Living in the EnvironmentS E C O N D C A N A D I A N E D I T I O N

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Brief Contents

Preface for Instructors xvi

How To Use This Text xxi

P A R T IV -SUSTAINING NATURAL RESOURCES

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Introduction: Learning Skills LS-1

PARJ 0HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY:AN OVERVIEWEnvironmental Problems: An Introductionand Overview 1

Environmental History: Learning fromthe Past 19

PART -11SCIENCE AND ECOLOGICALPRINCIPLESScience, Systems, Matter, and Energy 31Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do TheyWork? 55

Evolution and Biodiversity 87

Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity 103Aquatic Biodiversity 129 ^Community Ecology 147

Population Ecology 169Applying Population Ecology: The HumanPopulation 184

P A R T 000SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITYSustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing andProtecting Ecosystems 204Sustaining Biodiversity: The SpeciesApproach 237

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Food and Sou Resources 288

Water Resources 323Geology and Nonrenewable MineralResources 350Nonrenewable Energy Resources 369Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 402

PART ¥SUSTAINING ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY \Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health 435

Air Pollution 459

Climate Change and Ozone Loss 489Water Pollution 522 •

Pest Management 551Solid and Hazardous Waste 566Sustainable Cities 596

PART ¥0SUSTAINING HUMANSOCIETIESEconomics, Environment, and Sustainability 619Politics, Environment, and Sustainability 643

Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, andSustainability 665

Appendices A-1

Glossary CJ-1

Index 1-113 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity 266

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Preface for instructors xvi

How To Use This Text xxi

Introduction: Learning Skills LS-12-4 Environmental History of North America:

The Environmental Era (1960 to the Present)2-5 Where Do We Stand Now? 28

Spotlight: Traditional EcologicalKnowledge 29

26

1 Environmental Problems:An Introduction and Overview 1Case Study: Living in an Exponential Age 1

1-1 Living More Sustainably 2Connections: The Interdisciplinary Nature ofEnvironmental Science 2

Individuals Matter: Dr. David Suzuki 3

1-2 Population Growth, Economic Growth,Economic Development, and Globalization 4

1-3 Resources 6

Case Study: The Tragedy of the Commons-Degrading Free Renewable Resources j

Spotlight: A Tragedy of the Commons: TheCanada-Spain Turbot War 8

1-4 Pollution 9

1-5 Environmental and Resource Problems:Causes and Connections 9

1-6 Is Our Present Course Sustainable? 13

2 Environmental History:Learning from the Past 19Case Study: Near Extinction of North AmericanBison 19

2-1 Cultural Changes and the Environment 202-2 Environmental History of North America:

Pre-Columbian Peoples and the ColonialSettlement Era 23

2-3 Environmental History of North America:The Early Conservation Era (1832-1960) 24

SCIEMCE AMD ECOLOGICAL

3 Science, Systems, Matter,and Energy 31Case Study: Environmental Lessons fromEaster Island 31

3-1 The Nature of Science 323-2 Models and Behaviour of Systems 353-3 Matter 37

Individuals Matter: Ernest Rutherford: A CanadianConnection 38

3-4 Energy 43

3-5 The Law of Conservation of Matter: A Rule WeCannot Break 45

3-6 Nuclear Changes 473-7 Energy Laws: Two Rules We Cannot Break 493-8 Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental

Problems 51

4 Ecosystems: What Are Theyand How Do They Work? 55Case Study: Have You Thanked the InsectsToday? 55

4-1 The Nature of Ecology 56

Case Study: What Species Rule the World?Small Matters! 56

4-2 The Earth's Life-Support Systems 594-3 Ecosystem Components 614-4 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 664-5 Primary Productivity of Ecosystems 69

4-6 Soils 714-7 Matter Cycling in Ecosystems 73

4-8 How Do Ecologists Learn aboutEcosystems? 82

5 Evolution and Biodiversity 87 •Case Study: Earth: The Just-Right, ResilientPlanet 87

5-1 Origins of Life 885-2 Evolution and Adaptation 90

5-3 Ecological Niches and Adaptation 925-4 Speciation, Extinction, and Biodiversity 955-5 What Is the Future of Evolution? 98

6 Climate and TerrestrialBiodiversity 103Blowing in the Wind: A Storyof Connections 103

6-1 Weather: A Brief Introduction 1046-2 Climate: A Brief Introduction 1066-3 Biomes: Climate and Life on Land 1126-4 Desert Biomes 113

6-5 Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes 1176-6 Forest Biomes 121

Spotlight: The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest 1256-7 Mountain Biomes 126

7 Aquatic Biodiversity 129Case Study: Why Should We Care about CoralReefs? 129

7-1 Aquatic Environments 1307-2 Saltwater Life Zones 1327-3 Freshwater Life Zones 139

8 Community Ecology 147Case Study: Flying Foxes: Keystone Speciesin Tropical Forests 147

8-1 Community Structure and SpeciesDiversity 148

8-2 Types of Species 150

Case Study: Why Are Amphibians Vanishing?Warnings from Frogs 151Connections: Why Should We Care aboutBeavers? 153*

8-3 Species Interactions: Competition andPredation 154

Case Study: Why Are Sharks ImportantSpecies? Culling the Oceans and HelpingImprove Human Health 156

The Gradient of Human InftueFootprint

Value 0 1 10 30 40 60 80 100

The human footprint on the Earth's land surface (Data from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Center forInternational Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University [CIESIN]. Reprinted by permission.)

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D D

11 Sustaining Terrestrial

Tree plantation

8-4 Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism,and Commensalism 159

8-5 Ecological Succession: Communitiesin Transition 161

8-6 Ecological Stability, Complexity, andSustainability 164

9 Population Ecology 169Case Study: Whooping Cranes: Back fromthe Brink of Extinction 169

9-1 Population Dynamics and CarryingCapacity 170

9-2 Reproductive Patterns and Survival 175

9-3 Effects of Genetic Variations on PopulationSize 177

9-4 Human Impacts on Natural Systems: TakingStock 178Connections: Ecological Surprises 181

10 Applying Population Ecology:The Human Population 184Case Study: Slowing Population Growthin Thailand: A Success Story 184

10-1 Factors Affecting Human PopulationSize 185

10-2 Population Age Structure 19110-3 Solutions: Influencing Population

Size 195

Case Study: Family Planning in Iran:A Success Story 198

10-4 Case Studies: India.and China 199

10-5 Cutting Global Population Growth 200

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11-4

11-5

Protecting Ecosystems 204Case Study: Wolves in a Modern World 204Human Impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity 205

11-2 Conservation Biology 20711-3 Public Lands in Canada 207

Managing and Sustaining Forests 208Forest Resources and Managementin Canada 215

11-6 Tropical Deforestation 21911-7 National Parks 222

Case Study: National Parks and MarineConservation Areas in Canada 222

Purple loosestrife is an invasive plant spreading in wetlands

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11-8 Nature Reserves 224Case Study: Other Lands That ProtectCanadian Biodiversity 225Spotlight: Endangered Spaces 227

Case Study: What Has Costa Rica Done toProtect Some of Its Land from Degradation?A Global Conservation Leader 227

Case Study: Are Ontario's TurtlesDoomed? 230

11-9 Ecological Restoration 232

Case Study: Ecological Restoration v

of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica 23311-10 What Can We Do? 233

12 Sustaining Biodiversity:The Species Approach 237Case Study: The Passenger Pigeon:Gone Forever 237

12-1 Species Extinction 238

12-2 Importance of Wild Species 241

Case Study: Why Should We Care about Bats?Ecological Allies 241

12-3 Extinction Threats from Habitat Lossand Degradation 242

Connections: Biophilia 243

Case Study: How Do Human ActivitiesAffect Bird Species? A Disturbing Messagefrom the Birds 244

12-4 Extinction Threats from Normative Species 244

Case Study: A Plant Introduction withUnintended Consequences 245

Case Study: Exploding DeeriPopulations 24612-5 Extinction Threats from Poaching

and Hunting 246

Case Study: The Rising Demand forBushmeat in Africa: Hungry People Tryingto Survive 247

12-6 Other Extinction Threats 24712-7 Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal

Approach 249

12-8 COSEWIC's Five Risk Categories: Some Cana-dian Examples 252

Case Study: Research on Endangered SpottedTurtles 253

12-9 Protecting Wild Species: The SanctuaryApproach 257

12-10 Reconciliation Ecology 259

Case Study: Using Reconciliation Ecologyto Protect Bluebirds 260

Spotted turtles are declining throughout much of their range

13 Sustaining AquaticBiodiversity 266Case Study: A Biological Roller Coaster Ridein Lake Victoria 266

13-1 An Overview of Aquatic Biodiversity 267

13-2 Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity 269

Coral reef sanctuary, Tortugas Marine Ecological Reserve,Florida Keys

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13-3 Protecting and Sustaining MarineBiodiversity 272

Individuals Matter: Killing Invader Speciesand Saving Shipping Companies Money 272

Case Study: Should Commercial Whaling BeResumed? An Ongoing Controversy 274

Case Study: Near Extinction of the BlueWhale: Big Species Are Easy to Kill 275

13-4 Managing and Sustaining the World's MarineFisheries 276

Case Study: Management Gone Wrong:Cod on the Grand Banks 277

Case Study: Managing West Coast Salmon:A Complicated Issue 278

13-5 Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakesand Rivers 281

Case Study: Can the Great Lakes SurviveRepeated Invasions by Invasive Species?They Keep Coming 281

Case Study: Managing a FreshwaterFishery 282

13-6 Protecting, Sustaining, and RestoringWetlands 283

Case Study: The Sackville WaterfowlPark 284

13-7 Checking Our Progressat Sustaining Biodiversity 284

W

RESOURCES

14 Food and Soil Resources 288Case Study: Organic Farming: A GrowingTrend 288

14-1 How Is Food Produced? 28914-2 Producing Food by Green Revolution

and Traditional Techniques 292

Hawaiian monk seal's mouth caught in plastic

Case Study: The United States: AgribusinessGiant 294Individuals Matter: Low-Tech SustainableAgriculture in Africa 295

14-3 Soil Erosion and Degradation 296

Case Study: Soil Erosion in Canada 296

Case Study: Environmental Lessons Learnedfrom the Dust Bowl 297

14-4 Soil Conservation 299

Case Study: Soil Conservation on PrinceEdward Island 300

14-5 Food Production, Nutrition, andEnvironmental Effects 302

Case Study: Can China's Population Be Fed?A Precarious Situation 305

14-6 Increasing Crop Production 307

14-7 Producing More Meat 310Connections: Some Environmental and HealthConsequences of Meat Production 311

14-8 Catching and Raising More Fish andShellfish 313

14-9 Sustainable Agriculture 318

14-10 Checking Our Progress atEradicating Hunger 320

15 Water Resources 323Case Study: Water Conflicts in the MiddleEast 323

15-1 Water's Importance and UniqueProperties 324

15-2 Supply, Renewal, and Use of WaterResources 325

Case Study: Water Resources inCanada—Abundant But NotProblem-Free 328Spotlight: The Great Lakes WaterSupply 331

15-3 Too Little Water 331

15-4 Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply MoreWater 333

Case Study: China's Three Gorges Dam—AControversial Project 335

15-5 Transferring Water from One Place toAnother 336

Case Study: The Aral Sea Disaster—A GlaringExample of Unintended Consequences 336Spotlight: Should Canada Sell water to the UnitedStates? 337

15-6 Tapping Groundwater, Converting Saltwater -to Fresh Water, Seeding Clouds, and TowingIcebergs and Big Baggies 337

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Organic produce from a certified farm

Minimum till methods sow seeds into the ground on thisPEI farm without exposing the soil to erosion

15-7 Reducing Water Waste 34115-8 Too Much Water 344

Case Study: Living on Floodplains inBangladesh—Danger for the Poor 345

15-9 A More Sustainable Water Future 346

15-10 Checking Our Progress at EnsuringEnvironmental Sustainability 347

16 Geology and NonrenewableMineral Resources 350Case Study: Diamonds of the North 350

16-1 Geologic Processes 35116-2 Internal and External Geologic Processes 351

16-3 Natural Geologic Hazards: Earthquakesand Volcanic Eruptions 354

16-4 Minerals, Rocks, and the Rock Cycle 356

16-5 Finding, Removing, and ProcessingNonrenewable Mineral Resources 358

16-6 Environmental Effects of Using MineralResources 359

16-7 Supplies of Mineral Resources 362

17 BSSonrenewable EnergyResources 369Case Study: Bitter Lessons fromChernobyl 369

17-1 Evaluating Energy Resources 370

17-2 Oil 374

Case Study: How Much Oil Do Canadaand the United States Have? Have andHave-Not 376Spotlight: The Hibernia Oil Field 379 -

Case Study: Why Has the Arctic SuddenlyGained World Attention? New Potential for Oiland Gas Discovery 379Spotlight: Environmental Impacts ofMining and Processing Oil Sands 383

17-3 Natural Gas 384

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17-4 Coal 38617-5 Nuclear Energy 388

Case Study: Deep Disposal of High-LevelNuclear Wastes 395

18 Energy Efficiency and RenewableEnergy 402Case Study: The Coming Energy-Efficiencyand Renewable-Energy Revolution 402

18-1 The Importance of Improving EnergyEfficiency 403

18-2 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency 40518-3 Using Renewable Energy to Provide

Heat and Electricity 412

18-4 Producing Electricity from the Water Cycle 41618-5 Producing Electricity from Wind 41718-6 Producing Energy from Biomass 421

Spotlight: Producing Ethanal from Sugarcanein Brazil 424

18-7 Geothermal Energy 42518-8 Hydrogen 426

Spotlight: Producing Hydrogen from Green AlgaeFound in Pond Scum 428

18-9 Entering the Age of DecentralizedMicropower 429

18-10 A Sustainable Energy Strategy 429

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19 Risk, Toxicology, and HumanHealth 435Case Study: The Big Killer 435

19-1 Risk, Probability, and Hazards 43619-2 Toxicology: Assessing Chemical Hazards 43619-3 Chemical Hazards 441

Case Study: Are Hormonally Active Agents aHuman Health Threat? Serious Concern ButInconclusive Evidence 443

19-4 Biological Hazards: Disease in Developedand Developing Countries 445

Case Study: Are We Losing Ground in OurStruggle against Infectious Bacteria? GrowingGerm Resistance to Antibiotics 447

Case Study: The Global TuberculosisEpidemic—A Potential Threat 447

Case Study: How Serious Is the GlobalThreat from HIV and AIDS? A RapidlyGrowing Health Threat 449

Case Study: Malaria: A Deadly ParasiticDisease That Is Making a Comeback 450

19-5 Risk Analysis 45219-6 Checking Our Progress at Combating

HIV /AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases 455

20 Air Pollution 459Case Study: When Is a Lichen Like aCanary? 459

20-1 Structure and Science of the Atmosphere 46020-2 Outdoor Air Pollution 461

Spotlight: Air Pollution in the Past: The BadOld Days 463

Case Study: Air Quality in Ontario 46520-3 Photochemical and Industrial Smog 465

Case Study: South Asia's Massive BrownCloud—Choking in China and India 470

20-4 Air Pollution from Acid Deposition 471

Case Study: Transforming Sudbury from Blackto Green 475

20-5 Indoor Air Pollution 478

Case Study: Are You Being Exposed toRadioactive Radon Gas? Test the Air in YourHouse 479

20-6 Effects of Air Pollution on Living Organismsand Materials 480

Case Study: Should We Use the Marketplaceto Reduce Pollution? Emissions Trading 481

Case Study: Transboundary Air Pollution 484

21 Climate Change andOzone Loss 489Case Study: Heating Up the Arctic 489

21-1 Past Climate Change 49021-2 The Earth's Natural Greenhouse Effect 49221-3 Climate Change and Human Activities 493

Case Study: Warning Signals from theEarth's Ice and Snow: Meltdowns AreUnderway 494

21-4 Projecting Future Changes in the Earth'sTemperature 496

21-5 Factors Affecting the Earth's Temperature 50021-6 Possible Effects of a Warmer World 50321-7 Dealing with the Threat of Global Warming 50521-8 What Is Being Done to Reduce Greenhouse

Gas Emissions? 50921-9 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 512

Connections: UV Light in Your Life 51721-10 Protecting the Ozone Layer 517

21-11 Checking Our Progress at EnsuringEnvironmental Sustainability 518

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The crab spider: harmless to humans, deadly to pests The Love Canal housing development near Niagara Falls,New York

22 Water Pollution 522Case Study: The Effects of Pollution onBiological Signals 522

22-1 Types, Effects, and Sources of Water Pollution 52322-2 Pollution of Freshwater Streams 527

Case Study: India's Ganges River: Religion,Poverty, and Health 529

22-3 Pollution of Freshwater Lakes 529

Case Study: Canada's Experimental LakesArea—A Success Story 531

Case Study: Pollution in the Great Lakes-Hopeful Progress 532

22-4 Pollution of Groundwater 53422-5 Ocean Pollution 537

22-6 Preventing and Reducing Surface WaterPollution 540

Spotlight: National Sewage\Report Card 543

Individuals Matter: Dr. John Todd and NancyJack Todd 545

22-7 Drinking Water Quality 546

23 Pest Management 551Case Study: Along Came a Spider—BiologicalPest Control 551

23-1 Pesticides: Types and Uses 552

Spotlight: Unintended Consequencesof DDT 554

23-2 The Case for Pesticides 55423-3 The Case against Pesticides 555

Connections: What Goes Around Can ComeAround 557

Case Study: How Successful Have PesticidesBeen in Reducing Crop Losses? BarelyHolding the Line 557

23-4 Pesticide Regulation 557

23-5 Alternatives to Conventional ChemicalPesticides 558Spotlight: Ecological Cultivation Practices 559

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24-3

24-4

24-5

Solid and Hazardous Waste 566Case Study: The Sydney Tar Ponds-A ToxicLegacy 566\

24-1 Wasting Resources 567

Case Study: Waste Production in NorthAmerica 567Producing Less Waste 569Industrial Ecology and Selling Services Insteadof Things 571Reuse 573

Individuals Matter: Ray Anderson 573

Recycling 574

Case Study: How Much Wastepaper Is BeingRecycled? Encouraging News 576

Case Study: Is It Feasible to Recycle Plastics?Some Problems 577

24-6 Burning and Burying Solid Waste 579

24-7 Hazardous Waste 582

Case Study: A Black Day in Bhopal, India 58324-8 Case Studies: Lead, Mercury, and Dioxins 588

24-9 Achieving a Low-Waste Society 591Spotlight: Hazardous Waste Regulation inCanada 591

25 Sustainable Cities 596Case Study: The Ecocity Concept in Curitiba,Brazil 596

25-1 Urbanization and Urban Growth 597

25-2 Urban Resource and EnvironmentalProblems 600

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Case Study: What Are the Advantages ofUrbanization? Concentrating People Helps 600

Case Study: What Are the Disadvantages ofUrbanization? Concentrating People Has SomeHarmful Effects 601

Case Study: How Do the Urban Poor inDeveloping Countries Live—Living on theEdge with Ingenuity and Hope 603

25-3 Transportation and Urban Development 604Connections: How Can Reducing Crime Help theEnvironment? 604

Case Study: Mass Transit in the UnitedStates—Destroying a Great System 609

25-4 Urban Land-Use Planning and Control 609

Case Study: How Is New Urbanism CreatingMore Livable Spaces? Returning to TraditionalNeighbourhood Development 612

25-5 Making Urban Areas More Livableand Sustainable 613Spotlight: Vancouver: A Showcase for UrbanRenewal 614

Case Study: North Bay, Ontario—Reclaimingthe Rail Yards 614

25-6 Checking Our Progress at Ensuring Environ-mental Sustainability 615

26-1 Economic Resources and Systems 62026-2 Economists' Views of Pollution Control

and Resource Management 622

Case Study: What Is Cost-Benefit Analysis,and How Can It Be Improved? Weighing Costsand Benefits to Make Choices 625

26-3 Monitoring Environmental Progress 626

26-4 Harmful External Costs and Full-CostPricing 628

26-5 Ways to Improve Environmental Qualityand Shift to Full-Cost Pricing 629

26-6 Reducing Poverty to Improve EnvironmentalQuality and Human Weil-Being 633

Case Study: What Is the Role of the WorldBank in Economic Development? ControversyOver Big Loans 634

26-7 Making the Transition to More EnvironmentallySustainable Economies 635

' Solutions: Microloans to the Poor 636

Case.Study: How Are Germany and theNetherlands Working to Achieve MoreEnvironmentally Sustainable Economies?Leading the Way 637

26-8 Checking Our Progress atEradicating Poverty 639

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26 Economics, Environment,and Sustainability 619Case Study: How Important Are NaturalResources? 619

27 Politics, Environment, andSustainability, 643Case Study: Ontario's EnvironmentalWatchdog 643

27-1 Environmental and Political Challenges forThis Century 644

27-2 Dealing with Environmental Problemsin Democracies 645

1906Population: 116 000

1955Population: 298 000

2000Population: 787 000

D Urban areas

The growth of urban sprawl in and around Ottawa. (From "2020 VISION" by Steven Fick andElizabeth Shilts, May/June issue of CanadianGeographic, pp. 42-43, 2006. Reproduced with permission fromCanadian Geographic, http://www.canadiangeographic.ca)

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27-3 Developing, Influencing, and ImplementingEnvironmental Policy 645

Case Study: What Is EnvironmentalLeadership? An Option for Each of Us 646

27-4 Environmental Law 650

Case Study: What Are Some MajorEnvironmental Laws in Canada? 651

27-5 Environmental Groups and TheirOpponents 653

Case Study: Environmental Action byStudents—Making a Difference 655Spotlight: Earth Hour—A Statement to v

Politicians 655

Individuals Matter: Environmental Careers 656

Solutions: How Can We Improve EnvironmentalLaws and Regulations? Time for a Checkup 657

27-6 Global Environmental Policy 657Individuals Matter: Severn Cullis-Suzuki 660

27-7 Checking Our Progress at Creating a GlobalPartnership for Development 661

28 Environmental Worldviews, Ethics,and Sustainabiloty 665Case Study: Biosphere 2: A Lesson inHumility 665

28-1 Environmental Worldviews in IndustrialSocieties 666

28-2 Life-Centred and Earth-Centred EnvironmentalWorldviews 668Individuals Matter: Aldo Leopold 670

28-3 Living More Sustainably 672

Spotlight: What Are Our Basic Needs? 674

Appendices A-1

4 <a - 1

Index 0-1