Livestock Breeding and Veterinary DepartmentLivestock Breeding and Veterinary Department
Sustainable Breeding Schemes for Dairy Cattle in Myanmar
Dr. Khin Maung MaungDirector
Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department
IntroductionIntroductionSignificance of the Dairy Cattle Production
– Tremendous potential for dairy cattle development• Improvement of the dairy products consumption
– Replacement of the Dairy products importation– Self sufficient for the dairy products in the country– Improvement in
– Family income– Food security– Natural resource management
Structure of Market oriental dairy farming system– Small holder farming (1-20 cows)– Feeding on agriculture residue and by
products– Use of the cross breed dairy cattle– Sale of the most of the milk for income
generation– Artificial Insemination and natural bull
service– Lack of breeding program
Objective– To set up a sustainable breeding
scheme base on a young sire program to provide breeding bulls for Artificial Insemination (AI) and Natural Breeding (NB)
– Determination of the Nucleus size– Identification of factors affecting the
genetic response
Young sire program– Evaluation of bulls on the basis of their
ancestor performance• [Selection of the 100 super cows under 2000
recorded cows and breed them with superior bull frozen semen]
– Features:• Short generation interval (minimum 3 years)• Low accuracies
– Relatively high genetic response per year
• Simple and least expensive breeding scheme
Study sites:Study sites:• Dairy plays a significant role • Favorable access to livestock development service
and milk market.
– Yangon[estimated 5000 dairy cattle, base on the fresh milk market, ]
– Nay Pyi Taw[Dairy development zone, estimated 1000 dairy cattle
including small scale and intend to increase the dairy population as quick as possible]
– Mandalay (Mandalay dis., Kyaukse dis.,Myingyan dis.)[estimated 10000 dairy cattle, base on the condense milk
industry]• Meiktila [estimated 4000 dairy cattle, base on the condense milk
industry]– Sagaing (Monywa)
[estimated 1000 dairy cattle, base on the condense milk industry]
MethodologyMethodology
• Determination of the number of replacement bulls– Expected cow population in cross breeding scheme
(20,000)– Expected AI breeding scheme 25% of total– Expected NS breeding scheme 75% of total– Semen production for a bull: 3000 dose/year– Natural Breeding for a bull: 40 service /year– Number of bull needed per year
• Bull needed for AI: 3 bull/year (for frozen semen)• Bull needed for NB: 375 bull/year
– Useful life of bull• For AI: 2 years/bull• For NB: 3 years/bull
– AI technician needed• If 200 AI / technician/year
– 25 technician needed for 5000 dose AI
Replacement bull per year
AI: 2 bulls per year
NB: 126 bulls per year
• Determination of the number of bull motherFactor affecting the number of bull mother required
Factors Factors coefficient
Number of replacement bulls per year 2* / 126**
Sex ratio 1:1
Survival rate 75%
Conception rate (CR) 50%
Calving interval 1.5 years
Number of calving per cow 6
* AI , ** NB
Number of bull mothers required for the provision of breeding bulls
Scenario Number of bull mother
Survival rate 75%, 5 calving for AI 8 (100)
Survival rate 75%, 5 calving for NB 1000 (1500)
Breeding bull provisionBreeding bull provisionPurchasing of the breeding bulls from thepotential farms (under recording scheme)
– Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw, Mandalay, Meiktila, Sagaing (Monywa)• Sizable dairy cow population (2500)• Prevalent genotypes: 75-100% exotic• Management condition
– Zero grazing– Feeding of improve rice straw, oil seed meal
(cotton seed cake, sunflower cake, sesame cake, groundnut cake), locally available feed staff.
– Possible impacts on cows population
• Low grade cows (< 50% exotic genes)– Shift to milk production mainly through additive gene
action • Middle grade cows (50-75% exotic gene)
– Shift to milk production through additive gene action under good management condition
– [Genotype X Environment interaction]• High grade cows (>75% exotic gene)
– Maintain the high production under excellent management condition.
(if poor management: production will be lesser than the low grade cows)
– [Genotype X Environment interaction]
Target breeding scheme to high grade cows (>75% Target breeding scheme to high grade cows (>75%
exotic gene)exotic gene) ParametersParameters..... ..... Test bull (no) 6 no ( imported from Germany) Total breeding cows in the recording scheme under AI breeding
2000 numbers (various) age
numbers of cows for breeding with proven bull
100 cows (various age)
Numbers proven bull 4 (from Germany) Conception rate 50% Age of the puberty 2 yr Age of calving interval 1.5 yr Age at 1st calving 3 yr Survival rate calving to breeding 75% Survival rate breeding to breeding 90% sex ratio 1 : 1 Maximum calving 6 Maximum age of the cows 12 years Maximum age of bull 7 year
ParametersParameters........Expected targeted population 20,000 AI technician (150 AI / tech/year) 34 Bull use for AI dose 1 : 3000 Bull use for NB 1 : 25 Usage of AI 25% for year 3 to year 5 (35% for year 6 to year 8) Expected usage for NB 75% for year 3 to year 5 (35% for year 6 to year 8) Expected for AI for next 3 year 5000 / year Minimum need of Bull for AI 2 / year Expected NB for next 3 year 15000 / year Expected Bull need for NB 375 / year Drop out / year 20% Drop out from calf to 1st calving 25% Drop out from calving to next calving 10%
Use of Use of Male for Male for BreedingBreeding
Estimated cattle for Breeding
20,000 25% AI 75% NB
AI 5000 NB 15,000
Proven = 2 NB bull =375
Year 1
2000 (AI with imported 6 test bull semen)
100 super cows (AI with imported 4 proven bull semen)
Year 2
800 calving 400 ♂ - 400 ♀
80 calving 40♂ - 40♀ =>
100 super cows (AI with imported 4 proven bull semen)
Year 3 35 NB 75%
35 Bull --NB 20 ♂ -- 5♂ AI 80 calving 40♂ - 40♀ =>
100 super cows (AI with imported 4 proven bull semen)
Year 4 35 bull for NB (75%)
70 Bulls --NB Calving 20 ♂ -- 5♂ AI 80 calving 40♂ - 40♀ =>
Year 5 35 bull for NB (75- 95%)
105 Bulls --NB Calving Progeny test 2 proven bulls for frozen semen
Calving 20 ♂ 5♂ AI
Year 6 35 bull for NB (75-95%)
140 Bulls --NB Calving Progeny test 2 proven bulls for frozen semen
Calving
Year 7 35 bull for NB (75-95%)
175 Bulls --NB Calving Progeny test 2 proven bulls for frozen semen
Year 8 35 bull for NB (95%)
210 Bulls
Yearly Yearly upgradeupgraded Femaled Female
Year 1 2000 record breed with (6) Test bull
100 super cows breed with (4) proven bull
Year 2 (2000) 800 calving
(F1) 400 ♀ (50-75%)
80 calving 40♀ =>
100 super cows breed with (4) proven bull
Year 3 75%
720 calving
(F1) 360 ♀ (50-75%)
80 calving 40♀ =>
100 super cows breed with (4) proven bull
Year 4 75 – 85%
648 calving
(F1) 324 ♀ (50-75%)
300 calving (F2) 150 ♀ >75%
80 calving 40♀ =>
Year 5 (75- 95%)
583 calving
(F1) 291 ♀ (50-75%)
270 calving (F2) 135 ♀ >75%
Year 6 (75-95%)
524 calving
(F1) 262 ♀ (50-75%)
244 calving (F2) 122 ♀ >75%
Year 7 (75-95%)
442 calving
(F1) 221 ♀ (50-75%)
222 calving (F2) 111 ♀ >75%
Year 8 (75-95%)
(F1) 1858 (50-75%)
(F2) 518 >75%
Year 9 (75-95%)
Establishment of the local open nucleus based on the cow performance– Identification of superior cows to breed bull calves
• First step: Establishment of the suitable recording scheme and organize the potential farms
• Second step: Start the recording system by monitoring the LBVD staff • Third step: Continuous recording scheme essentially based on owner
(farmer) control
– Selection intensities for different nucleus sizes
Nucleus size
50 100 150
Expected proportion of bulls selected, %
9-19 14-28 28-56
Selection intensity ( i ) 1.16-0.69 1.6-1.16 1.8-1.42
Breeding Scheme OptimizationBreeding Scheme Optimization
Further strategies to improve genetic response
Strategies Expected effects
Management improvement -Higher survival rate- Lower calving interval
i +i +
Recording quality
-Systematic effects-Pedigree information-Recording frequency
r +
Optimal useful life of bulls -Replacement rate-Generation interval
i +, L –i -, L +
Optimal useful life of bull mothers
-Number of calving-Generation interval
i+, L-i-, L+
Genetic response =
Selection intensity i* accuracy r* genetic SD
generation interval (L)
ConclusionConclusion
• LBVD will control and supervise on the aspect of the genetic improvement base line and technical support– Extension of service activities to dairy production (health,
feeding, milk processing, breeding)• Dairy association (potential farmers group) seem to be on
adequate starting point for genetic improvement program• Establishment of the local breeding program should be
sustainable for long run• Increasing the nucleus size allow for higher selection
intensities. The optimum size, however, depend also on performance level and operation costs.
• Good management plays a crucial role for achieving satisfactory genetic response through the increase of selection intensity (higher survival rate, lower calving interval).
• An efficient recording system mainly based on farmers’ own recording is essential for the success of breeding program.– Training, active participation, women role in dairy production.
Cattle Cattle breeding breeding scheme in scheme in MyanmarMyanmar
Cattle Breeding Scheme (simplified) AI Breeding-
6 breeding male 2000 breeding female
4 Proven breeding male (import) 100 Super breeding female
40 male offspring
40 female offspring
20 male offspring (AI centre) 40 female spring
Selection
5 male for Test bull 38 Female breeding 20 males for NB 15 males for NB 2 female culling Small scale farm
1 year
1.5 year
Brief on Activities of Dairy Cattle Improvement Project
(TCP/MYA/3201)
1.Project StructureJointly conducted by the Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department and FAO
• Executing Agency: Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department
• Supporting Agency: FAO• Contribution: US$ 358,000• Period: January 2008 to December 2009
2.Objectives of the project• Training of trainers in dairy cattle feeding
and management (TOT training and demonstration)
• Establishment of a pilot performance recording scheme with modern analytical methods (identification of cows by milk yield, milk composition, low cost feeding trial)
• Assistance to rehabilitate the AI service (Provision of equipments and importation of frozen semen)
3.Expected outputsObjective 1:
• Feeding and management review
• Produce 10 trainers• Ration formulation with
low cost and locally available feedstuffs
• Develop training modules for outreach training
Objective 2:• Pilot recording scheme: 1000
cows in Yangon and 1000 cows in Mandalay
• Identify superior cows, inseminate and produce next generation bulls for AI service
• Develop feeding methods for more milk production based of performance recording
• Expension of performance recording
• Develop most appropriate levels of cross breeding
Objective 3:
• Functional AI centre to produce quality semen
• AI field service re-establish
4.Workplan• Phase 1. Diagnosis and
preparation (months 3)
• Phase 2. Implementation (months 9)
• Phase 3. Consolidation (months 10)
• Phase 4. Recommendation and Follow-up (months 2)
• Total : 24 months
Expert missions• Dr. Hans Wagnar (Lead Technical
Officer, FAO), 2-9-2008 to 12-9-2008• Dr. Leo Dempfle (International Genetic
Expert ), 2-9-2008 to 28-9-2008• Mr. Rene Sansoucy,( International
Consultant for Nutrition and Dairy Cattle Feeding), 22-4-2008 to 11-5-2008, 13-1-2009 to 9-2-2009
Activities of Dr. Hans Wagnar (Lead Technical Officer, FAO)• Training of trainers for
10 project workers in Yangon on performance recording of reporduction
• Recording procedure and computer operation in data analysis
• Visits to project farms in Yangon to carry out project activities
Activities of Dr. Leo Dempfle (International Genetic Expert )• Visits to project farms in
Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw, Meiktila, Mandalay to carry out project activities
• Training of trainers for 10 project workers in Mandalay on performance recording of reproduction
• Visit to conventional goat farms in Mandalay Area
Activities of Mr. Rene Sansoucy (International Dairy Feeding Expert) • Practice the Nutritional
article and practice the feeding
• Demonstration and practical dairy cattle feeding
• TOT Training for Dairy Feeding
• Visit to the project farms, discuss feeding practices
General Suggestion and Recommendations• Milk yield in project farms are low (Average
6 kg/head /day)• Open cows number is increased• Feeding strategy needs to be corrected• Farmers in Yangon only focus on milk
market not for improved breeding• Mandalay is great potential for dairy
development• Farmers in Meiktila are interested in
improved breeding but management is poor
• One participant from our country, Union of Myanmar
• attended – The 1st and 2nd FAO-APHCA/OIE Regional Workshop on Brucellosis diagnosis and Control with an Emphasis on Br.melitensis held in Chiangmai, during 20-23 Oct,2008 and Khon Kaen, Thailand during 8-11 June,2009 respectively
• Brought 2 vials of Rose Bengal (RB) Antigen produced by DLD of Thailand due to the financial support and collaboration of FAO-APHCA.
• These antigen are very useful and effective for Brucellosis survey
• Able to use as a standard antigen in compare with the RB antigen produced from our department LBVD, Myanmar.
BRUCELLOSIS
37
Thank You For Your Kind Thank You For Your Kind AttentionAttention
