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Livestock as contributor to global warming and effectsof global warming

Muhammad Irfan

07-arid-1716DVM(5TH)

PMAS UNIVERSITY OF ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY

RAWALPINDI

FARRUKH

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Livestock & global warming

The animals whichcontribute to globalwarming are mainly;

Cattle

Buffalo

Sheep and goats.

Camel

Among these animalscattle are the maincontributer to globalwarming.

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Causes of global warming Livestock contribution to global warming is more than

transportation.

Livestock contribute to global warming through different wayslike..

By producing certain gases like methane,CO2,nitrousoxide,ammonia ect.

By producing a large amount of manure.

By the dead animals.

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Causes.. Mainly due to poor quality

forages which throw theirdigestive system out of balance.

Prevailing method of producingmeat,that is crowding animaltogether in factory farm.

Storing their waste in giantlagoon and cutting down forest

to grow crops to feed them. Missing of certain protein to

ruminants diets,can increasemethane production.

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Livestock's long shadowEnvironmental

Issues and Options A recently report from united nation.

According to report livestock productionworldwide is responsible for 18%greenhouse gas emission.

Vast cattle herd emit more nastygreenhouse gases than all kind oftransport.

Livestock sector accounts for 9% ofCO2,65% of nitrous oxide and 37% of

methane production. It also generates 64% of human related

ammonia.

These portion of global warming gases arecreated by bovine persistent

belching,flatulence and from by products.

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Greenhouse EffectSun

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Cont.. LS flatulence and manure emit more

than 1/3rd of methane which warm theworld 20 times more than CO2.

Cattle produce more than 100 otherpolluting gases,including 2/3rd of theworld emission of ammonia,one of themain cause of acidic rain.

LS use 30% of the earth landsurface,and more land is used fortheir feed production.

So forest clearing for LS pasture leadto deforestration,a major source ofglobal warming.

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Cont.. The report notes that contribution LS to global warming

will increase in coming years..

Because global meat production is projected to morethan double from 229 million ton from 1999/2000 to 456

million ton in 2050. So there is a need to reduce the meat consumption.

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Earth atmospheric gases

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrous oxide

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Methane Methane is a large component of livestock related

green house gas emissions. Methane is produced as a result of anaerobic

fermentation in the rumen and the hind-gut.Microbial enzymatic activity in the rumen (andsalivary enzymes), hydrolyses much of the dietaryorganic matter to amino acids and simple sugars.

As a contributor to global warming, methane(CH4) is second only to carbon dioxide, andaccounts for 16% of all greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions.

According to FAO, the world livestock populationin 2004 comprised of 1,365 million cattle 172million buffaloes 1,059.8 million sheep, 790 milliongoats and 943.8 million pigs. The estimated CH4emission from enteric fermentation is 17 30% ofglobal production.

These products are then anaerobically fermented

to volatile fatty acids (VFA), hydrogen and CO2.

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Methane

Methane has 21 times more global waming potential thanCO2.

In one day, a cow can emit pound of methane into the

air. Imagine 1.3 billion cattle each burping methaneseveral times per minute!

Dairy cows produces Methane 118 kg/year.

Emissions of methane and nitrous oxide contributesignificantly to total greenhouse gas emissions and

radiative forcing because each gas is more effective attrapping heat than CO2.

Nitrous oxide has been steadily increasing in concentrationsince pre-industrial times, however, the increase in themethane concentration in the atmosphere has beenslowing in recent years

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Methane is on the rise since 1750

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Carbon dioxideAs living organisms undergorespiration (the metabolism ofsugars to produce energy forbasic metabolic needs), or as

organisms die anddecompose, the carboncompounds are broken downand add CO2 to theatmosphere.

From fossils fuels.

It is a major threat for global

warming.

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This graph shows the increase of carbon dioxide in the air over the past

few centuries

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Nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse

gas, accounting for around6% of the heating effect ofgreenhouse gases in theatmosphere.

Nitrous oxide gas risen bymore than 15% since 1750.

Nitrous oxide also causesozone depletion.

A new study suggest that N2O

emission currently is thesingle most important ozone-depleting substance (ODS)emission and is expected toremain the largest throughoutthe 21st century.

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Nitrous Oxide has been on the rise since 1750

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Effects of Global Warming

More health concerns.

As temperatures increase towards the poles,similar to farmland, insects and other pestsmigrate towards Earth's poles.

These insects and pests could be allowed tomigrate up to 550 Km or 550 miles.

Some insects carry diseases such as malariaand dengue fever.

This could lead to 50 to 80 million additionalcases of Malaria annually, a 10-15% increase.

Physician Paul Epstein, of Harvard's School ofPublic Health, says "Climate change is alreadya factor in terms of the distributions of malaria,dengue fever, and cholera."

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Effects.. Most obvious health effect is directly from the

heat itself. With an increase in heat waves, there will be

more people who will suffer from heatstroke,heart attacks and other ailments aggravated bythe heat.

In July 1995, a heat wave killed more than 700people in the Chicago area alone."

Hot conditions could also cause smoke particlesand noxious gases to linger in the air andaccelerate chemical reactions that generate otherpollutants

This leads to an increase in risk of respiratorydiseases like bronchitis and asthma.

If this is happening already from heat, imaginewhat would occur in the future with globalwarming???

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Effects.. Global warming causes the oceans to warm and

expand, inducing a rise in sea level.

The rising waters could take away landinhabited by people, forcing them to move,likesituation in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh cannot afford to build barriers tohold back the sea, so people would have tomove inland, increasing the populations densityand leading to an increase in hunger anddisease.

They are a nation of 1190 islands with anaverage height of about 1.5 meters above sealevel.

If the sea level rises, more than 200,000 peoplewill have to abandon their homes.

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Ice Sheets Melting

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Wild life effects

Polar bear

Require pack ice to live.

Might eventually goextinct in the wild.

Sea turtle Breed on same island as

their birth.

Could go extinct on sameisland as beaches are

flooded. Other species may go

extinct as rainfall patternchanges.

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Solutions to reduced global

warming caused by animals Improve the diet of animals.

Livestock nutrition experts havedemonstrated that by making minorimprovements in animal diets (like providingnutrient-laden salt licks) they can cut enteric

methane by half. Other practices, like adding certain proteins

to ruminant diets, can reduce methaneproduction per unit of milk or meat by afactor of six.

Enteric methane emissions can also besubstantially reduced when cattle areregularly rotated onto fresh pastures.

Selecting forages and concentrates high innon fiber carbohydrates could

reduce methane emissions.

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Solutions..

Properly managing and disposing of theanimal manure.

Properly buried the dead animals.

Avoid the excessive feeding of animals.

Keep the high producer only.

Increasing productivity per cow will reducemethane emissions per kg of milk and totalfarm GHG emissions.

A lower culling rate will reduce farmmethane and total GHG emissions.

Diets with a high proportion of concentrates

that promote a high propionate Type of ruminal fermentation are conducive

to reducing ruminal methane production, butthe effect on total farm GHG emissions maybe less.

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References http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/1990_00_report/acknow_e.cfm http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/canada_2001_e.cfm Baker, S.K. 1995. Method for improving utilization of nutrients by

ruminant or ruminant like animal. International Patent, WO9511041. Abo-Omar, J.M. (1989). Methane losses by steers fed ionophores singly

or alternatively. PhD Thesis. Colorado State University. Fort Collins. Asanuma, N., Iwamoto, M. and Hino, T. (1999). Effect of the addition of fumerate on methane production by ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Carmean, B.R. (1991). Persistance of monensin effects in nutrient flux

in steers. M.S. Thesis. Colorodo State University. Fort Collins.

Boadi, D.A, K.M. Wittenberg and P.W. McCaughey. 2002b. Effect ofgrain supplementation on methane production of grazing steers using the sulfur hexaflouride

tracer gas technique.

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