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LiverPathology_2016

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Liver Pathology 1. Pathology associated with exposure to toxic agents 1. Exposure to cigarette smoke 2. Occupational and environmental exposure to dusts (particulates) and gases 3. Chronic alcohol exposure 4. Drug abuse 2. Pathology related to physical injury 1. Hyperthermia and hypothermia 2. Trauma 3. Radiation 3. Pathology related to nutritional deficiencies 1. Malnutrition 2. Vitamin deficiencies
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Page 1: LiverPathology_2016

Liver Pathology 

1. Pathology associated with exposure to toxic agents1. Exposure to cigarette smoke2. Occupational and environmental exposure to dusts (particulates) and 

gases3. Chronic alcohol exposure 4. Drug abuse

2. Pathology related to physical injury 1. Hyperthermia and hypothermia2. Trauma3. Radiation

3. Pathology related to nutritional deficiencies1. Malnutrition2. Vitamin deficiencies

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• Metabolic– Glucose homeostasis: glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

• Synthetic– Albumin, coaggulation factors, complement, acute phase proteins, metal binding proteins, vitamin A

• Storage– Glycogen, triglycerides, Fe, Cu, lipid soluble vitamins

• Catabolic processes– Hormones, serum proteins, detoxification of xenobiotics

• Excretory function– Bile (conjugated bilirubin, bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and electrolytes)

Liver functions

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Liver architecture: anterior view

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Liver architecture: inferior view

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Segmental anatomy

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The liver lobule

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Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)

1.Fatty liver2.Acute alcoholic hepatitis3.Cirrhosis

• 90‐100% of heavy drinkers have alcoholic fatty liver disease• 1 in 4 drinkers with fatty liver disease will develop alcoholic hepatitis• 1 in 5 drinkers with fatty liver disease will develop cirrhosis

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DALY rates from liver cirrhosis (per 100,000 inhabitants)

The disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill‐health, disability or early death

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The spectrum of alcoholic liver disease

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SteatosisAbnormal retention of lipids within a cell

1. Moderate alcohol intake: small (microvesicular) lipid droplets acculmulate in hepatocytes, which don’t compress and displace nucleus to periphery

2. Chronic alcohol intake: large (macrovesicular) globules, compress and displace the nucleus to the periphery of hepatocytes

3. Initially, cell damage produces centrilobular fat depositions.

4. In severe cases entire lobule may be involved.

5. Little or no perivenular fibrosis

In alcoholic steatosis of the liver fat accumulation is fully reversible on discontinuation of alcohol intake.

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1. Increased fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis

2. Enhanced hepatic influx of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and of chylomicronsfrom the intestinal mucosa  

3. Increased hepatic lipogenesis4. Decreased lipolysis5. Decreased mitochondria 

oxidation of fatty acids6. Accumulation of VLDL

Steatosis

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Alcoholic Hepatitis(1) Necrosis of hepatocytes; (2) hyaline inclusions in hepatocytes; 

(3) neutrophilic inflammation; (4) perivenular fibrosis

BC – balloon cells; MB – Mallory bodies; N – neutrophils; L – lymphocytes; M – macrophages; THV –terminal hepatic venule; C – connective tissue; F – fat laden hepatocytes; LP – limiting plate

Mallory bodies(cytokeritin)

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Liver cell necrosis

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Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis

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Alcoholic fibrosis

Pericellular "chicken wire“ fibrosis

Centrolobular fibrosis

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• Diffuse involvement of the whole liver by fibrosis due to heptocellular injury (toxins, drugs, viruses), or deposition of metabolites or minerals (glycogen, copper)

• The normal liver architecture is diffusely replaced by regenerated nodules of liver cells, separated by bands of collagenous fibrosis

• Micronodular (yellow, fatty, enlarged >2 kg)• Macronodular (Brown, Non‐fatty, Shrunken <1 kg)

Cirrhosis

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Micronodular Cirrhosis(Laennec's cirrhosis or portal cirrhosis)

Diffuse nodularity of the surface induced by underlying scarring; average nodule size approx. 3mm

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Alcoholic Micronodular Cirrhosis

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Alcoholic Micronodular Cirrhosis

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Macronodular Cirrhosis(post‐necrotic cirrhosis)

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Macronodular Cirrhosis

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Macronodular Cirrhosis

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Relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and the likelihood of developing cirrhotic alcoholic liver disease

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Portal Hypertension

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Complications of Cirrhosis

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Hepatocellular carcinoma

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma Arising in Cirrhosis

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Pathogenetic pathways leading to progression of alcoholic liver disease

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Alcoholic liver disease as a complex trait

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Non alcoholic fatty liver disease

NAFLD ‐ fat accumulation in the liver exceeding 5‐10% by weight in subjects without significant alcohol consumption (<20 g/day, the equivalent of less than two or three glasses of wine per day) and without any other known causes of chronic liver disease.

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as fat accumulation in the liver, ranging from simple steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

• Affects 10 to 24% of the general population in various countries • 57% to 74% in obese persons • 2.6% of children • 22.5% to 52% of obese children 

Associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome

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Natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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Pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

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What you should know

• Understand the basic anatomical features of the liver and specifically the liver lobule.

• Be able to describe the major pathologies associated with alcoholic liver disease: fatty liver, acute alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma .

• Describe the symptoms associated with advanced cirrhosis.

• Outline the pathogenetic pathways leading to progression of alcoholic liver disease.

• Discuss the causes and pathologic features of non‐alcoholic liver disease

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Additional reading

1. Brunt EM. Pathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Apr;7(4):195‐203.

2. Altamirano J, Bataller R. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new targets for therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Aug 9;8(9):491‐501

3. Stickel F, Hampe J. Genetic determinants of alcoholic liver disease. Gut. 2012 Jan;61(1):150‐9