it was revealed that 25 percent have some form of skills and the highest percentage of skills possessed was driving (8 percent). As indicated in Table 4.10, teaching, nursing, hairdressing, dressmaking and tailoring were each reported by 2 percent of the entire population. Other skills available locally include mechanical, carpentry, bookkeeping, nursing, cooking/catering, welding, baking and shoe making and electrical etc.

Table 4.10: Skill level of household members

Skills Atuabo Anokyi Asemdasuazo Aggregate

Driving 13.7 3.2 4.4 8

Nursing 3.8 0.1 1.6 2

Teaching 1.6 2.0 1.7 2

Welding 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.5

Carpentry 0.5 1.5 1.7 1

Hair dressing 0.8 2.4 1.7 2

Masonry 0.5 1.2 0.6 1

Dressmaking 0.9 2.1 2.8 2

Tailoring 0 0.6 0.5 2

Baking 0.5 0.2 1.6 0.8

Electricals 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.4

Mining 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Basket weaving 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Catering 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3

Computer Technician 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Lab technician 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Auto mechanic 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.5

Painting 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Sign writing 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

Shoe repairs 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.4

Watch repairs 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Photography 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Building technician 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1

Source: Census survey, June 2012

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4.19 HEALTH

There are no health facilities within any of the three communities. The main health center that is used by most households in the Project Area is St. Martins de Pores Hospital, at Eikwe, which is about 8 kilometers away. All households interviewed at Asemdasuazo and Anokyi, and 86 percent at Atuabo indicated this hospital as their choice for seeking health assistance from. The common mode of travel to the hospital is taxi. The hospital has an outpatient department, 5 wards, health administration and support services, primary health care and a theater. Services provided range from clinical, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative and health support. Obstetrics and gynecological services remain the mainstay of the hospital attracting appreciable number of clients. However the lack of ambulances makes transporting patients to hospital very difficult. Health conditions that cannot be treated here are referred to the government hospital in Takoradi. Local chemists in the area sell a variety of medications including antibiotics and anti-malarials.

The public health service is offered through a hierarchy of hospitals, health centers, maternity homes and clinics including Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) compounds. There are primary, secondary and tertiary facilities organized at community, sub-district, district, regional and national levels. Community and sub-district levels provide primary care, with district and regional hospitals providing secondary health care.

A few of the household members interviewed reported using the traditional medicine. The use of traditional healers is common in Ghana and is also recognized by the GHS as part of the CHPS. In most Districts there is a traditional healer within a ten-kilometer radius. The Department of Health offers basic training to interested traditional healers such as first aid, safe delivery of babies, identifying signs of anemia and good hygiene for the mother and midwife (Traditional Healer, April 2012).

4.19.1 Injuries

As part of the household socio-economic survey, households were asked if any member had suffered an injury in the past one month; 11 percent of households at Asemdasuazo and 7 percent at Atuabo indicated that a member of the household had been hurt. Anokyi recorded the highest percentage of household (17 percent) that reported having suffered an injury within the period. Domestic accidents were the most common form of injury followed by accidents on farms.

4.19.2 Common ailments

As indicated in Table 4.11, malaria (78 percent) and waist pains (41 percent) were the most frequently reported ailments reported to have been suffered by a household member in the project area a month prior to the survey. There are however differences at the individual community levels. At Asemdasuazo more than

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two-third of sampled households (78 percent) indicated that at least one member of the household had suffered malaria a month prior to the survey. Other ailments cited were waist pains (41 percent), cough or lung problems (33 percent), diarrhea (3 percent) skin infections (7 percent), eye problem (3 percent) and toothache (11 percent).

The reported cases of malaria at Atuabo were rather high. Ninety one percent of all household interviews said at least one member of the household had suffered malaria a month prior to the survey. Again, 43 percent has suffered from waist pains, 27 percent from cough or lung problems, 16 percent skin infections, 14 percent toothache, 5 percent from eye problems and 4 percent from diarrhea.

At Anokyi 63 percent of all household interviewed said at least one member of the household had suffered malaria a month prior to the survey. Again, 39 percent has suffered from stomach pains, 17 percent from cough or lung problems, 7 percent skin infections, 5 percent toothache, 14 percent from eye problems, 5 percent typhoid and 7 percent from diarrhea.

Table 4:11: Percentage of Households Reporting Incidences of over the last month

Disease Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo Aggregate

Malaria 63 78 91 78

Cough/lung infection 17 33 27 25

Diarrhea 7 3 4 5

Skin infection 7 7 16 11

Eye problem 14 3 5 7

Toothache 5 11 14 10

Waist pains 39 41 43 41

Source: Household socio-economic survey, June 2012

4.19.3 Hospitalization

18 percent of households interviewed in the Project area indicated that at least a member had been hospitalized during the past one month. Asemdasuazo recorded the highest number of households being hospitalized over the past month (32 percent) with Atuabo recording the least (10 percent). At Anokyi, 25 percent of interviewees indicated that a household member had stayed over at the hospital for at least one night.

4.19.4 Infant Births and Deaths

Infant and childhood mortality rates are considered to be “one of the strongest indicators of a country’s wellbeing as it reflects social, economic and environmental conditions in which children (and others in society) live....” (United Nations Population Fund 2007). In 2010, Ghana reported an under five years of age mortality rate of 74 deaths per 1000 live births. In the study area 17 percent of those surveyed reported a child less than five years ever dying in their household. It is significant to note that Asemdasuazo recorded the highest number of households who had

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suffered from the death of a child (37 percent) followed by Anokyi (20 percent). Atuabo had the lowest (8 percent).

The household socio-economic survey revealed that 14 percent of households in the project area had a member give birth in the last 12 months. Asemdasuazo recorded the highest number of households (37 percent) with a newborn. Anokyi and Atuabo recorded 8 percent and 9 percent of households respectively. Overall 92 percent of households having a newborn in the study area survived while 8 percent were reported to have died at birth or within seven days.

4.19.5 Mosquito Net Usage

One of the strongest weapons in the fight against malaria is the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) while sleeping. Research has shown that malaria incidence rates fall dramatically with the use of ITNs (GDHS, 2008). From the survey, 96 percent of households at Asemdasuazo and Anokyi, and 94 percent at Anokyi have at least one mosquito net in their homes. Seventy-five percent of surveyed households in the study area who report having mosquito nets say these nets are treated. But owning a net does not necessarily translate into usage by all household members.

4.19.6 HIV and AIDS Awareness

People’s awareness of AIDS is quite high in the Project area. Ninety six percent of respondents at Asemdasuazo are aware of the existence of AIDS and 85 percent also knows how it could be avoided. At Atuabo, 95 percent of households interviewed said they had knowledge of the disease. However, 98 percent claims they do not know how one can avoid contracting the deadly disease. This knowledge gap is quite significant and calls for and HIV and AIDS sensitization program for community members. At Anokyi on the other hand all households interviewed were aware of AIDS and only 2 percent did not know any preventive measures against the disease.

4.19.7 Alcohol Intake and Smoking

There is a significantly lower number of households with a smoker in the project area (2 percent) as opposed to alcohol consumers (26 percent). At the individual community level, Anokyi has the highest number of households (27 percent) with smokers while Asemdasuazo recorded no household with a smoker. Households with smokers in Atuabo constitute 2 percent of the sampled population. Regarding alcohol, 27 percent of households reported drinking alcohol in Atuabo and 21 percent had at least one household member taking alcohol at Anokyi. Asemdasuazo had the highest percentage of households with alcohol consumers (32 percent). This is not surprising in that it is the hub of the local gin (akpeteshie) industry in the project area. These are depicted in Figure 4.6

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Figure 4.6: Percentage of household members who smoked or consume alcohol

4.19.8 National Health Insurance

Data gathered from the survey indicated that 15 percent of households in the project area have at least one household member subscribing to the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). There is however variations at the individual community level. Anokyi had the highest percentage of households with NHIS (92 percent) while Asemdasuazo had the least (72 percent). Atuabo had 83 percent of households with at least a member subscribing to the NHIS. Households having health insurance for the entire household constitute 18 percent at Asemdasuazo, 35 percent at Anokyi and 21 percent at Atuabo. For those who don’t have, the main reason given for not having health insurance is lack of money, cited by 77 percent of households without health insurance. Twelve percent of households in the project area said they are yet to renew their registration, 7 percent cited poor quality of service while 4 percent attribute it to poor mobilization on the part of the scheme operators.

4.19.9 Disability

The survey also sought to identify households with members who might be physically or mentally challenged. The findings show that only one household at Anokyi has a member who was blind as well as physically impaired. Asemdasuazo also recorded one household member having a speech impairment. Atuabo has three households with people with different disabilities namely, mental instability, impairment of speech and of hearing.

4.20 AGRICULTURE AND LAND USE

Households were asked a series of questions related to agriculture and livestock keeping. Overall, 95 percent of households report having access to arable land for farming. With respect to the farm areas, the survey revealed that the average farm size amongst surveyed households is 2.5 acres. As can be seen from Table 4.12, several households have farm sizes of between 2 and 5 acres. They constitute 16 percent at Atuabo and 23 percent at Anokyi and Asemdasuazo. Asemdasuazo has the highest percentage of households having farm sizes of over 5 acres (39 percent) and Anokyi has the least.

2%

4% 2 27%

21%

32%

0

10

20

30

40

20 13 13

13 2

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Table 4.12: Total Size of land cultivated by household this year

Source: Household socio-economic survey, 2012

4.20.1 Number of years farming at current location

In terms of farming within the project area, almost 80% of households have been farming in their present location for more than five years. Even though no household had been farming on current location less than a year, Asemdasuazo (8 percent) had the highest percentage of households who have been cultivating their present farm location for less than 3 year, which suggests that farm plots continue to be allocated. This compares with 5 percent of households at Atuabo and 8 percent at Anokyi.

4.20.2 Process for Acquiring Farmland

More than 74 percent of surveyed households cultivate land, which is considered part of the ‘family holding’, while 8 percent engage in sharecropping and land rentals arrangements. Only a few households (4 percent) have purchased the land on which they farm. As illustrated in Table 4.13, sharecropping by households is relatively common in Atuabo (11 percent) than Anokyi (6 percent) and Asemdasuazo (4 percent). Overall, of the total Project Site area of approximately 2000 acres, only 22 percent is under cultivation.

Table 4.13: Ownership of land for farming

Ownership of Land Used for Farming Asemdasuazo Atuabo Anokyi

Belongs to household 68 79 72

Rented from another household 20 8 6

Sharecropped 4 11 6

Others 8 3 16

Source: Household socio-economic survey, 2012

4.20.3 Source of farm labor

A triple combination of casual labor, a farmer’s own labour and family labour are the main sources of farm help for about half of the entire households interviewed. Seventy percent of households use farmers’ own and family labor, while 30 percent use family and hired labor. Family labour is used by more households at Anokyi (93 percent) than Atuabo (56 percent) and Asemdasuazo (62 percent).

Communities

Farm sizes

Less than 1 acre 1 – 2 acres 2 – 5 acres Over 5 acres

Anokyi 11 47 23 19

Asemdasuazo 15 30 23 38

Atuabo 16 44 16 24

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4.21 FISHING AND RELATED ACTIVITIES15

Fishing and fish mongering are the largest income-generating livelihood activity in the Project area with sixty one percent of households engaged in fishing or its related activities16. Activities are divided entirely by gender, with men catching the fish and women processing and selling the catch. In Asemdasuazo freshwater fishing is reportedly one of the main income generators as well with some participation of women in the actual fishing activities. There are a number of children who are also involved in marine and freshwater fishing activities, sometimes to the exclusion of their education.

The main fishing season starts, in general, towards the end of June, then peaks during August and September and declines in October. A secondary fishing season begins towards the end of November and peaks between late January and March, declining towards the end of April. April to May is considered a rest period and the fishermen use this time to mend nets, repair boats and plan for future expeditions. Artisanal works such as carpentry and masonry are done to supplement incomes during rest periods (April/May). Other fishing-related activities include outboard motor repairs done by the local mechanic and commercial drivers also work all year round, usually after fishing.

Of the 61 percent involved in fishing and its related activities, fish mongering or selling is the dominant fishing related activity of 56 percent of households. Those who mainly fish constitute 24 percent of fishers while households engaged in both fishing and fish mongering/selling constitute 20 percent of the surveyed population. At the individual community level, Asemdasuazo recorded the highest percentage of households engaged in fishing or its related activities (85 percent). Anokyi and Atuabo recorded 57 percent and 55 percent respectively. As depicted in Figure 4.7, of the households who are fishers, Asemdasuazo has the highest percentage of fish mongers (79 percent) than Atuabo (53 percent) and Anokyi (38 percent).

Figure 4.7: Households engaged in fishing or its related activities

15 This section also draws on Lonrho’s OST ESIA Draft Report, 2012). 16 In this report, those engaged in fishing and its related economic activities are collectively referred to as fishers

35%

8%

26% 38%

79%

53%

27% 13% 21%

0

20

40

60

80

100

Anokyi Asemda Atuabo

Fishing Fish mongering Fishing and mongering

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Fish mongering is the domain of women and is a key livelihood activity. The women wait for the day’s catch to be brought in to buy the fish for sale. Fish can be sold fresh or smoked and if the seller has a large enough load she might travel the 30 km to the market in Aiyinase, alternatively she would sell closer to home in Atuabo, Bekwai and Asemdasuazo. Women reported buying a bowl of fish containing 800 pieces for ¢180 (63 USD) and selling that quantity for ¢200 (104 USD). In assessing the profits made one needs to account for the input costs of processing and transporting the fish to the consumer.

4.21.1 Type of fishing

Fishing methods employed in the Study Area are traditional artisanal (small scale) methods, predominantly beach seining. Three main mesh sizes of nets are used, 2 inches (5 cm), 1 (2.5 cm) and 1 7/8 inches (4.8 cm). The fishing boats are not mechanized and require up to nine people per boat for paddling and net casting. Migrant fishermen from Elimina and Axim are the only two groups of fishermen in the area using mechanized boats and drift gill-nets (watcha). For those engaged in fishing, Atuabo has the highest percentage of households engaged in shallow sea fishing (88 percent) while Asemdasuazo recorded the lowest (30 percent). It is significant to note that even though Asemdasuazo is not directly located along the coast, a few inhabitants engage in sea fishing. As depicted in Table 4.14, Asemdasuazo has the highest percentage of households doing inland or riverine fishing (91 percent).

Table 4.14: Type of fishing engaged in by households

Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo

Shallow sea fishing17

73 30 88

Deep sea fishing 36 4 18

Inland fishing 18 91 11

Source: Household socio-economic survey, 2012

4.21.2 Fishing gear used Fishing equipment used by households engaged in fishing vary according to the

nature of fishing or where the activity is being carried out. As indicated on Table 4.15, more households at Asemdasuazo use traps (91 percent) and hook/line (49 percent) because of this equipment is predominantly used for inland fishing. Similarly, all households involved in fishing at Atuabo report the drag net as the main fishing gear used.

17

Shallow or nearshore fishing is typically done in rocky or sandy bottoms, usually in shallow waters less than about 10 m deep and not exceeding 200 meters from the shore.

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Table 4.15: fishing gears

Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo

Drag net 94 92 100

Sien net 56 22 50

Hook and line 6 48 25

Traps (tuma) 12 91 12

Source: Household socio-economic survey, 2012

4.21.13 Perception of volume of fish catch Respondents were also asked about their views on the volume or quantity of fish

caught over the past few years. As shown on Table 4.16, households at Asemdasuazo were less pessimistic about the volume of catch. Thirteen percent thought fish catch has reduced at Asemdasuazo (where there is inland fishing) as opposed to a very higher percentage of 81 and 83 in Atuabo and Anokyi respectively (where marine fishing is practiced).

Table 4.16: Opinion on the volume of fish catch

Anokyi Asemdasuazo Atuabo

Fish catch has remained the same 4 9 0

Fish catch has reduced 83 13 81

Fish catch has increased 13 78 19

Source: Household socio-economic survey, 2012

Regarding expectations of future catches, 88 percent of households with fishers at Anokyi expect a reduction in the volume of quantity of fish catch this year compare to 24 percent at Atuabo and 24 percent at Asemdasuazo. Reasons provided for this bleak assessment were mainly changes in weather patterns (climate change) and invasion of seaweeds.

4.22 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 4.22.1 Income sources and levels

Household income in Ghana typically comes from fishing, waged employment, agriculture, rent and remittances, with the greatest proportion coming from agricultural activities (53 percent) and fishing activities (32 percent). Other major household income sources are waged employment (10 percent), petty trading (8 percent) and remittances (5 percent). It is worth noting that coconuts alone contribute 4 percent to agricultural incomes in the project area.

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Table 4.17: Percent of Households Naming Largest contributor of household income

Largest contributor to household income

Anokyi

Asemdasuazo

Atuabo

Fishing (inland) 2 39 3

Fishing (sea) 20 1 16

Fish mongering 13 7 11

Farming 29 30 34

Coconut 4 4 6

Livestock 2 0 0

Petty trading 7 11 10

Artisanal work 4 4 6

Remittance 6 0 6

Salary 13 4 8

Source: Household socio-economic survey, 2012

In looking at the breakdown by community in Table 4.17, it is interesting to note that none of the households surveyed in Asemdasuazo and Atuabo mention livestock as the largest contribution to household income, and in Anokyi and Atuabo 6 percent indicate that remittance from relatives is the largest contributor to household income. Anokyi recorded the highest percentage of households (24 percent) having salary as the largest contributor of household income while Asemdasuazo reported the least (4 percent). Eight percent of surveyed households at Atuabo cited this income source as their largest contributor.

Surveyed households were asked to indicate how much they earned in the month prior to the survey. As indicated in Table 4.18, close to a third of households said they earned more than US$ 200 the previous month while 22 percent earned between US$ 50 and US$ 100. More households at Asemdasuazo (41 percent) mentioned earning over US$ 200 than at Anokyi (33 percent) and Atuabo (23 percent). The upper earning recorded by a household in the study was US$ 4,916 per annum.

Table 4.18: Estimated household income

Income earned previous month (US$) Asemdasuazo Anokyi Atuabo Aggregate

Less than 5 0 4 0 1

5-30 0 7 3 3

30 - 50 19 9 12 13

50 - 100 21 23 23 22

100 - 150 4 9 24 15

150 - 200 15 15 15 16

> 200 41 33 23 30

Source: Household socio-economic survey, 2012

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4.22.2 Expenditure

The two main areas of expenditure for households in the project area are food and education, which was reported by 91 percent and 7 percent of surveyed households respectively. Fewer households at Asemdasuazo (78 percent) spend most of the income on food than at Anokyi (91 percent) and Atuabo (97 percent). More households at Asemdasuazo however spend most of their household earnings on education (19 percent) as against 3 percent of households at Anokyi and Atuabo.

4.22.3 Household savings and credit

More than one third (41 percent) of all households reported having savings, which is significantly higher than the 22 percent of rural households reported for Ghana as a whole (GLSS 5, 2008). Anokyi had the highest percentage of households with a bank account (35 percent) and savings (50 percent) while Asemdasuazo had the lowest (11 percent and 26 percent respectively). Atuabo also recorded 15 percent of households having a bank account and 48 percent having savings.

In terms of credit, 13 percent of all households reported being able to access credit. Anokyi had the highest number of households (17 percent) with access to credit, followed by Asemdasuazo (11 percent) and Anokyi (10 percent). Sources of credit cited were rural microfinance institutions including Nzema Manle Rural Bank (Aiyinasie), Lower Pra Rural Bank (Esiama), GHAMFO (Aiyinasie) and Ghana Commercial Bank (Takoradi).

4.23 SAFETY AND SECURITY With respect to safety and security, 11 percent of households surveyed have had a household member who had been a victim of a violent crime in the past 12 months. It is important to note that these crimes were not necessarily suffered in the community. The percentage of households who have experienced crimes ranged at the high end at Anokyi with 22 percent, to 3 percent at Atuabo and 2 percent at Asemdasuazo. When asked how safe household members feel, a large majority of households 93 percent report feeling safe or very safe. However, when broken down by community, 4 percent of households surveyed at Anokyi and 2 percent at Atuabo do not feel safe. This feeling also reflected in people’s level of confidence in the police. Fifty six percent of households at Asemdasuazo as against 26 percent at Atuabo and 22 percent at Anokyi had confidence that the police will protect their community in case of a crime. It is significant to note that focus group discussions revealed that violent crimes in the project area are few and far between.

4.24 SOCIAL SERVICES AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PROJECT

When asked to mention what they liked about the project area, 26 percent of the all households interviewed said they liked the community because of its quiet environment while 22 percent mentioned its proximity to their work. Again, 20 percent claim to prefer the area because of the closeness to their family and friends,

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while 13 percent because of its proximity to the sea. The majority of households surveyed (96 percent) has good knowledge of the project and attributed their source of information to Lonrho’s community engagement team, local FM station and the Chief’s Palace.

Respondents also made suggestions to Lonrho in terms of community assistance. These include provision of schools, scholarships, road construction, clinics, job opportunities, provision of alternative livelihoods, public toilets, good drinking water, and a police post.

4.25 HERITAGE RESOURCES SURVEY Heritage resources surveyed fall under the following categories:

Cemeteries; Sacred sites; and, Any other feature found in the Study Area that meets the criteria of Performance

Standard 8 (IFC 2012).

A specific objective of the heritage resources survey was to identify any heritage resource sites and collect information on them in accordance with IFC Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage (IFC 2012).

In Ghana, the National Commission of Culture and the Museums and Monuments Board are responsible for administering cultural sites. The Cultural Policy of Ghana as prepared by the National Resource Commission on Culture (NRCC 2004) states “The National Commission on Culture shall preserve as monuments, all forts and castles, designated shrines, mosques, church buildings, old city walls and gates, cultural sites and palaces, public and private buildings of historical significance, and monumental sculptures. These shall be protected from neglect, desecration and/or destruction.”

A variety of data were obtained during field studies associated with this study. This involved spatial location and physical properties of the heritage sites, reverence and community meaning of the sites, and potential impact consequences to the sites due to the Project. Data resulting from these studies are presented below.

4.25.1 Heritage Resources Responsibilities

In the Nzema traditional structure, as is the case most Ghanaian cultures, heritage resources are generally the responsibility of the Traditional Authorities, the chief and spiritual leaders of each stool. Within the traditional structure, the Paramount Chief (Awulae) is head. Below the Paramount Chief are the divisional and sub-divisional chiefs whose areas of responsibility are associated with traditional towns and villages. The Chief is the symbol of culture and identity of the lineage structuring the community. The Chief is therefore responsible for evoking the goodwill of ancestors on behalf of the living subjects.

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4.25.2 Heritage Resources - Cemeteries and Sacred Sites For Ghanaians, gods range from great tribal gods to private deities honored in household shrines. To Ghanaian society, these sites and others are associated with the sacred. They are locations defined as much by their physical properties as by the spiritual forces that the people of Ghana believe occupied and operated from these locations. It is at these sites that the separate and intimately related worlds of the material and the spiritual come together.

Ghanaians believe that the gods are concerned that humans have moral lives. When there is a breach of conduct, the gods are offended, like the ancestors. In view of the fact that the Supreme Being hates evil, the gods, it is widely held, become his executioners, bringing death and destruction upon offenders. In addition to God and the lesser divinities, the Ghanaians believe that there are spirit ancestors who also reward and punish people because they are concerned with the effective discharge of moral obligations.

To a large extent, community consciousness revolves around the recognition of the ancestors. Libation is perhaps the best known way by which communion may be achieved with the ancestors. Prayers offered in ritual situations have basically the same characteristics: invocation, petition and conclusion. The clan and tribal ancestors are contacted in situations of grave importance to the clan or tribe. The Nzema’ sense of community requires the recognition of the presence of the ancestors as the rallying point of the group’s solidarity.

The traditional heads (Chiefs and Linguists) take care of the broad wellbeing of the community through maintaining good communication with the ancestors. They also instruct individuals who have transgressed on the required pacification ritual to regain favour in the eyes of the ancestors. Ten (10) sites were identified during the heritage resources survey in the Project Study Area. These included six (6) cemeteries and four (4) community sacred sites. Table 4.19 summarizes the names and provides general descriptions of the sites identified. Detailed information, including the GPS location and photographs of each site (where available) is presented in Appendix.

Table 4.19: Summary of Heritage Resources Inventory

Site ID Resource Type Stool Coordinates

Easting Northing

AS 01 Community Sacred Site Asemdasuazo 0551396 0550505

AS 02 Community Cemetery Asemdasuazo 0551284 0551253

AN01 Community Sacred Site Anokyi 002o33.226’ 04

o02.680’

AN02 Community Cemetery Anokyi 002o31.844’ 04

o02.991’

AN03 Community Cemetery Anokyi 002o34.079’ 04

o01.162’

AN04 Community Cemetery Anokyi 002o31.137’ 04

o58.382’

AN05 Community Cemetery Anokyi 002o28.679’ 04

o58.505’

AN06 Community Sacred Site Anokyi 002o29.678’ 04

o02.245’

AN07 Community Sacred Site Anokyi 002o32.675’ 04

o55.680’

AT01 Community Cemetery Atuabo 0550372 0550327

Sources: Heritage resources survey, 2012

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4.25.3 Cemetery Locations and Descriptions Six cemeteries were identified in the Study Area, all of which are public cemeteries. Public cemeteries are generally located within the boundaries of a town and are readily available to any resident of the stool. In general, graves typically are not scattered around the area but rather are generally confined to identifiable cemeteries. People are not buried in their homesteads, as is the case in many other rural areas in Africa. The largest cemetery was found at Atuabo. It is located on the Project footprint near the beach along the Atuabo-Anokyi road. In the cemetery, there are designated burial placed for Muslims, Christians18 and practitioners of Traditional Religion. The smallest cemetery was found at Asemdasuazo.

4.25.4 Community Sacred Site Locations and Descriptions

Four community sacred sites were identified in the Study Area. Community sacred sites are often characterized by the presence of a coconut grove, a water body, a tree or boundary of plants with sticks and ropes hanging from branches and bottles placed at the base of a tree. These sites include Banzama, Ayera and Aluwa (river/water gods), Blenvie (located within coconut grove; adjacent very large date palm), Aluwa (located in marshy grove) and Sinrah (under a tree). The sites are not weeded and branches are not cut. A priest performs rituals at these sites on specially designated days. These sites are believed to protect and serve members of the community with which they are associated. Each has its own taboos. For instance the river god of Ayera is restricted to female visitors on Thursdays.

4.25.5 General Process to Relocate a Sacred Site

The general procedure for moving shrines consists of the following procedures: Contacting the Chief on whose land the shrine occurs. The Chief in return informs the keeper of the shrine and ask him about the

required pacification and purification rights. Purification involves slaughtering of an animal, pouring of libation, prayers and a

monetary payment to the shrine steward and/or traditional authorities. The same approach would apply to the relocation of graves.

18

Different Christian denominations have their burial locations within the cemetery

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5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT IMPACTS19 This section highlights the socio-economic impacts of the Project as identified during the ESIA and LRP processes and outlines measures to mitigate these impacts. To begin with, it is important to state that the Project will not cause physical displacement of individuals or resident households in any of the three communities located in the project footprint, namely: Anokyi, Asemdasuazo and Atuabo.

5.1 EFFECT ON FARMING AND GRAZING ACTIVITIES

Crops and farms on the proposed 1,350 acres of land have been identified and enumerated. The total number of farms recorded was approximately 686, covering about 441.81 acrea. The majority of farms are generally small and used only for subsistence purposes. The production derived from them is undoubtedly a key component of household food security. The major crop is Coconut. The majority of households’ primary occupation and source of income is from farming and fishing. In addition, a small number of people are involved in livestock rearing and herding. In keeping with its commitments and international standards, Lonrho will compensate those impacted prior to their economic displacement. Compensation will take various forms. For land based incomes, ‘like for like’ compensation is preferred. As such, efforts are underway to identify suitable alternative agricultural land for the affected parties. The sub-Committee on Alternative Farmland (selected from the LRP Committee) in consultation with Awulae has identified three locations namely, Evu (Asemda-Suazo), Aburokyi (Anokyi) and Kpondinle (Atuabo) for consideration by Lonrho. These locations, according to community representative on the LRP Committee, are suitable for the purpose of crop cultivation and grazing. Should ‘like for like’ compensation not be possible, financial compensation as well as support such as training and development programs will be offered. In order not to unnecessarily disrupt the community’s food security, farmers of food crops will be allowed to continue farming on the land until compensation has been paid, and the livelihood programs are initiated to enable a smooth transition for farmers out of the Project Area. Farmers will also be given the opportunity to harvest crops before the land is occupied for construction work.

5.2 LOSS OF ACCESS TO FISHING AREAS AND RELATED RESOURCES

The vast majority of the Study Area residents rely on fishing – both marine and inland – as a key source of income. The Project will restrict access to the beach (between Anokyi and Atuabo) and inland fishing areas near Asemdasuazo, resulting in the loss of another food source for most homes as well as income for fishers (boat owners, fishermen/crew, fishmongers etc.).

19

This section draws on a socio-economic impact analysis undertaken by ERM for Lonrho OST ESIA

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In order to offset such project impacts, compensation will be paid for their loss (equivalent to three months income20). In addition to this, a Fisheries Development Program will be introduced to restore and enhance the livelihoods of fishers.

5.4 IMPACTS ON PUBLIC ACCESS

The existing public road between Anokyi and Atuabo will no longer be accessible due to the Project site being situated there. It will, however, be replaced by a new and much improved road from Anokyi via the fringe of Asemdasuazo to Atuabo. Community members will be engaged in a participatory and transparent manner to ensure that the location and alignment of the proposed route are acceptable to the communities. The new road will be designed in such a way as to avoid impacting any physically structure.

5.5 EFFECT ON LOCAL BUSINESSES

Businesses that will be impacted by the project include small businesses such fish trading and coconut oil production in all the three communities. Compensation will be paid for their loss (equivalent to three month income).

5.6 IMPACTS ON ECONOMY

The Project will impact on the economy of the local towns, Atuabo, Anokyi, Asemdasuazo, Ellembelle District, the Western Region and on Ghana in numerous ways, both positive and negative. The Project will change the face of the local area, from a sparsely populated rural area towards an industrial area with potentially large settlements within a few years. This is in keeping with Government Planning and Policies that have identified the Study Area to become and industrial-coastal zone. This will have a significant impact on the socio-economic characteristics of the local area over the medium to long term, with a substantial change in demographics, livelihoods and living conditions.

Increased government revenue: Attained from the tax payments that the Project will make to the Government of Ghana. It also includes individuals’ taxes paid by Project employees from construction through operations as well as substantial expenses for local content that are then taxable through companies’ tax.

Local contracts and purchases: The increased activity and population associated with the construction and operation of the Project will result in significantly increased demand for goods and services in the area. It is also likely to result in a flow of goods and service providers, both formal and informal, to the area, thus resulting in economic development. Local companies will have the potential to supply and service elements of a number of contracts including supply of rock and aggregate for breakwater and concrete structures; timber for temporary works; provision of food and laundry services; medical, logistics and security services;

20 The decision to pay three-month income as disturbance allowance for loss of business was discussed and agreed during the Livelihood Restoration Plan Committee. It is also recognized by the EPA of Ghana as acceptable practice in compensation payments .

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purchase of fuel, oil, lubes and cement.

Economic diversification and development: The increased demand for goods and services will also result in increased diversification of the economy in the broader Project area. This will be experienced through access to a variety of economic opportunities on the Project, its supply chain and in the businesses providing goods and services to the growing population.

Contributing factors to the impacts on economic development and diversification during the construction phase are the following:

There will be approximately 1000 employees involved in various construction activities. Of this number it is anticipated that a peak of 500- 600 people would be employed at any one time.

Over the construction period (approximately 18-24 months), however, larger enterprises are likely to be established in the local area, providing goods and services to the Project, its workers and the Project’s tenants.

• Over the longer term, the operation of the Project, its tenants, associated facilities, activities and employees (direct and indirect) will result in significantly increased economic activity in the local area, and to a lesser degree, at the regional and national level.

• At the national level, the project will contribute to value added in the economy by the servicing the oil & gas industry. This will decrease the dependence of the Ghanaian economy on raw materials, Employment Creation: The development of the Project will result in employment creation in Ghana from direct employment and indirect supply chain employment. This impact is assessed only for direct employment with no indirect or dependency numbers supplied. However, it is assumed that indirect and induced employment will be created along the supply chain; and jobs created in the country by employee spending.

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6.0 ELIGIBILITY AND ETITLEMENTS

6.1 ENTITLEMENTS

In the context of the LRP, ‘entitlement’ is a term introduced as an organizing concept for how compensation is assigned to individuals, and what type of compensation they receive. The process begins by linking an array of affected assets and economic activities to an affected interest or legal right, then to a potentially affected party who is deemed ‘eligible’ or not according to specific conditions. If qualified, the affected party is then a candidate and considered ‘entitled’ to an appropriate compensation package.

6.2 ENTITLEMENT MATRIX

The entitlement matrix captures all project-affected persons (PAPs), the characteristics of the impact, and the types of compensation/reinstatement due to them. All project-affected persons will be entitled to a combination of compensation measures and livelihood assistance, depending on the nature of ownership rights of lost assets and scope of the impact, including social and economic vulnerability of the affected persons. In general terms, the affected persons in the project will be entitled to one or more of the following types of compensation and assistance:

1. Compensation for loss of land; 2. Compensation for crops/trees; 3. Compensation for impeded access to fishing and related economic activities; 4. Assistance for loss of business/wage income; and 5. Development assistance such as training and business development support

services.

Categories in the matrix overlap because those eligible for compensation may fall into several groupings and the groupings tend to overlap. For instance, some of the landowners own farms as well. A detailed description of each compensation measure and assistance is provided in the entitlement matrix in the Table 6.1. This table is followed by examples that relate to the entitlement matrix in Table 6.2.

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Table 6.1: Entitlement Matrix

Type of impact

Entitled Person Eligibility criteria Compensation for Loss of Land, Crop (Market

Value), Income

Compensation for Transaction Costs

Development Assistance Other Benefits

LAN

D

Acquisition of land

Landowner with title rights

Documented title rights with Land Commission

Negotiated compensation based on current market value for land.

Transaction costs such as legal fees, moving costs.

Technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

Landowner with customary rights

Owns the affected plot in a recognised manner under Ghanaian law (which includes ownership under both common and customary laws)

1. Replacement by a piece of land of equivalent productive potential OR

2. Financial compensation at market value. Compensation to be based on valuation by Land Valuation Board or LVB-certified valuer.

Transaction costs such as legal fees, moving costs.

Technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

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Type of impact

Entitled Person Eligibility criteria

Compensation for Loss of Land, Crop, Income

Development Assistance

Other Benefits

CR

OP

S

Loss of standing crops/fruiting trees or vegetable gardens within the project area

Owner of crop etc. Have grown the affected crop/fruiting tree

Financial compensation for standing crops/fruiting tree counted at cut-off date based on Land Valuation Board rates

Transaction costs 1. Crop / tree owner

may, if possible dig up tree and move elsewhere/sell (where possible given type of tree).

2. Advance notice to be given for farmers to harvest or remove standing crops/trees

3. Technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

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Type of impact

Entitled Person Eligibility criteria Compensation for Loss of Land, Crop, Income Development Assistance

Other Benefits

CO

MM

ON

PR

OP

ERTY

AN

D C

ULT

UR

AL

RES

OU

RC

ES Use of

communal resources (e.g. natural fish ponds, raffia, grazing fields, natural medicines)

User of such resources (can be individual or communities)

Use communal resources as an element of livelihood

1. Compensation in the form of suitable replacement land OR access to other areas of natural resources that will offset the loss of such resources to the community. Such assistance could take the form of initiatives that enhance the productivity of the remaining resources to which the community has access (e.g., improved resource management practices or inputs to boost the productivity of the resource base), OR if this is not a possibility, financial compensation for loss of access

If financial compensation, then the project will provide technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

Destruction or damage to shrines

(Can be individual, family or community)

Evidence of ownership of the affected heritage resource

1. Compensation for cost of repair if falling inside of the project area, or relocation in accordance with Ghanaian law and traditional customs (including pacification and purification)

2. Preservation, compensation and relocation activities will be done in consultation with affected individual/family or the community.

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Type of impact

Entitled Person Eligibility criteria Compensation for Loss of Land, Crop, Income

Development Assistance

Other Benefits

LIV

ELIH

OO

DS

Farming

Farmers (may be distinct from the affected plot/land owner)

Use Project-affected land for agriculture, regardless of who owns the land (includes squatters)

1) Financial compensation for loss of income incurred as a result of the Project, including during the transition period where the farmer is resettled if alternative land to farm on is available or secures an alternative income (note that this is temporary assistance)

1. Technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

2. Development assistance e.g. training, business development services, access to microfinance if no longer able to farm, to facilitate livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions and related monitoring

Sharecroppers: Tenant farmer on Project-affected agricultural land

Use Project-affected land for agriculture

2) Financial compensation for loss of income incurred as a result of the Project, including during the transition period where the farmer is resettled if alternative land to farm on is available or secures an alternative income (note that this is temporary assistance).

1. Technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

2. Development assistance e.g. training, business development services, access to microfinance if no longer able to find work as a sharecropper, to facilitate livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions and related monitoring

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Type of impact

Entitled Person Eligibility criteria Compensation for Loss of Land, Crop, Income Development Assistance

Other Benefits

LIV

ELIH

OO

DS

Farming Seasonal Workers (farming)

Are employed seasonally on the farm

1) Financial compensation for loss of income incurred as a result of the Project until alternative land to farm on is available or secures an alternative income (note that this is temporary assistance).

2) Technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

3) Development assistance e.g. training, business development services, access to microfinance if no longer able to find seasonal employment, to facilitate livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions and related monitoring

Fishing

Fishermen (may be distinct from fishing gear owners owner/sponsor)

Use Project-affected area for fishing, regardless of who owns the fishing gear

1. Financial compensation of loss of income incurred as a result of the Project until fishing or alternative income is secured (note that this is temporary assistance).

2. Compensation for assets that can no longer be used at fair market value.

1. Technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

2. Development assistance e.g. training, business development services, access to microfinance if no longer able to fish, to facilitate livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions and related monitoring

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Type of impact

Entitled Person Eligibility criteria Compensation for Loss of Land, Crop, Income Development Assistance

Other Benefits

LIV

ELIH

OO

DS

Fishing Seasonal workers (fishing)

Are employed seasonally by the fishing companies affected by the project

Financial compensation of any loss of income incurred as a result of the Project until alternative fishing locations or alternative income is secured (note that this is temporary assistance).

1. Technical support for judicious utilization

of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

2. Development assistance e.g. training, business development services, access to microfinance if no longer able to find seasonal employment fishing, to supplement their income generation up to facilitate livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions and related monitoring

Business / Traders

Business person or trader (may be distinct from owner of structure where business takes place)

Operate a business / trade in the project-affected area or are affected by the impact on farming and fishing in the area

Financial compensation of any loss of income incurred as a direct result of the Project until business is restored or alternative income is secured (note that this is temporary assistance).

Development assistance e.g. training, business development services, access to microfinance if no longer able to carry out business/trade, to facilitate livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions and related monitoring

Employees

Persons directly affected due to the employer being economically displaced.

Financial assistance during transition to find alternative employment (note that this is temporary)

Development assistance e.g. training, business development services, access to microfinance if job is no longer available due to the project, to facilitate livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions and related monitoring

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Type of impact

Entitled Person Eligibility criteria Compensation for Loss of Land, Crop, Income Development Assistance Other Benefits

VU

LNA

RA

BLE

S

Vulnerable Person

Qualifies under one of the above eligible criteria and is considered ‘vulnerable’ according to definition.

Special allowance to assist project affected person in transition period. Fixed amount of financial support payable in tranches for a fixed time.

OTH

ER IM

PA

CTS

Any other impacts not yet identified, whether loss of asset or livelihood

Unforeseen impacts will be documented and mitigated based on the principles outlined in the LRP.

1. Development assistance e.g. training, business development services, access to microfinance if no longer able to carry out business/trade, to facilitate livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions and related monitoring, AND/OR

2. Technical support for judicious utilization of compensation money received e.g. financial/cash management training, sensitization on investment options

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Table 6.2: Application of the entitlement matrix to some example project situations

No Example Situation Entitlement

1 Business in the Project footprint

Moveable items used for business, located within the project area e.g. canoes/fishing gears used for business located within an area of the seashore and streams affected by the operation of the Project.

The owner is also the operator of the business

Land: Not applicable

Crops: Not applicable

Item/equipment: - Cost of moving the affected item - Disturbance allowance

Livelihood: - Cash compensation of temporary loss of

income (amounting to 3 months earnings) - Monitoring of livelihood restoration after

pre-Project conditions

The operator is not the owner

Land: Not applicable

Crops: Not applicable

Item/equipment: Not applicable

Livelihood - Cash compensation of temporary loss of

income (amounting to 3 months earnings)

2 Landowner / farmer who occupies or operates on project-affected agricultural land

Agricultural plot acquired permanently for Project needs. Land is vested in a family under customary regime

The owner is also the land user/ farmer

No structure on the plot

Perennial crops need to be destroyed

Annual crops may be harvested prior to land entry

Land: Options available to the affected household will be as follows, depending on the impact of land take on the overall livelihood of those affected: - Replacement by a piece of land of

equivalent agricultural potential located in the vicinity of the affected plot, or

- Cash compensation at full replacement value. Compensation to be negotiated based on valuation by Land Valuation Board or LVB-certified valuer

Crops: - Cash compensation for perennial crops,

counted at cut-off date and negotiated based on Land Valuation Board rates

- Disturbance allowance

Structure: not applicable

Livelihood: - If the farmer wishes to move to alternative

farming land then s/he is eligible for cash compensation of losses of income during the transition period after resettlement until the income basis of the farmer is restored to pre-Project conditions (i.e. until full reestablishment of perennial crops)

- Assistance to livelihood restoration up to pre-Project conditions

- If the farmer does not choose to move operations to alternative land, then s/he is eligible for three months financial compensation for losses of income and registration into a training programme to

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No Example Situation Entitlement

help find an alternative income generating activity.

3 Tenant farmer on Project-affected agricultural land

Agricultural plot acquired permanently for Project needs. Land is vested in a family under customary regime

The land is used for cultivation by a tenant, recognized as such under customary agreements

Perennial crops need to be destroyed. Some of them are identified as belonging to the owner of the plot, others to the tenant

Construction constraints do not allow for annual crops to be harvested prior to land entry. They were grown by the tenant

Land: the tenant has no entitlement to compensation for land. Compensation will be served to the plot owner in the form of cash compensation. No eligibility to be found alternative land for the owner as it is unlikely that a significant part of his/her livelihood is derived from the affected plot

Crops: - Owner:

Cash compensation for perennial crops that are identified as belonging to the owner, counted at cut-off date and negotiated based on Land Valuation Board rates

Disturbance allowance (10% of crop compensation)

- Tenant: Cash compensation for perennial

crops that are identified as belonging to the tenant

Cash compensation for annual crops Disturbance allowance (10% of crop

compensation)

Structure: Not applicable

Livelihood: - Owner: No entitlement - Tenant:

Assistance in finding alternative farmland to cultivate

Assistance to restre income up to pre-Project conditions, for a period of three months and support in the form of seedlings, fertilizers.

Or, If the tenant farmer does not choose to move operations to alternative land under a customary tenancy agreement, then s/he is eligible for three months financial compensation for losses of income and registration into a training program to help find an alternative income generating activity.

4 User of communal natural resources in the lake in an area likely to be affected by the Project.

Harvest naturally grown wood and/or produce charcoal

Use of grazing field in the Project area

Land: Facilitate the search for alternative grazing field for headsmen/cattle owners; and alternative areas to access raffia palm

Crops: Not applicable

Structure: Not applicable

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6.3 ELIGIBILITY CUT- OFF DATES

The determination of eligibility for various types of compensation is framed both in terms of the PAP categories, as well as whether individual PAPs and affected property were present in the project affected area before the resettlement cut-off date.

In functional terms, a cut-off date establishes a calendar limit on the project’s responsibility to compensate for impacts, specifically by defining a date after which the public ‘should know’ not to make improvements or settle on project land by virtue of public consultation and other communications efforts. There are ample cases of Projects in Ghana (especially in mining communities) where individuals or groups have deliberately established themselves within a project footprint in anticipation of compensation benefit. The cut-off date concept protects project owners from this opportunistic and potentially costly phenomenon, which can result in a project not going ahead or significantly delay compensation of the legitimately entitled affected parties. The cut-off date has therefore been determined by the timing by which several key activities were completed, including the census, household socio-economic survey, heritage resources survey, farm surveys, fishers survey and non-farm business survey in the project-affected area were done. The effective cut-off date for this project was set at July 10, 2012. This means that persons occupying the project area or any new farm, assets, fishing or trading activity established after the Cut-off Date will not be considered as Project Affected Persons. Such persons will not be eligible for compensation. Steps have been taken to ensure that the Cut-Off Date is suitably publicized in all the three communities and at the District Assembly and other relevant institutions.

6.4 MODUS OPERANDI FOR SURVEY/INVENTORY

Immoveable assets surveyed and inventoried within the project footprint as of the entitlement cut- off date were:

Crops and farms;

Land;

Fishing gears and associated ventures;

Communal resources; and

Non-farm businesses

The following steps were taken in order to avoid dispute and also ensure transparency: Every crop survey was verified by the responsible farmer and witnessed

by a chief farmer or their designate; Every cadastral survey was accompanied by the responsible landlord or

their designate; All fishing gears/businesses enumerated was authenticated by the Lead

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Fisherman of the fishing group or “company “or his designate. Every business was verified by the responsible owner and a

representative of the LRP Committee. In the case of farmers, their names and addresses have been recorded on the Standard Form FS (attached as Appendix). These Standard Form FS were issued out to the farmers after the inspection of the crops and constitute Contract Forms executed between the Valuer and the farmers. On these forms, details of the crops enumerated or counted are stated and authenticated by representatives Lonrho, the Traditional Authorities and the farmers. In the case of fishermen, Chief Fishermen and “company” Leaders were made to provide an authenticated list of permanent and temporary members of their company. The inventory/survey forms the basis for compensation of Project-affected persons / households. In conjunction with compensation rates, the inventory determines the compensation entitlement for each impacted person / household.

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7.0 VALUATION AND COMPENSATION

7.1 PURPOSE

The purpose of the valuation exercise was to seek an independent estate survey assessment of the values of properties and assets to be affected by the project as a basis of determining the total amount payable as part of the assessment of livelihood restoration or compensation program under a Project. The scope of the valuation covers all farms, fishing resources and any other business or property within the project footprint will be impacted. Disruptions to business/livelihood were considered as far as it may be considered as appropriate for payment of compensation for the period of disruption of business/livelihood.

7.2 THE BASIS FOR VALUATION

The basis of the valuation takes into account the following legislation and international standards:

Section 4(1) of the State Lands Act, Act 125;

Section 20 of the 1992 Fourth Republican Constitution of Ghana;

IFC Performance Standard 5 (2012); and

African Development Bank Involuntary Resettlement Policy (2003)

The Market Data Approach is adopted in this report. With this method, market value is estimated by comparing the subject property to similar properties that have recently been purchased in the neighborhood and similar areas whilst making adjustments for institutional, physical, locational and economic characteristics.

Replacement cost is defined as the market value of the assets plus transaction costs. In applying this method of valuation, depreciation of structures and assets should not be taken into account. Market value is defined as the value required to allow Affected Communities and persons to replace lost assets with assets of similar value (IFC, 2012).

The method is thus based on the premise that the market value of a property is directly related to the prices of comparable competitive properties. Since the method operates where there are sufficient recent reliable transactions to indicate the value of patterns in the market, its adoption may be limited. However, there is evidence in comparable neighborhoods to support its use in this particular exercise.

The Market Value principle forms the basis of this valuation. The valuation exercise is to provide ‘fair and adequate’ compensation to the dispossessed

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in accordance with section 20 sub-section 1-6 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.

Market Value means the best price at which the sale of an interest in property might reasonably be expected to have on date of valuation, assuming:

A willing seller/Lessor;

A willing buyer/Lessee;

That, prior to the date of valuation, there had been a reasonable period (having regard to the nature of the property and the state of the market) for the marketing of interest, for the agreement of price and terms for the completion of the sale/letting;

That, the price reflects the state of the market and other circumstances at the date of valuation; and

That, no account is taken of any additional bid by a purchaser with a special interest.

Thus, price is conditioned by the general and specific demand and supply factors for the various properties, together with the special local circumstances including the location and condition of the property, details, services and amenities available and other relevant economic and market factors.

7.3 VALUATION METHOD AND RATES 7.3.1 Land

The Market Comparison Approach was adopted for the valuation of land. It involves the direct comparison of the property’s value determination features with those sold recently in the immediate and surrounding vicinity. In applying this method, values of plots of land from the neighbourhood of the sites is collected, compared, adjusted to take account of minor differences, and applied to arrive at the reported value. This is to ensure that the values obtained would be adequate to secure in-kind alternative land or cash compensation for the affected owner.

7.3.2 Crops/economic Plants

The Enumeration Approach was adopted for the crops affected by the project. The Enumeration Approach involves taking a census of the affected crops and applying realistic valuation rates. The counting is ether by the number of plants/trees or an area of crops. Crops valued are generally categorised into annual and perianal crops. The area rates reflect crop density recommendations from the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. The decision of whether to use unit rates or acre rates

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is made by the Company crop surveyor in the field, in consultation with the impacted person and chief farmer of the area and agreed by the community representatives on the LRP Committee.

The agreed rates for 2012 appear in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 and have been used in the calculation of compensation for all crop losses. The agreed rates reflect market prices, costs of production and other factors.

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Table 7.1: Compensation Rates for Perennial Crop

CODE CROP Tree Population

PER TREE

PERE ACRE

SEEDLING

SMALL MEDIUM MATURED SEEDLING SMALL MEDIUM MATURED

Per Tree (GH¢)

Per Tree (GH¢)

Per Tree (GH¢)

Per Tree (GH¢)

Per Acre (GH¢)

Per Acre (GH¢)

Per Acre (GH¢)

Per Acre (GH¢)

Av Avocado Pear 70 2.65 9.78 13.79 16.97 185.38 684.92 965.00 1,187.92

Ba Banana 450 1.80 2.70 3.60 4.50 810.00 1,215.00 1,620.0 2,025.00

Bk Black Berry 80 1.5 5.58 7.86 9.67 120.76 446.17 628.63 773.84

Cn Coconut 60 14.00 21.00 28.00 35.00 840.00 1,260.00 1,680.00 2,100.00

Co Cocoa 450 8.37 11.47 12.43 13.44 3,768.19 5,160.38 5,594.74 6,047.66

Cu Cashew 70 7.45 10.21 11.07 11.96 521.68 714.43 774.54 837.27

Gv Guava 70 1.51 5.58 7.86 9.67 105.67 390.40 550.05 677.11

Ko Kola 70 2.65 9.78 13.79 16.97 185.38 684.92 965.00 1,187.92

Lm Lime 110 2.65 9.78 13.79 16.97 291.31 1,076.30 1,516.43 1,866.73

Ma Mango 60 2.65 9.78 13.79 16.97 158.90 587.07 827.15 1,018.22

Opa Oil Palm (Agric) 60 8.81 15.48 22.81 26.86 528.66 928.62 1,368.68 1,611.72

Opw Oil Palm (Wild) 60 5.64 9.91 14.60 17.19 338.34 594.32 875.95 1,031.50

Or Orange 110 2.65 9.78 13.79 16.97 291.31 1,076.30 1,516.43 1,866.73

Pl Plantain 450 1.80 2.70 3.60 4.50 810.00 1,215.00 1,620.00 2,025.00

Pp Pawpaw (bearing) 450 0.24 0.88 1.24 1.53 107.25 396.27 558.32 687.30

Rff Raffia 60 0.77 2.84 4.00 4.92 46.08 170.25 239.87 295.28

Sa Sweet Apple 40 1.51 5.58 7.86 9.67 60.38 223.09 314.32 386.92

Tk Teak 441 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 4,410.00 6,615.00 8,820.00 11,025.00

Ba Bamboo - 3.51 5.3 7.05 8.81 - - - -

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Table 7.2: Compensation Rates for Annual Crops

CODE CROP CLASSIFICATION

SEEDLING

SMALL

MEDIUM

MATURED

Per Acre (GH¢) Per Acre (GH¢) Per Acre (GH¢) Per Acre (GH¢)

Be Beans 264.00 287.25 322.50 327.00

Ca Cassava 355.50 423.75 485.25 546.75

Cy Cocoyam 423.00 481.50 540.00 600.75

Cr Corn/Maize 344.25 422.25 483.00 513.75

Cp Cowpea 264.00 287.25 322.50 327.00

Ge Garden Egg 504.75 670.50 783.00 796.50

Gn Groundnut 320.25 384.75 429.75 676.50

Ok Okro 582.00 737.25 828.00 839.25

Pe Pepper 533.25 669.00 759.75 771.00

Pa Pineapple 748.50 827.25 906.00 962.25

Sc Sugar Cane 275.25 342.75 410.25 561.75

Sp Sweet Potato 630.75 699.00 832.50 849.00

Tn Tiger nut 320.28 384.85 429.75 676.80

To Tomato 511.50 614.25 700.50 710.25

Wm Water Melon 351.00 447.75 540.75 684.75

Ya Yam 630.75 699.00 832.50 849.00

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7.3.3 Losses of Income for Businesses

Apart from fishermen who will lose their fishing grounds, no other business will directly be impacted. The method used is an estimation of net monthly profit of the business, based on records if any, on operator’s statements, and cross checked by Lonrho.

7.4 COMPENSATION DESCRIPTION

In this context, the compensation is the amount required, so far as money can, to put the owner or user of a land or structure in the same position as if his/her use and enjoyment has not been disrupted. In other words, it is based on the principle of “Equivalent Re-instatement”.

7.4.1 Compensation for Affected Lands In general, the compensation due the affected persons comprises:

a) The prevailing market value of the land be acquired; b) An additional amount which includes transaction costs; and c) A supplementary assistance or an amount representing loss of income where

applicable. 7.4.2 Compensation for Affected Crops In general, the compensation due the affected person comprise:

a) The value of standing crops to be destroyed; b) An additional amount which includes transaction costs; and c) Supplementary assistance or an amount representing loss of income where

applicable. 7.4.3 Compensation for Loss of Business

In general, the compensation due to the affected person comprises an amount representing the loss of income or livelihood until the provision of supplementary assistance.

7.5 VALUATION AND COMPENSATION OPINION

The valuation opinion will be given by certified valuers after the valuation exercise is completed. This will be done after taking account of the relevant value indicators like type of property, the extent and effect of impact, economic and institutional factors,

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amongst others. The Replacement Cost and Enumeration Approach will form the basis of the evaluation.

7.6 COMPENSATION PAYMENT PROCEDURE

Each eligible affected person will sign a compensation certificate together with the authorized Lonrho representative. The compensation certificate will clarify mutual commitments as follows:

On Lonrho side: commitment to pay the agreed compensation in kind or financial, including all its components; and allow farmers to continue to work on their land until the land is taken for the Project;

On the affected person(s): commitment to vacate the affected land by the agreed date; and

Commitment by both parties to abide by the requirements of the LRP and any other provisions related to the success of the process.

The format of payment certificates will be developed in order to be easily understandable to affected people. Compensation will be paid or provided (in the case of in kind compensation) prior to the economic displacement. Lonrho will monitor the actual vacation of land in cooperation with the community.

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8.0 LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMMES

A series of livelihood enhancement initiatives have been outlined to help Project-affected persons / households re-establish their livelihoods or create new ones. These programmes are designed based on the experience and lessons learned from similar programmes in mining communities in Ghana (e.g. Adamus Resources and Newmont Ghana) in delivering effective best practice livelihood assistance for project-affected persons. These programmes have been designed based on a development approach that addresses issues and livelihood needs of PAPs. A participatory approach was used for the needs assessment. The programmes are categorized under the following thematic areas: The Fisheries Development Programme; Agricultural Assistance Programme; Skills Training and Employment Programme; Financial Management Training Programme; and Business Development Support Programme. Details of these five approaches are provided below:

8.1 THE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (FDP)

Artisanal fisheries in the Project area, which provide most of the fish consumed locally, are constrained by an unfavourable environment, namely a steady decline in fish, the lack of fish processing space, market infrastructure and equipment. The traditional canoe along with the paddle and other labour-intensive rudimentary tools that deliver little fish per man-hour, constitute the fishing method of choice for local fishermen in this area just like in most parts of the Ellembelle District. Apart from the above constraints, fishermen will now also lose fishing grounds as a result of the Project.

The design of the FDP is based on participatory needs assessment undertaken during in the course of preparing the LRP. It draws on the experience and fishing techniques of the indigenous fishers. The design also builds on the experiences and lessons drawn from Artisanal Fisheries Project financed by African Development Bank (AfDB) in other jurisdictions. In order to restore and enhance the livelihoods of those involved in fishing and its related activities, Lonrho will introduce the Fisheries Development Programme. The programme seeks to restore the livelihood of fishers by providing a favourable environment for sustainable fish production. This will be achieved through provision

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of improved fishing technologies and promotion of fish marketing. The project includes measures to address problems of fish landing and preservation by facilitating access to credit for improved boats, gear, fish preservation/processing, transport and marketing.

8.1.1 Target Beneficiaries

The target group for the FDP is fishers and their dependents in Anokyi, Asemda-Suazo and Atuabo. According to records available, these communities include approximately 300 fishers and their families. There are approximately 180 permanent fishers and 100 part-time fishers in the Project area. Indirect beneficiaries will be fish traders and suppliers of fishing gears and materials.

8.1.2 Project Component

Credit facilities Lonrho will explore the possibility of encouraging rural banks and microfinance institutions operating in the Project area to bring credit to fishers. The credit component of the programme is geared towards supporting fishermen to procure better and more efficient fishing boats and appropriate equipment and gears, and also to provide credit to fish processors, traders and for other income generating activities to improve their activities and earnings. Entrepreneurs and traders can use the credit to establish refrigerators or cold stores and working capital needs. Fish traders will gain access to credit to purchase dryers and refrigerators or insulated holding facilities for fish and ice. Fishermen will be assisted to obtain credit for boats, gears, & equipment.

Construction of Fishponds for Freshwater Fishers Lonrho will sponsor the development of a community managed and owned small-scale commercial fish farming venture. Supported by improved technical support and collective purchase of inputs and marketing of outputs.

Fisheries Extension Support The project will liaise with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) and Fisheries Department to provide advisory and technical support to fishermen. Attention will be given to modern and improved fishing techniques, fish preservation and marketing, and management and disposal of unsold stock.

Training and capacity building The training and capacity building components is aimed at organizing fishers into cooperatives/groups and build human capacity through training in relevant disciplines to take advantage of the benefits and facilities made available by the project. Fishermen will also be trained in health and safety issues in fishing as well as marine environment protection.

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8.2 AGRICULTURAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (AAP)

In order to help restore the livelihoods of the project communities, an Agricultural Assistance Programme (AAP) will be implemented. The programme will provide agricultural extension assistance to farmers affected by land acquisition. The goal of the Agricultural Assistance Programme is to help re-establish or exceed pre- Project levels of crop productivity and enable farmers affected by the project have access to alternative farming land.

Components and processes of the programme are as follows:

Farmers affected by the land acquisition who wish to be found alternative land will be registered as part of the Agricultural Assistance Programme and provided with initial agri-business training;

Lonrho will facilitate access to land to those farmers without land, who would like to continue farming.

Lonrho will offer agricultural assistance to farmers who have been compensated for their crops to continue farming; either with remaining land or newly found land.

Agricultural assistance consists of a set of standard input packages from which the farmer selects a preferred package.

Farms will be monitored regularly in partnership with MofA and Lonrho

Lonrho will partner with MoFA, local NGOs, the Ellembelle District Assembly, Community Chiefs, and Chief Farmers in implementing the Program

8.2.1 The Process

The programme will begin with the registration of eligible and interested farmers in all the three communities. This will consist of verifying whether their farms have been affected and compensated for, and whether they still have access to land to farm on. The following steps will be followed: Stage 1: Crop Compensation Verification Eligible farmers will be identified through crop compensation records including Standard Form Fs and compensation receipts.

Stage 2: Crop Compensation Verification Farmers whose land they farm has been acquired will be asked if they wish to continue farming and therefore wish to be found alternative land to farm. Those who still have enough land to farm but just need to concentrate on raising productivity will also be identified.

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Stage 3: Land Access Claim Verification After registering, the LAC will verify the location and vegetative cover of the land and the farmer will receive the land clearance payment in accordance with the set rates. Land access assessments will consider local knowledge of agricultural practices, customary land practices, and familial ownership. All registered farmers must demonstrate that they have access to land before receiving agricultural assistance.

8.2.2 Programme Components

All compensated farmers who continue to farm will have access to agricultural assistance. The Agricultural Assistance Programme will offer business planning and a variety of agricultural assistance packages such as standard field inputs and extension services based on the need and capacity of the farmer. The agricultural inputs will increase productivity of land through planting of certified crops and application of farm technologies over the near term. The agricultural training and extension services focus on improving agricultural techniques of farmers, which will improve the long-term productivity of the area.

Farmer Training Programme All compensated farmers will be provided with training and offered the opportunity to review details of the Programme and prepare a Preliminary Agricultural Business Plan (which will detail required inputs, anticipated returns, possible extension services and a timeline for agricultural production. The Preliminary Business Plan will include an initial assessment of food security and current land use rights over cash crop farms. Once the Preliminary Business Plan and training is complete, and subject to approval, Lonrho will provide agricultural input packages for compensated farmers. Farm Business Planning In conjunction with AAP experts and MOFA training officers, the following criteria will be used to select preferred candidates for additional, intensive, business plan training:

Candidate farming cash crops greater than 2 acres;

Candidate must display interest in farming practices; and Intensive business plan training will be provided to selected candidates over 4 sessions of 4 hours each in groups of between 10 and 25. The four sessions will cover the following business plan training topics:

Farm record keeping;

Money and financial management training;

Marketing; and

Budgeting.

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Land Access Assistance Lonrho will facilitate the provision of access to farming land to all farmers who have been affected by land acquisition but wish to continue their farming activity. Already the Livelihood Restoration Committee has identified three possible locations on land belonging to Anokyi, Atuabo and Asemdasuazo, which could become alternative farmland.

8.3 SKILLS TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME (STEP)

Lonrho is committed to employing as many local people as possible at all stages of the Project in order to ensure maximum local capture of the economic benefits of the Project. To this end, the Company will introduce a proactive local recruitment policy, with a complementary skills training programme for technical and managerial staff as well as unskilled labour, semi skilled labour and craft, apprentice or artisan labour. Those whose livelihoods have been affected by the project, and who have not chosen to restart farming or fishing operations on alternative land/new fish landing sites will be able to apply for skills training to help them try to gain employment either at the project, its clients or in other industries/businesses. Components of the programme are presented below: Establishment of an Employment Agency In order to facilitate the smooth implementation of it local employment policy, Lonrho will facilitate the establishment of a community-led sustainable Employment Agency to identify people form the community and the Districts (Ellembelle and Jomoro) as candidates for employment. The Company will then solicit applications from interested locals who will be asked to obtain verification from their respective community leaders that they indeed come from the community. Lonrho will encourage its sub-contractors and users of the port to also employ through the Agency. Recruitment of Unskilled Labour Once established, the Employment Agency will recruit unskilled labour pool of local people to meet unskilled labour requirements. All applications will be screened to ensure that they come from the Project area, have some basic skills or are capable of being trained for employment. Applicants will be verified and short-listed based on the quota system. These verified, short-listed local applicants would then be enrolled in a work-orientation training program. Successful graduates of this program will form the unskilled labour pool, and will be offered employment by the Company and contractors on an as-needed basis. Lonrho will maintain comprehensive data on each and every member of the unskilled labour pool, including training and work performance results.

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Recruitment Of Semi-Skilled Labour The Employment Agency will identify local people to fill semi-skilled positions, in such area as steel work, concrete work, welding, pipefitting/mechanical, millwright, electrical and administration. The Agency will define relevant pre-requisites for these positions and identify potential candidates within the unskilled labour pool, ensuring balanced representation across local communities. Potential candidates will be provided with a semi-skilled pre-employment training programme. These positions will involve further on-the-job training. Training of Craft, Apprentice And Artisan Labour Prior to operations start-up, the Lonrho will collaborate with technical and vocational training institutions in the district to provide tailored training in the areas such as welding, pipefitting / mechanical, millwright and electrical work. Under this arrangement, Lonrho will provide the training materials required and pay for students’ fees. Candidates for these programmes will be sourced from those among the semi-skilled group that achieve the first-year apprentice equivalent standard. The three training institutions identified in the Ellembelle District for possible collaboration are Kikam Technical Institute at Kikam, Charlotte Dolphyne Training Institute at Sanzule and St. Theresa’s Vocational Institute at Awiaso. Table 8.1 present a summary of some of the courses being offered by these institutions:

Table 8.1: Courses offered at Technical Institutions in the District

INSTITUTION COURSES OFFERED DISTANCE TO PROJECT COMMUNITIES

Kikam Technical Institute, Kikam

Welding and Fabrication; Block Laying and Concreting; Electrical Installation Work; Plumbing and Gas Fitting; Carpentry and Joinery, Mechanical Engineering; Craft Practice; Motor Vehicle Mechanic.

25 km

Charlotte Dolphyne Training Institute, Sanzule

Welding and Fabrication; Block Laying and Concreting; General Electrical; Catering/Cookery; Plumbing Installation/Pipe Fitting; Carpentry and Joinery, ICT, Dressmaking,

9 km

St. Theresa’s Vocational Institute, Awiaso

Fashion and Hairdressing, Catering, Typing and Secretarial, Beautician

15 km

Source: Social Baseline Survey, 2012

8.4 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAMME (FMTP)

A series of money management training sessions will be provided for PAPs. The course will be designed to help impacted persons utilise compensation payments appropriately in support of sustainable livelihoods. Strategic cash management training and advisory support services will be provided to all PAPs. Investment experts will be invited to speak to all PAPs about the various investment and interest bearing instruments available for them to consider. As part of the training programme, people who have received and properly invested cash compensations from other project/companies (e.g. Adamus Resources) will be

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invited to share both positive and negative experience and advise PAPs on prudent cash management. Assistance will also be provided to all PAPs in the post-payment period to secure the compensation money and reduce risks of misuse/robbery.

8.5 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT PROGRAMME (BDSP) Lonrho will also facilitate the provision of business development support services to local MSMEs and associations. The goal is to strategically provide time-bound business support to self-employment undertakings, aiming to grow them into viable and sustainable business/enterprise. The various components under this strand are explained below:

8.5.1 Registration of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises/Associations

Existing groups of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) will be strengthened and new ones will be assisted to register their businesses at District Assembly or with the Department of Cooperatives. In order to help overcome the disadvantage of being small, scattered and disorganized, Lonrho will also facilitate the formation of networks and producers associations. This is intended to promote entrepreneurship in general and create awareness on the advantages of building partnerships.

8.5.2 Training Programme

MSMEs and start-ups will be provided with the relevant professional and technical skills training required to successfully grow and manage their businesses. Courses such as leadership skills, decision-making process, financial and business management and basic marketing strategies will be part of the training programme. The programme will also provide target beneficiaries with information, and where necessary, facilitate the access to credit facilities and improved access to service providers.

8.5.3 Local Procurement Strategy

Lonrho will pursue a targeted approach to identifying and awarding contracts to local MSMEs to provide goods and services to the company and its contractors through the following means: MSME Capacity building Lonrho will work on launching the “Business Network” which will provide access to a single point of information about procurement opportunities and standard documentation. As part of this programme, a quarterly industry day will be organised for local business to display their services and products and build business networks. By building the capacity of local MSMEs, they are better positioned to win contracts on a competitive basis with Lonrho and its sub-contractors in the Projects area.

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Institutional capacity building: Strengthening a local business association and service provider to address the lack or very low availability of business support services to the business community in the Project area.

MSME sensitisation Local MSMEs and potential suppliers will be educated on the client’s standards of doing business. Through an independent agency, Lonrho will actively promote the business opportunities the company can offer local MSMEs by assisting them to become legally compliant suppliers, guiding them in making bids and providing feedback to those that fail to get a contract with the company. Training, technical assistance and one-on-one mentoring will be provided for selected MSMEs to build their capacity.

Establishment and Validation of MSME Database A database of MSMEs interested in supplying services and procuring contracts will be established, specifying whether or not they are a local company. This database will be available for public access and will be the first source to generate a bidders list at any bidding process for MSMEs. Awulae and other Community Leaders will play an active role in validating and vouching for a prospective MSME as being local. MSMEs will be given sufficient information on bidding and tendering requirements to allow them develop the appropriate skills and capabilities to compete for contracts.

Lonrho will share this database with other users of the port as a directory of MSME’s in the area. Examples of some of the goods and services that can potentially be procured by local MSMEs are summarised in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2: Examples of goods and services that might be procured by local MSMEs

Trade

Paints, soap, building material, stone & sand, farm inputs, stationary and office materials, cotton rags.

Rental services

Light vehicle rental, sound services (microphone & speakers)

Construction services

Bore holes, landscaping, stone pitching

Small industry

Sign writing services, carpentry works, curtains & maintenance of curtains, plastic sample bags, concrete slabs, uniforms, metal fabrication

Education and training

Driving lessons

Hospitality services

Local food, fish, vegetables, accommodation, catering services, coffee breaks & snacks, cultural entertainment

Consultancy

Social impact assessment studies and surveys

Advertising

Video coverage services, announcements, printing services and photography

Source: IFC, 2009

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8.6 HIV AND AIDS AWARENESS AND PREVENTION CAMPAIGN The fishing communities may be highly vulnerable to HIV infection due to various factors that may include the mobility of many fisherfolk, the time fishermen and female traders spend away from home and their access to daily cash income in the overall context of poverty and vulnerability. This becomes particularly important in view of the fact that the OST Project and the LRP are likely to attract migrant workers, traders and other fishers to the Project area who may engage in unprotected sex. In order to reduce the possible spread of the disease, an HIV and AIDS sensitization and prevention campaign will be an integral component of the Livelihood Restoration Programme. The target audience will be students and the youth, traders, fishermen and transport operators in the Project area. The sensitization programme will be carried out through community puppetry and role-plays, focus group meetings, film shows and distribution of fliers and condoms.

8.7 GENDER CONSIDERATIONS

Women in the Project area play a very active role in farming, fisheries and trade sectors; all of which are being impacted by the Project. For this reason, the livelihood needs of women have been factored into the design of the Livelihood Restoration Programmes outlined.

Positive impacts for women are expected mainly from the infrastructure and credit components of the project. This is because the fisheries infrastructure will lead to prolonged shelf life of fish catches and improve the quality of fish that would be marketed by the women, which in turn leads to better pricing of their outputs, higher earnings and incomes.

In terms of recruitment, young women will be trained and encouraged to take up jobs such as welding, truck driving, plumbing etc. which traditionally are perceived to be the preserve of men.

8.8 PROGRAMME SUSTAINABILITY

The sustainability of the Livelihood Restoration Programmes will be ensured through the following measures:

Community participation All the programme components will elicit the full participation of community members. As already stated, the community needs assessment has been an integral part of the design of the programme. In order to consolidate community buy-in, community validation meetings will be held with various focus groups to present and discuss the LRP. As a first step, the Programme will be discussed at the LRP Committee.

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Fees and charges for maintenance Traders and users will be encouraged to pay a monthly fee, which will be used to maintain the market operations and facilities/equipment in conjunction with the District Assembly. Similarly, MSMEs will be expected to pay for training and other advisory services after the initial programme.

Stakeholder participation Programme design, implementation, management and evaluation will be done in close collaboration with the Ellembelle District Assembly, NGOs, Consultants, and financial institutions and other relevant stakeholders in the District. This is to ensure that the Livelihood Restoration Programmes become sustainable in the long term.

Exit Strategy Programme-relevant institutions and services providers will be identified and empowered to take over the role played by the project at a suitable time in the future. Once identified, that entity should be increasingly involved in programme implementation to start creating a sense of ownership.

Empowering local organizations

Through the capacity building programme integrated into the LRP, local business associations will be expected to be equipped and empowered by the end of the Programme to take over the facilitation of access to business development services for entrepreneurs.

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9.0 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS AND ASSISTANCE

The IFC defines vulnerable persons as those who, “by virtue of gender, ethnicity, age, physical or mental disability, economic disadvantage, or social status, may be more adversely affected by resettlement than others and who may be limited in their ability to claim or take advantage of resettlement assistance and related development benefits” (IFC, 2012). Furthermore, the African Development Bank emphasize that “particular attention should be paid to the needs of disadvantaged groups among those displaced, especially those below the poverty line, the landless, the elderly, women, and children…including those without legal title to assets, female-headed households” (AfDB, 2003).

9.1 VULNERABILITY IN RESETTLEMENT

Any community is vulnerable to the shock of broken attachments to land, jobs, markets and social life. Such impacts take a toll in the form of economic and social setbacks. Individual persons and households weather these setbacks differently. Some recover fully in a few months. Most recover partially during a transitional period of one or more years. Some never recover.

Persons, households, even entire communities are notably predisposed to be adversely affected by resettlement because of pre-existing poverty due variously to age and disability, economic disadvantage, or marginal social status. Due to these various conditions, some households may not access compensation or participate in resettlement development programs; may not own land, or enterprises; or are often crowded out by more powerful elements in the society. Such pre-existing extreme poverty is a reliable indicator of vulnerability to Project impact and the degree to which severe impoverishment is likely to occur during a resettlement.

The degree of set-back for most persons, households and communities is commonly fortuitous: e.g., one household, all of whose cropland is taken, will be more severely affected than a household with comparable landholding that loses only half its cropland. The sources and variations of impact and debilitating shock are so varied as to require a case-by-case approach for remediation.

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9.2 VULNERABILITY IN FISHING COMMUNITIES

People involved in fishery-related livelihoods are vulnerable due to a variety of factors including the following21: Fishing communities often lack access to basic services such as education,

health care and formal credit services; Fishing communities undertake small-scale capital commitments and levels

of production and have limited political power. This makes them vulnerable to external threats, especially the large-scale fishing sector;

Fishing communities are dispersed along coastlines and, because they depend mainly on marine ecosystems that are close to home, they are particularly vulnerable to resource depletions;

Access to credit and insurance is problematic in most small-scale fishing communities and constrains fishing efforts and production in view of the perishability of the product; and

Contemporary small-scale fishing communities are increasingly stressed by external problems, including expanding globalization, climate change, marine pollution and, in some regions, the growth of a coastal tourism industry, which are beyond the control of most fishers

This observation notwithstanding, the extended family remains the foundation of family life; which provide social support in times of need. Individuals and households are tightly held in an extended family support network, unless they have behaved in an exceptionally anti-social fashion. For example, the elderly and insane, single mothers, children who have lost their biologic parents remain integrated in their extended family. Further, especially in the towns, community solidarity is strong, with many forms of mutual support in place.

9.3 EXISTING ASSISTANCE TO VULNERABLE PEOPLE

The National Social Protection Strategy (NSPS) is a programme developed by the Government of Ghana to enhance the capacity of the poor and vulnerable persons by assisting them to manage socio-economic risks, such as unemployment, sickness, disability and old age. These interventions are meant to improve the livelihoods of the extreme poor by reducing the impact of risk and shock that confronts them. The NSPS provides a framework for Government and Civil Society to support the extremely poor to fulfil their fundamental human rights as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and other international and

21

FAO, Microfinance in Fisheries: Guidelines

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national legislative instruments22. The major social development programmes, which are relevant to this report, are summarised in Table 9.1. Table 9.1: Government of Ghana’s Social Development Programmes

No.

Broad programme

Specific programmes

Target group

1 Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP)

Social Grant Support Orphans and vulnerable children;

Extreme poor above 65 years; and

Persons with severe disabilities without production capacity

2 Children Protection, Survival and development Intervention

Education Capitation Grant;

School Feeding Programme;

Supplementary Feeding Programme; and

Immunisation

Children

3 Labour Market Policies and Programmes

Integrated Agricultural Input Support;

Skills Training/Strengthening of training Centres; and

National Cocoa Child Labour Elimination Programme.

Poor farmers

The unemployed and unskilled

Children

4 Health Programmes Prevention of mother-to-child HIV Transmission

Expanded Programme of Immunisation; and

National Heath Insurance Scheme

Children

All age groups (with emphasis on the poor

5 Social Insurance and Microfinance Programme

Susu The poor and unbanked

6 Social Welfare Programme

Counselling, Psychosocial Support, Care protection

The poor and vulnerable

9.4 VULNERABLE ASSISTANCE MEASURES

A Vulnerable Assistance Programme will be developed by the Project to provide a safety net for vulnerable households. The objective is to identify, assess, support, remediate, and monitor project-affected households experiencing severe hardship, as part of the overall Livelihood Assistance Package for each household. Each household should have a place to live, means of income, access to medical care, and ability to feed itself. Vulnerable persons will be specifically identified, registered, and tracked through the following means:

Analysis of socio-economic survey data and case work on household composition, assets, source of income, and food security

Community identified households receiving charity

22

Such as the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, Children’s Act 560 (1998), Social Security Law PNDC L 247 (1991), and Persons with Disability Act 715 (2006).

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Analysis of records or case work on each household being compensated

Department of Social Welfare at the Ellembelle District 9.4.1 Eligibility for Vulnerability Assistance

The identification of vulnerable households will be on the following factors:

Predisposition to economic vulnerability;

The aged;

People with disability;

Single mothers;

The infirm; and

Children. 9.4.2 Form of Assistance

Assistance may take the following forms, depending upon vulnerable persons’ requests and needs:

Assistance in the compensation payment procedure (e.g., specifically explain the process and procedures, make sure that documents are well understood);

Assistance in the post-payment period to secure the compensation money and reduce risks of misuse/robbery;

Counselling in matters such as family and health;

Ensuring that the vulnerable enjoy equal opportunity during employment procedures; and

Where alternative farming land is to be found, ensure it is at the most easily accessible locations.

Offer incentives to teachers to stay in the classroom rather than taking up positions within the port development.

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10.0 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

In the context of economic displacement, stakeholder engagement includes both the information exchange (dissemination and consultation), and collaborative forms of decision-making and participation. Dissemination refers to transfer of information from Lonrho to the affected population. Consultation, on the other hand, generally refers to joint discussion between Project authorities and the affected population serving as a conduit for transfer of information and sharing of ideas. Effective resettlement planning requires regular consultation and engagement with a wide range of project stakeholders (IFC, 2012). Stakeholder Engagement is an ongoing process throughout resettlement planning and implementation - not a one off event. The level of information which is disseminated or the issues on which consultation takes place vary with the progress in the Project process and resettlement activities.

In view of this, Lonrho has established a Stakeholder Engagement Plan for the Project, which includes stakeholder consultation, disclosure activities and engagement exercises.

10.1 PURPOSE

Specific objectives of the engagement process are as follows:

To share fully the information about the social-economic and environmental impacts of the Project with the PAPs;

To obtain information about the needs and priorities of the PAPs, as well as information about their reactions to proposed policies and activities;

To inform PAPs about various options for livelihood restoration;

To obtain the cooperation and participation of PAPs and related communities in activities required to be undertaken for LRP planning and implementation;

To discuss compensation rates and eligibility entitlement;

To discuss choice of alternative location of farmland;

To ensure transparency in all activities related to land acquisition, compensation and rehabilitation;

To establish a clear, easily accessible and effective complaints and grievance procedure; and

To establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation and for implementing corrective actions.

10.2 CONSULTATION ON THE LRP

In accordance with the AfDB and IFC policies (“Involuntary Resettlement Policy” and “Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement” respectively), information and consultation on the LRP shall be organized as follows:

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Circulation of the draft LRP document for comments to LRP Committee;

Circulation of the draft LRP document for comments to all relevant institutions (e.g., Environmental Protection Agency and others as appropriate);

Communication of comments to the Consultant for incorporation into a final LRP; and

Presentation of the executive summary of the draft LRP to the Ellembelle District Assembly and the affected communities.

10.3 CONSULTATION PROCESS

Three steps of information and consultation are being implemented: Initial information: Basic information has been provided to potentially affected

people on the Project. This step took the form of public meetings;

External stakeholder consultation: Other key stakeholders such as EPA, Traditional Authorities, the District Assembly and the Land Commission have been consulted for their views, concerns and suggestions regarding the LRP; and

Consultation on draft LRP: once the LRP is available in draft form, it should be

discussed with project-affected residents, LRP Committee members and other relevant stakeholders whose comments shall be incorporated into final document.

From May-September 2012, series of meetings and discussions were held with key stakeholders (local authorities, affected people etc.) on the LRP. Information dissemination and consultation was conducted using a number of different channels and instruments, such as surveys, questionnaires and public meetings.

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The socio-economic baseline survey and the census and inventory of assets conducted in June 2012 initiated the engagement process with local people and those potentially affected by the project.

10.4 STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED AND ISSUES ARISING

Key stakeholder organisations consulted include the following:

Ellembelle District Assembly; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA); Land Valuation Division (LVD); Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands Project communities Police Immigration

Suggestions and issues raised by the different groups of stakeholders can be found in Appendix.

10.5 DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS

The following is a brief overview of the AfDB and International Finance Corporation requirements on disclosure:

10.5.1 AFDB Involuntary Resettlement Policy

The African Development Bank in its Involuntary Resettlement Policy document states that: “displaced persons and host communities should be meaningfully consulted early in the planning process and encouraged to participate in the planning and implementation of the resettlement programme. The displaced persons should be informed about their options and rights pertaining to resettlement”.

10.5.2 IFC Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

The IFC Performance Standard 5 states that:

“Where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, the client will carry out a census with appropriate socio-economic baseline data to identify the persons who will be displaced by the project, to determine who will be eligible for compensation and assistance, and to discourage inflow of people who are ineligible for these benefits. In the absence of host government procedures, the client will establish a cut-off date for eligibility. Information regarding the cut-off date will be well documented and disseminated throughout the project area.”

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These requirements have been accordingly followed to ensure that PAPs and other interested parties are informed and given the opportunity to have their say on the Project.

10.6 IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS

Stakeholders are those individuals, groups, communities, organizations, associations or authorities whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by a proposal or activity and/or who are concerned with a proposal or activity and its consequences. For this LRP, the most important stakeholders are those persons and households directly impacted by the Project, namely persons and households with productive assets, usage rights or livelihood capacities in the Project Area (i.e., those economically displaced by the Project).

10.7 PAST AND PRESENT CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ACTIVITIES

A series of consultation and disclosure activities have been undertaken in the course of preparing this LRP. These activities have comprised both a series of formal meetings with community leaders and representatives, an informal dialogue with stakeholders on a daily basis and display of project related information in three permanent community noticeboards.

Through such meetings and dialogue, Lonrho has ensured that the stakeholders have been engaged in the livelihood restoration planning and implementation process, above and beyond their participation in the formal negotiations process. The formal meetings and informal dialogue undertaken by Lonrho and SRC Consulting are presented in Table 10.1 below:

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Table 10.1: Stakeholder Consultation Meetings Regarding the LRP

Date Venue Participants Issues discussed N. of attendants

10-07-12 Asemdasuazo Queen mother, Nda Gyampong (Abusua Panin)

Not clear about which part of the land Lonrho and GNGC share boundary; need for the proposed new road to be realigned

2

10-07-12 Atuabo Elders and Community members Cut-off date announcement; farming activities can be carried on after the cut-off date; new farms will not be compensated for; compensations to be paid before land-take; local employment opportunities;

30

27-06-12 EPA Office, Secondi

Shine Fiagome, Chief Programme Officer

MOU on cut-date date announcement; EPA will not be involved at this stage; it has to be independent; preservation of heritage resources

1

27-06-12 Land Commission, Secondi

Christopher Atanga, Land Officer Membership of the LR Committee; project land size 1

27-06-12 Department of Feeder Road, Takoradi

Paa Broku Boateng, Operations Manager II

Seek the consent of the community in Right of Way (ROW) acquisition; need to engage the community continuously; be mindful of service lines on the ROW; ground water levels needs to be investigated before road construction; suitable rocks for road construction is about 24km away from the Project site.

1

26-06-12 Lands Commission, Secondi

Oduro Kwarteng, Divisional Head, PVLMD

The role of the LR Committee; fragmented land ownership in Nzemahland; the need to provide financial management training before compensations are piad; land acquisition issues

1

26-06-12 OASL, Secondi Patrick Amoah, Regional Stool Lands Officer; Astu Norgbedzi,

Stool land issues; an individual cannot give out land without the prior approval of he Stool; Stool land cannot be sold

2

17-06-12 Atuabo Fishermen, the Youth, Fishmongers

Challenges in business/production; where produce sold; training programme; membership of association; perception on project impacts; assistance for economic displacement; prioritized need

20

16-06-12 Atuabo Farmers, Traders/Artisans, Women

Same as above 35

15-06-12 Anokyi Traders/Artisans, Women, Fishmongers, Fishermen, Farmers

Same as above 32

14-06-12 Anokyi Women, the Youth (Females) Same as above 23

14-06-12 Asemdasuazo Traders/artisans, Women, Fishmongers

Same as above 20

13-06-12 Asemdasuazo Akpeteshie distillers, the Youth, Fishermen,

Same as above 15

13-06-12 Asemdasuazo Farmers Same as above 18

22-06-12 Kasablanca Hotel, Takoradi

Awulae Amihere Kpanyile II (Atuabo)

The EIA process and land acquisition; compensation issues; proposed airstrip; MOU on cut-off date.

1

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Table 10.1 (cont.): Stakeholder Consultation Meetings Regarding the LRP

Date Venue Participants Issues discussed No. of attendants

04-06-12 Nkroful Ellembelle District Chief Executive

Formation of LRP Committee; Committee on infrastructural development; Ellembelle District Assemblies support for the Project

1

28-05-12 Asemdasuazo The Youth Employment of locals; training programmes for the youth in the Project area 20

3-06-12 Anokyi Community Centre

Chief, Elders & Inhabitants of Community

Project impacts; informing to the Press about the Project; Socio-economic and Farm Survey activities; land for future development

32

27-05-12 Asemdasuazo Women Project acceptable by the community; need for financial assistance for women; road diversion issues; Fair and adequate compensation needed; local employment requirements; the need for livelihood restoration programme; collective decision.

18

25-05-12 Atuabo Farmers In full support of the Project; need to restore the livelihood of farmers if impacted by the Project; there is the need for more information on the Project; Lonrho needs to put up notice board in the 3 communities; there is the need to explain the various stages of the Project

23

25-05-12 Community Centre, Anokyi

The youth Number of ports; impact of Project on fishing and mitigation measures; Lonrho’s mission in the area

22

25-05-12 Community Centre, Anokyi

Fishermen Compensation payments; legal status of property owners; impact on fishing and mitigation measures; sea weeds

15

25-05-12 Atuabo Fishermen Community representation on the LR Committee; crop compensation; resource deprivation; sighting of vessels on the sea

18

25-05-12 Atuabo The youth Project effect on livelihoods; nuisance of seaweeds; pollution; compensation issues; local employment; project acceptance.

20

25-05-12 Anokyi Fishermen Concerned over lost of fishing ground; alternative farmland should be provided to farmers; the need to address the invasion of seaweed along the shores of the project area; erosion of the shore

22

24-05-12 Atuabo Farmers Livelihoods and employment; work of consultants; prompt informing the communities. 17

24-05-12 Atuabo Women Nuisance of seaweeds at the shore; deprivation of farmlands; local employment opportunity; need for potable water

26

23-05-12 Awualae’s Palace, Atuabo

Awulaue Amihere (Paramount

Chief) and Elders, Queen mother

of Asemndasuazo and Elders,

Household socio-economic survey and ethic regarding information gathering, farm survey, non-farm business survey, Fisher folk survey, and cut-off date. Other issues sensitised on were complaints and grievance resolution mechanism, formation of LR Committee, stakeholder engagement, heritage resources survey and alternative livelihoods

35

23-05-12 Asemdasuazo Chief and elders Sensitization on LRP and associated surveys; community is in full support of the Project; Lonrho should prioritize local employment; community and elders willing to give land for the Project

10

23-15-12 Anokyi Chief and elders Clear demarcation of Project boundary required; in full support of the Project 20

22-05-12 Awualae’s Palace, Atuabo

Awulaue Amihere (Paramount Chief) and Elders

Land use and tenure; community support for the Project. 6

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11.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

According to the IFC, resettlement and development planning require specialized expertise. It is essential that the project sponsor engages the services of qualified and experienced personnel to design and implement livelihood restoration/resettlement plans. However, it is equally important that sponsors engage themselves in the LRP/RAP design process. Sponsor participation in the process is instrumental to coordinating resettlement activities with the project implementation schedule. With this in mind, various institutions are being involved in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the LRP.

11.1 LONRHO PORTS Lonrho is vested with the overall responsibility for the coordination, planning and implementation of the LRP, in consultation with the LRP Committee, and with the cooperation of government agencies at the district, regional and national levels. The Company has assembled an experienced team of professionals and field/office workers to assist in the stakeholder engagement around the preparation and implementation the LRP. The Company, for instance, is continually undertaking formal and informal stakeholder engagement exercises with PAPs and other interested parties. Lonrho officials also accompany Project team members into the Project area, introduce them to community leaders and members, and assist them to behave in a culturally appropriate way. The Team maintains an ongoing engagement with the affected communities, and ensures that Lonrho’s grievance mechanism is effective at identifying and addressing community concerns.

11.2 PROJECT LRP TEAM

The LRP Team consists of the project sponsor (Lonrho), SRC Consulting and its team of social scientists, stakeholder engagement specialists, livelihood experts, valuers, surveyors and data analysts.

11.3 LRP COMMITTEE

A Livelihood Restoration (LR) Committee was set up to facilitate and coordinate activities at the various levels of the compensation process. The mandate of the LR Committee is to negotiate fair and just compensation for project-affected

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persons. The Committee consists of project-affected persons (male and female), representatives of traditional leaders, representatives from government agencies, and representatives from non-governmental organizations.

Composition and membership of the LRP Committee is presented in Table 11.1.

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Table 11.1: Composition of LRP Committee REPRESENTATIVES DESIGNATION

1 Kingsley Kofi Mensah Moderator

Community Representatives

2 John Blay Atuabo

3 Victoria Cudjoe Atuabo

4 James Annor Afful Anokyi

5 Joyce Avola Mensah Anokyi

6 Dina Duah Asemdasuazo

7 Emmanuel Kwofie Asemdasuazo

Government Representatives

8 Evans Afful Deputy District Coordinating Director

9 Charles Anane District Director, Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA)

10 Julius Acquah Security Services, Ellembelle District

11 Supt. Oduro-Abrokwa District Police Commander, Axim

12 Benson Adjei Land Regional Lands Officer, Land Valuation Division

13 Christopher Attanga Land Commission

14 Atsu Norgbedzi Stool Lands Administration

15 Awaal Rashid Ghana Immigration Service

Lonrho Representatives

16 Philomena Dovi Public Relations Officer

17 Steven Gray Development Manager,

SRC Consultants

19 Daniel Abbrey Project Manger

20 Adu-Nyarko Annorful Consultant

Civil Society Representatives

21 Balertey Gormy Programme Officer Coastal Resource Center

Since its inception in [insert date], a series of regular (approximately weekly) meetings has been held. A log of the LRP committee meetings and topic of issues discussed in presented in Table 11.2. Table 11.2: Log of LRP Committee Meeting

Date Issues discussed

05-09-12 Presentation and discussion of crop valuation and compensation procedures; crop rates

22-08-12 Feedback on the search for alternative farmlands; preliminary discussions on Farm Survey and Valuation Works

08-08-12 Submission by Sub-committee on alternative farmland; support for fishermen; realignment of proposed alternative road; discussions and voting on the entitlement matrix

01-08-12 Discussions on Terms of Reference (TOR) for Sub-Committee in search for Alternative Land for Farming; discussions on fishing activities in the Project area; visit and remarks from the EPA; Introduction to the Entitlement Matrix

18-07-12 Discussion and adoption of Grievance Mechanism; Interpreter/Translator for the Committee members; Composition of Alternative farmland Sub-Committee.

11-07-12 Inauguration of LRP Committee; project background information; composition/membership of the LRP Committee; guiding principles

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11.4 PROJECT-AFFECTED COMMUNITIES

The role of the community is to: Cooperate with the survey/valuation team by carefully checking and signing

off their affected lands and other assets as well as their entitlements; Participate in all phases of LRP preparation and implementation; Provide feedback on improving the quality of the LRP and suggesting

solutions for its effective implementation; Channel grievances through appropriate quarters for redress; and Vacate old site and moving to new sites in a timely manner after receiving

full entitlements.

11.5 LAND ACCESS AND ALLOCATION COMMITTEE (LAAC) A Land Access Allocation Committee (LAAC) will be established as part of the Agricultural Assistance Programme (AAP) to ensure community participation and feedback in the assessment process. Members shall include the representatives form the following:

The Paramount Chief (Awulae);

The three communities;

District Assembly/MoFA;

Lonrho; and

NGO/Consultant. It will be the responsibility of the LAAC to ensure that qualified farmers receive agricultural inputs. Other responsibilities and tasks of LAAC will be:

Gathering information for identification of land access and tenure status.

Verifying land access status of farmers,

Approving appropriate agricultural assistance

Verifying location of land. 11.6 NGO/CONSULTANT

An NGO or private consulting firm with relevant knowledge and experience in managing Livelihood Restoration Programmes will provide advice to Lonrho on the implementation and oversight plans for specific programmes.

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11.7 MINISTRY OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE (MOFA) The Ministry of Food and Agriculture will provide agricultural extension services for various assistance offered in the agricultural and fisheries assistance packages. Officers from the Ellembelle District Directorate of Agriculture will provide part-time services toward effective distribution of inputs and improved farming techniques.

11.8 TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

The Paramount Chief (Awulae) or his representative will assist in facilitating the acquisition and allocation of land to eligible farmers who do not have access to land to continue farming.

11.9 MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS (MFIs)

Microfinance institutions (MFs) operating the Project area are Lower Pra Rural Bank (Esiama), Nzema Manle Rural bank (Aiyinasie) GHAMFO (Aiyinasie) and Ekweimanle Bank (Ekwei). Lonrho will explore the possibility of collaborating with these MFIs to provide cost-effective credit facilities and financial training programmes to PAPs.

11.10 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Kikam Technical Institute, Charlotte Dolphyne Training Institute and St. Theresa’s Vocational Institute will provide technical and vocation training for skilled and semi-skilled youths in the Project area. Courses taught in these institutions include welding and fabrication, block laying and concreting, electrical installation, plumbing and pipe fitting, catering, typing/secretarial works.

11.11 THE NATIONAL BOARD FOR SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES (NBSSI)

The National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) from the Ellembelle District Assembly is responsible for the promotion and development of the MSME at the district level. Lonrho will collaborate with the NBSSI through it Business Advisory Centers (BACs) BAC to provide relevant information, training and guidance to individuals and MSMES to become viable and competitive.

11.12 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE (DSW)

The Department of Social Welfare (DSW) is the government department that promotes and protects of the rights of children, ensures justice and administration of child related issues and provides community care (for disabled and needy adults). Lonrho will liaise with DSW in respect of its vulnerable

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assistance programs. The department will draw on the experience gained in the implementation of Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) program is a social cash transfer program, which provides cash and health insurance to extremely poor households across Ghana to alleviate short-term poverty and encourage long-term human capital development. The Livelihoods Team will include the key partners needed to administer and monitor the programme, and will meet initially with households to determine the specific assistance required for each household, and subsequently to monitor household progress, and continually assess the period for which assistance is required. It should be noted that assistance to vulnerable people is not intended to provide additional benefits, but rather to assure equitable access to benefits provided to all PAPs; access that may be otherwise constrained by their lack of equal capacity.

11.13 ELLEMBELLE DISTRICT ASSEMBLY

The Assembly will play a facilitating role by co-ordinating the efforts of its agencies (e.g. NBSSI, MoFA, DSW) and ensuring that the Programme is implemented within the district’s development plans.

The LREP and Vulnerable programmes will be implemented and managed by Lonrho in collaboration with various stakeholder groups and institutions as presented in Table 11.3.

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Table 11.3: Organisational and implementation strategy of LREP and Vulnerable programmes No. Name of programme Components Target beneficiaries Collaborating entity

1 The Artisanal Fisheries Development Programme (AFDP)

Construction of landing site/ market/storage facility

Credit facility

Fisheries extension support

Training and capacity building

Boat owners/Fishermen/fishing crew

Fish mongers/seller

Suppliers/entrepreneurs

EDA/MoFA/Fisheries Directorate

Fishermen’s Co-operative

Rural Financial Institutions

NGO/Consultant

Lonrho/Financiers

PC/Traditional authority

2 Agricultural Assistance Programme (AAP)

Farmer training programme

Farm business planning

Supply of agricultural inputs

Provision of extension services

Land access assistance

Farmers losing land as a result of the Project

Input suppliers

EDA/MoFA/LAAC

Rural Financial Institutions

NGO/Consultant

Lonrho/Financiers

PC/Traditional authority

3 Skills Training and Empowerment Programme (STEP)

Establishment of an employment agency

Recruitment of unskilled labour

Recruitment of semi-skilled labour

Training of craft, apprentice and artisan labour

Unskilled youth from the three communities

Semi-skilled youths (especially young women)

The unemployed

EDA

Technical/Vocational Institutions

NGO/Employment Agency

Lonrho/Financiers

PC/Traditional authority

4 Financial Management training Programme (FMTP)

Training on investment options

Testimony about prudent cash management

All those receiving cash compensation

Local MSMEs

EDA/NGO/Consultant

Rural Financial Institutions

Lonrho/Financiers

PC/Traditional authority

5 Business Development Support Programme (BDSP)

Registration of MSMEs/associations

Training programme

Local procurement strategy

Local MSMEs

Traders

Fishermen

Fish mongers

EDA/NBSSI/BAC

NGO/Consultant; Rural Financial Institutions

Lonrho/Financiers

PC/Traditional authority

6 HIV and AIDS Programme

Community outreach and sensitisation

Distribution of IEC materials and condoms

The local youth and students

Fish mongers/Traders/Fishermen

Transport operators/drivers

Economic migrants

EDA/Ghana AIDS Commission

NGO/Consultant

Lonrho/Financiers

PC/Traditional authority

7 Vulnerable Support Programme

Counselling

Health care support

PAPs in female-headed households

PAPs with disability or who aged and infirm

PAPs with no regular source of income, arable land or food security and social support

EDA/DSW

NGO/Consultant

Lonrho/Financiers

PC/Traditional authority

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12.0 GRIEVANCE MANAGEMENT AND REDRESS MECHANISMS

Regardless of its scale, resettlement inevitably gives rise to grievances among the affected population over issues ranging from rates of compensation and eligibility criteria to the location of resettlement sites and the quality of services at those sites. It often appears that many grievances derive from misunderstandings of the Project policy, or result from neighbour conflicts, which can usually be solved through adequate mediation using customary rules. Most grievances can be settled with additional explanation efforts and some mediation. Indeed timely redress of grievances is vital to the satisfactory implementation of resettlement and to completion of the project on schedule. This is why a first instance of dispute handling will be set up with the aim of settling disputes amicably.

12.1 POTENTIAL GRIEVANCES/DISPUTES

In practice, grievances23 and disputes that arise during the course of implementation of a compensation or resettlement programme may be related to the following issues:

Mistakes in inventory or valuation of properties;

Disagreement on plot boundaries, either between the affected person and the expropriation agency or between two neighbours;

Disputed ownership of a given asset (two or more affected people claim that the affected asset is theirs);

Disagreement on plot / asset valuation;

Successions, divorces, and other family issues resulting in disputed ownership or disputed shares between inheritors or family members; and

Disputed ownership of businesses and business related assets (quite usually, the owner and the operator of a business may be distinct individuals, which may give rise to disputes in the event of compensation).

12.2 GRIEVANCE MANAGEMENT AND REDRESS MECHANISM

Grievance mechanisms are increasingly important for development projects where ongoing risks or adverse impacts are anticipated. They serve as a way to meet requirements, prevent and address community concerns, reduce risk, and assist larger processes that create positive social change (Compliance Advisor Ombudsman, 2008). A formalized grievance mechanism is therefore an important tool to monitor and promptly resolve potential conflicts with

23

An issue, concern, problem, or claim (perceived or actual) that an individual or community group wants a company or contractor to address and resolve.

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stakeholders whose interests may be affected by Company activities. In Ghana, as elsewhere, court cases are known to take much time before settlements can be reached. In the case of this Project it is thus proposed that a first tier grievance management mechanism be made available to local PAPs. Lonrho is dealing with all grievances in a timely manner. The grievance management mechanism provides aggrieved people with an avenue for amicable settlement without necessarily opening a court case against Lonrho. Aggrieved people will however be free to open a court case without having registered their grievance with this first-tier mechanism if this is the route they wish to take.

12.3 OBJECTIVES AND RATIONAL

The objective of the Grievance and Redress Mechanism is to receive, respond and address any complaints made to the Project. All grievances related to the Project will are being managed though the Grievance Procedure. This is to facilitate the speedy resolution of disputes and grievances and also to promote trust and build a positive rapport between Lonrho and its external stakeholders. Local people need a trusted way to voice and resolve concerns linked to a development project, and companies need an effective way to address community concerns. A locally based grievance resolution mechanism therefore provides a promising avenue by offering a reliable structure and set of approaches where local people and the company can find effective solutions together. A well-functioning grievance mechanism:

Provides a predictable, transparent, and credible process to all parties, resulting in outcomes that are seen as fair, effective, and lasting;

Builds trust as an integral component of broader community relations activities; and

Enables more systematic identification of emerging issues and trends, facilitating corrective action and preemptive engagement.

Demand for effective grievance mechanisms is increasingly underpinned by investor policies— such as those of the World Bank Group's International Finance Corporation (IFC)—and international initiatives such as the United Nations Human Rights Council (CAO, 2008).

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12.4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES The grievance procedure is guided by the following principles:

i. Each complaint will be considered and a response to each specific complaint will be directly communicated to the party that raised it;

ii. Grievances will be responded to as promptly and efficiently as possible,

avoiding escalation of the issue, reducing negative impacts on the local population and maintaining a positive attitude towards the Project amongst stakeholders;

iii. The Grievance Mechanism will be available to local populations residing in

the Project Impact Area (PIA) and other stakeholders directly affected by the Project (this may include absentee citizens or those residing outside the Project Area);

iv. Local populations residing in the Project area and other stakeholders directly

affected by the Project will be informed about the grievance process, including the transparency and fairness of the process and they will be provided with both verbal and written updates;

i. Customary and traditional methods of dispute resolution will be recognized

and integrated into the grievance resolution and redress procedures; and

ii. Full participation of both genders and vulnerable groups.

12.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THE GRIEVANCE MECHANISM

The grievance mechanism adopted during the LRP process can be broken down into the following primary systematic steps or components:

Receiving and registration of complaint;

Screening and assessment of complaint;

Formulating a response;

Selecting a resolution approach;

Implementing the approach;

Monitoring and evaluation of results;

Planning and implementing change in the mechanism; and

Reporting back to the community Each of these components is explained below:

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12.5.1 Receiving and Registration of Complaints Receiving and registering complaints is a simple process where local people can inform the company about concerns. Grievances can be received both verbally and in writing. A number of mechanisms are available to receive grievances:

Lonrho personnel may receive grievances verbally through their regular visits to communities and captured on the Grievance Forms;

Periodically, a desk will be set up and managed by Lonrho personnel in each of the three communities to receive and address any grievance lodged;

Written grievances may be lodged in person or sent to a Lonrho representative or at the Head Office in Accra;

Lonrho personnel are in constant communication with local authorities making themselves available to respond to any grievance brought up through community leaders;

Lonrho has provided telephone numbers and postal and email addresses by which stakeholders (particularly absentee citizens or other local populations) can lodge grievances;

Community representatives on the LRP Committee may also receive complaints for onward submission to Lonrho;

Grievance procedures and Lonrho contact information are provided on the Company notice board erected in each of the three communities;

Suggestion boxes have been placed near Company notice boards for community members to drop their written complaints, comments and suggestions relating to the Project.

Lonrho personnel using the Grievance Form record all grievances regardless of how they are received. All grievances are recorded in duplicate in the Grievance Form. A copy of the form is provided to the person raising the grievance either at the time of raising the grievance or within seven (7) days of receipt of the grievance. This acknowledges receipt of the grievance and provides the person with a unique identification (tracking) number. The telephone and/or house number of the person lodging the complaint is collected in order to facilitate the feedback process.

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Once recorded, all grievances are registered in a database. However, before doing so, the database is checked to determine if it is a new complaint so as to avoid duplication and to review if there is any context or precedent related to the issue.

12.5.2 Screening and Assessment of Complaints

This step determines whether a complaint is eligible for the grievance mechanism. Grievances are reviewed and assessed using all available information to determine if it is a grievance related to the Project or another external entity.

Eligible complaints:

Eligible complaints include those where:

The complaint pertains to the project;

The issues raised in the complaint fall within the scope of issues the grievance mechanism is authorized to address and

The complainant has standing to file

Ineligible complaints:

Ineligible complaints may include those where:

The complaint is clearly not project-related;

The nature of the issue is outside the mandate of the grievance mechanism;

The complainant has no standing to file; and

Other procedures are more appropriate to address the issue. If the complaint is rejected, the complainant is informed of the decision and the reasons for the rejection. Complainants are given the benefit of the doubt and engage in a conversation before deciding to reject a complaint. Where a complainant provides incomplete information, efforts are made to truly understand the grievance before responding. If the grievance is not related to the Project, the person raising the grievance is informed and reasonable efforts is made to facilitate involved entities to address the issue. In this case, the grievance is closed out in the database. If the complaint is deemed eligible for further investigation, it is referred to management for action and a formal response prepared and presented to the complainant.

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12.5.3 Formulating Response

Depending on the nature of the grievance, the grievance is assigned to the appropriate Lonrho representative for action and resolution. The assigned person reviews and investigates the grievance, and provides a response (with a resolution and if necessary a schedule of corrective actions) to Project Managers. Written responses are provided as soon as possible and not more than 14 days after receiving the grievance. If however, more time is required for resolution, Lonrho will keep the person raising the grievance informed.

12.5.4 Selecting a Resolution Approach

The grievance mechanism provides a variety of grievance resolution approaches to accommodate differences in personal and cultural preferences. In general, the following four basic approaches are considered: 1. The company proposes a solution; 2. The community and company jointly decides; 3. The company and community defer to a third party to decide; and 4. The company and community utilize traditional or customary practices.

12.5.4.1 The Company Proposes a Solution

In this approach, will Lonrho propose a solution and offers it to the complainant. This approach may be used when:

The complaint is straightforward, the issue is clear, and the solution is obvious.

People in the company can resolve the issue alone, to the satisfaction of the complainant, based on their knowledge and authority.

A considered and respectful company proposal is more likely to be acceptable to the complainant.

If the complainant rejects Lonrho’s proposal, they are offered the option of a joint decision process (as described in Approach 2). If this approach is not acceptable, the grievance may be referred to an external mechanism for assessment or adjudication.

12.5.4.2 The Community and Company Jointly Decides Under this option, Lonrho representatives and complainants share decision-making authority and jointly engage in a problem-solving approach to reach a

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resolution of the grievance by themselves. The process may involve only the company and complainant, or may be facilitated by a neutral third party without decision-making authority, such as a mediator.

This approach may be used when:

An ongoing relationship and a face-to-face resolution process matter.

The case is more complex and several diverse stakeholders are involved.

Local community members distrust a company proposal.

The response from a “company proposes a solution” procedure is not acceptable.

Talking together is required to promote more accurate communication, share information, or develop mutually acceptable solutions.

There are procedural, psychological, and substantive interests for both parties that lend themselves to such an approach.

Under this option, Lonrho representatives and complainants share decision-making authority and jointly engage in a problem-solving approach to reach a resolution of the grievance by themselves. The process may involve only the company and complainant, or may be facilitated by a neutral third party without decision-making authority, such as a mediator.

12.5.4.3 The Company and Community defer to a Third Party to Decide If Lonrho and complainants are unable to resolve a problem on their own, the parties hand decision-making authority over to an independent, neutral party. The neutral party may be a trusted individual or group in the community, a respected technical expert, or an independent arbitrator e.g. Commission on Human Rights and of Administration of Justice (CHRAJ). There are three main approaches that can be used: arbitration, fact-finding, and use of an existing external mechanism. Arbitration: This is a private, voluntary, and adjudicative process for resolving complaints. It involves joint submission of a complaint by concerned parties to a mutually acceptable and impartial intermediary—an arbitrator—that may be an individual or a group, such as a panel. After parties present their views, the intermediary makes a decision. Compliance with laws, policies, standards, rules, regulations, procedures, past agreements, or common practice may serve as the basis for decisions. Fact-finding: Lonrho and complainant may initiate a fact-finding process to obtain an independent assessment of the nature of a grievance and of relevant

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company practices. The independent intermediary selected controls the process, investigates the problem, identifies causes, makes findings, and develops recommendations on steps and terms for the settlement of the claim. The fact finder’s process is less formal than arbitration and does not require a hearing. The fact finder has the right to pursue his or her own leads and to receive testimony and facts outside the presence of the opposing party. The fact- finding report may serve as a basis for further negotiation, a company response, an offer of settlement, or a final decision by senior managers. Fact-finding is recommended when it is important to use third party expertise to resolve a data dispute using a process that is less formal and without the need for a hearing. Existing external mechanisms: When the parties are unable to reach decisions voluntarily, Lonrho will explore possible resources in the form of trusted local governmental and civil society institutions such as Commission on Human Rights and of Administration of Justice (CHRAJ) to provide independent decisions and recommendations.

12.5.4.4 The Company and Community use Traditional and Customary Practices

Local people may go to secular or religious leaders to resolve their disputes with one another. They may use traditional problem-solving or judicial procedures and may employ local standards and criteria to guide decisions. This approach is used when it becomes clear that traditional dispute resolution procedures are more acceptable than any external ones provided by governments or “foreign” parties, such as a company. If adapted, it is done in a way that is mutually acceptable to both the complainant and the company. The Paramount Chief (Awulae), Local Chiefs, Assembly Members and other Opinion Leaders are central to this process.

12.6 IMPLEMENTING THE APPROACH The way a grievance mechanism is introduced to company employees and the public can have significant implications for its effectiveness over time. The goal of this phase is to introduce the grievance mechanism and promote its use on a community-wide scale. This will involve a communication and outreach strategy that educates community members and company/contract managers and employees about the system and their role; and training for personnel administering the system and for those designated to accept complaints.

12.6.1 Communicating and Building Awareness on the Grievance Mechanism

Educating local people and Lonrho about the grievance mechanism is an essential and ongoing responsibility.

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The strategy adopted to publicize the complaints procedure to the local population include the use of simple, visually engaging materials (posters), which describe the process for handling people’s concerns and the benefits that can result. The materials also informed the local population about where to go and who to contact if they have a complaint. They are provided in an understandable format and in the local language (Nzema). The public awareness creation is done through the following means:

Public forums and focus group discussions

Announcement at churches and mosques

Notification on Lonrho’s community notice board

Announcement on local public address systems and by beating of gong-gong 12.6.2 Training of Participants

Training in a variety of responsibilities is required in the start-up of a grievance mechanism for all those involved in the grievance resolution process. In this regard Lonrho will facilitate the training of the following persons:

i. Personnel who will administer the system: They will receive skill training in conducting receipt and registration, referral processes, service provision, quality control, monitoring and record keeping, and the grievance mechanism ethics.

ii. Grievance coordinators: They will receive training in conflict resolution and grievance management.

iii. Those who register complaints: They will receive training about the receipt

and registration process, and the procedure for forwarding complaints to a central point of contact within the company.

iv. Managers and supervisors: They will be provided with problem-solving skills

because the bulk of complaints can be resolved by using informal “decide together” approaches without having to resort to more formal procedures, such as arbitration.

v. Users: They will be provided information about the system, information

about their rights, help in thinking through their choices, and appreciation for their efforts to address their disputes in a responsible, productive way.

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12.7 MONITORING OF GRIEVANCE

Lonrho monitors the progress of their respective grievance and keeps the person raising the grievance informed of its status. Updates are given on a regular basis and continues until the grievance is resolved. The Development Manager monitors implementation of the responses and corrective action of Project grievances. Within a month of the response being provided to the person raising the grievance, Lonrho personnel will make a visit to verify that the situation has been resolved to the satisfaction of all involved. If required, monitoring will be made on a regular basis, which will be determined on a case-by-case basis. The following measures are taken to obtain feedback on the performance of a grievance mechanism:

Regular company-community meetings with two-way feedback and joint appraisals of the mechanism, its components, or specific procedures.

Regular or targeted meetings between senior company managers and local community leaders

User evaluation/feedback forms distributed to complainants at the time of settlement and again several months later

In-person or telephone interviews by company staff with past complainants to assess their satisfaction with mechanisms and procedures to address complaints.

12.8 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING CHANGES TO THE MECHANISM

Decisions on changes to the mechanism are followed up with a clear implementation plan. The plan explains in detail what is to be done, when, where, how, and by whom. An oversight or monitoring process will be put in place to ensure that implementation happens in a timely and effective manner. When desirable, participatory monitoring will be employed. During this process, both Lonrho and community members will have oversight of implementation and have the authority to raise concerns if it is not being conducted as mutually understood or planned.

12.9 REPORTING BACK TO THE COMMUNITY

In the spirit of transparency and accountability, Lonrho discloses information about the results of the grievance mechanism. Providing regular feedback to relevant stakeholders is useful in clarifying expectations about what the mechanism does and does not do; to encourage people to use the mechanism; to present results; and to gather feedback to improve the grievance system. Information reported back might include types of cases, volume and nature of complaints, case outcomes, and resolution rates—as well as key conclusions

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from the monitoring and evaluation process and the way the grievance has influenced company policies, procedures, operations, and the grievance mechanism itself.

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13.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

The African Development Bank recommends that in the preparation LRP/RAPs “arrangement for reporting, monitoring and evaluation, consistent with the overall project planning and scheduling should be included in the plan”. The IFC also requires project sponsors to “monitor and report on the effectiveness of RAP implementation. The objective should be to provide the Company with feedback and to identify problems and successes as early as possible to allow timely adjustment to implementation arrangements”. It stressed that monitoring and evaluation activities should be “integrated into the overall project management process, and the RAP must provide a coherent monitoring plan that identifies the organizational responsibilities, methodology, and the schedule for monitoring and reporting”.

13.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES

Monitoring and evaluation are key components of the LRP. They have the following general objectives: Monitoring of specific situations or difficulties arising from the

implementation, and of the compliance of the implementation with objectives and methods as set out in the LRP; and

Evaluation of the mid- and long-term impacts of the LRP on affected households’ livelihood, environment, local capacities, on economic development and settlement.

Monitoring aims to correct implementation methods during the course of the Project, as required, while evaluation is intended at checking whether policies have been complied with and providing lessons learnt for amending strategies and implementation in a longer-term perspective. Monitoring will be internal and evaluation external.

The monitoring and evaluation measures put in place are also to ensure that the implementation of the resettlement actions is carried out in accordance with the relevant requirements of this LRP as well as AfDB’s requirements for LRP.

13.2 MONITORING

The purpose of monitoring is to provide Project Management, and directly affected persons, households and communities, with timely, concise, indicative information on whether compensation, resettlement and other impact mitigation measures are on track to achieve sustainable restoration and improvement in the welfare of the affected people, or that adjustments are

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needed. 13.2.1 Scope and Contents

Monitoring will address the following aspects:

Social and economic monitoring: follow-up of the status of those economically displaced, cost of compensation, re-establishment of livelihoods including agriculture, fishing and other economic activities;

Grievances and grievance management system;

Assistance in livelihood restoration

13.2.2 Monitoring Indicators A number of indicators will be monitored to track the progress of LRP implementation:

Process indicators: This will indicate project inputs, expenditures, staff deployment etc.

Output indicators: This will indicate results in terms of number of affected people compensated and training held etc.

Outcome indicators: This will measure the level of achievement of the immediate project objective, the overall observable changes in performance, behaviour or resource status that should occur as a result of LRP implementation

Impact indicators: This will relate to the long-term effect, change of state or improved living conditions of PAPs towards which the project is making a contribution

Assumption indicators: This will measure the fundamental circumstances which may counteract, or at least delay the attainment of results

The first three types of indicators are related to process, immediate outputs and results. The final two longer-term impact indicators will focus on assessing whether the overall objectives of the project are being met, and will use the defined impact indicators as a basis for their evaluation. Data collected from the baseline socio-economic surveys will serve as the benchmark for measuring and evaluating the success of LRP implementation. Indicator selection for the purpose of monitoring and evaluation would be guided by the following principles:

Preference for fewer indicators that have significant validity over more

indicators of less significant value

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Preference for indicators used by national institutions in order to be able to compare results with control groups in other parts of Ghana, and avoid reinventing the wheel

Putting in place monitoring and evaluation (M&E) efforts that are more strategically linked with existing efforts (Ghana Living Standards Survey/GLSS – Population Census, Demographic Health Survey/DHS). This is to ensure cost effectiveness, credibility of the survey outcomes, and sustainability of M&E efforts

Measuring outcome and impacts on the following three levels:

o Monetary measuring of livelihoods through a quantitative income or expenditure survey;

o Measurements on the five different types of capital to determine livelihood sustainability; and

o Qualitative indicators measuring perception of PAPs. 13.2.3 The Monitoring Process

Lonrho will undertake monitoring of LRP implementation. Regular progress reports will be prepared and submitted to Lonrho management by the Public Relations office of Lonrho Ghana Ports Ltd. The internal monitoring will look at inputs, processes, and outcomes of compensation/resettlement/other impact mitigation measures.

Input monitoring will establish if staff, organization, finance, equipment, supplies and other inputs are on schedule, in the requisite quantity and quality. Process monitoring will assess program implementation strategies and methodologies and the capacity and capability of program management personnel to effectively implement and manage the programmes; and document lessons learned and best practices and provide recommendations to strengthen the design and implementation of LRP.

Output monitoring will establish if agreed outputs are realized on time for:

Communication with the affected communities; Agreed compensation policy, procedures, and rates; Compensation for crops and lost businesses; Livelihood program delivery and uptake; Grievance resolution; and Attention to vulnerable people.

Outcome (or effectiveness) monitoring will determine the degree to which the program objectives and performance targets have been achieved.

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13.3 EVALUATION

Reference documentation for the evaluation will be the following:

This Livelihood Restoration Plan; The Ghanaian laws and regulations as described earlier and as they stand in

2012; and The applicable AfDB Policy and IFC Performance Standard 5

13.3.1 Evaluation Objectives

The evaluation will have the following specific objectives: General assessment of the compliance of the implementation of livelihood

restoration activities with objectives and methods as set out in this LRP; Assessment of the compliance of the implementation of livelihood

restoration activities with laws, regulations and safeguard policies as stated above;

Assessment of compensation procedures as they have been implemented; Evaluation of the impact of the livelihood restoration programmes on

incomes and standard of living, with focus on the “no worse-off if not better-off” requirement; and

Identification of actions to take as part of the on-going monitoring to improve the positive impacts of the programme and mitigate its possible negative impacts, if any.

13.3.2 Evaluation Process

Lonrho will use an independent consultant to conduct mid-term evaluation of the LRP implementation and compliance with objectives, procedures, policies, laws and regulations. The Evaluator will be an independent consultant with experience in the conduct of livelihood restoration planning. The Evaluator will be carefully chosen on the basis of hands on experience, no previous involvement in the Project, and proven ability to identify actions that improve implementation and mitigate negative impacts of economic displacement.

The LRP implementation will be evaluated against a number of key performance criteria, which will be identified by Lonrho in consultation with the Community leaders or their representatives. These criteria will likely include access to employment, fishing grounds and arable land, livelihood restoration and enterprise, health and nutrition. Vulnerable persons will be put into specific focus, and the methods for assisting

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them will be assessed. The grievance management system will be evaluated (refer to Appendix for Monitoring Indicators Matrix).

13.3.3 Evaluation Schedule

The schedule for independent evaluation of LRP implementation is six months following completion of LRP implementation. This evaluation will verify that (a) compensation payments have been made as promised, (b) have been properly processed, and (c) recommendations are being implemented

14.0 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND BUDGET

The African Development Bank requires that the plan should include detailed timetable, covering all components of the resettlement programme. It expects the timetable to be coherent and consistent with the overall project schedule.

The Livelihood Restoration Plan will be implemented in close collaboration with community members, District Assembly and other relevant stakeholders. The proposed LRP implementation schedule is presented in Table 14.1.

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Table 14.1: Proposed LRP Implementation Schedule

Activity

Timeframe (Year/Month)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

Community engagement and sensitization

Formal meetings

Disclosure on LRP

LR PLANNING

Farm/crop survey

Valuation of crops /assets

Household survey/census

Formation/meeting of LRP Committee

Announcement of cut-off date

Agreement on grievance mechanisms

Agreement on Entitlement Matrix

Agreement on crop rates

IMPLEMENTATION OF LRP

Grievance/redress mechanism in place

Implement AILAP

Implement AFDP

Implement STEP

Implement FMTP

Implement BDSP

Implement HIV/AIDS Programme

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Performance monitoring

External evaluations

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14.1 ESTIMATE LRP BUDGET As stated by AfDB and IFC it is essential that all costs be estimated carefully and included in a detailed RAP budget. The Company should itemise resettlement costs by categories of impact, entitlement and other resettlement expenditures including training, project management and monitoring. Furthermore, the RAP budget should be linked with a detailed implementation schedule for all key resettlement and rehabilitation activities. Accordingly, a tentative resettlement budget and implementation schedule is presented in this section.

Table 14.2: Estimated budget for preparation and implementation of this RAP

NO. DESCRIPTION COST (US$)

1 Compensation

Crop (Farmers) 1,276,508

Disturbance claims 63,825

Vulnerable assistance 20,000

Sub-total 1,360,333

2 Livelihood Restoration Programmes

Agricultural Improvement and Land Access Programme (AILAP) 200,000

Artisanal Fisheries Development Programme (AFDP) 300,000

Skills Training and Employment Programme (STEP) 100,000

Financial Management Training Programme (FMTP) 20,000

Business Development Services Programme (BDSP) 50,000

HIV/AIDS Prevention Programme 20,000

Sub-total 690,000

3 Programme Development and Management

Consultation and engagement 50,000

LRP Planning, Surveying, Valuation, Land Access 200,000

External Monitoring Surveys and Studies 50,000

Sub-total 300,000

TOTAL BUDGET 2,350,333

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15.0 REFERENCES

African Development Bank (2003). Involuntary Resettlement Policy

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). (2012). 2010 Population and Housing Census

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and ICF Macro. 2009.

Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Accra, Ghana: GSS, GHS, and ICF Macro.

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). 2008. Ghana Living Standards Survey Report on the Fifth Round (GLSS 5)

Republic of Ghana (May 2009), Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA)

IFC (International Finance Corporation). 2001. Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan. Washington, DC: IFC.

IFC (International Finance Corporation). 2012. Guidance Note 5 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement. Washington, DC: IFC.

2007. Stakeholder Engagement: A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets. Washington, DC: IFC.

2009. “Addressing Grievances from Project-Affected Communities: Guidance for Projects and Companies on Designing Grievance Mechanisms.” Good Practice Note 7, IFC, Washington, DC

Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman (CAO) 2008. A Guide to Designing and Implementing Grievance Mechanisms for Development Projects

ERM/Lonrho (2012) Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

Ellembelle District Profile. (2012). Ellembele District Information. http://ghanadistricts.com. Accessed August 2012.

Western Regional Profile. (2012) http://modernghana.com. Accessed July 2012