Living Near the Dead. The barrow excavations of Rhenen-Elst: Two millennia of burial and habitation...

7/23/2019 Living Near the Dead. The barrow excavations of Rhenen-Elst: Two millennia of burial and habitation on the Utrec

1/184


2/184

[dmnstlhn YrnssO hnw bn hnrotdlh lj Yu`gd sfdhb

Tlu orn rnomdhb o jugg vnrsdlh lj tfds `llc, jlr jrnn!

]fds `llc ds port lj tfn [dmnstlhn n-gd`rory wfnrn alst lj lur

pu`gdkotdlhs orn juggy okknssd`gn jlr jrnn. Jlr okknss tl alrn

jrnn `llcs vdsdt5 www.sdmnstlhn.kla/gd`rory

Mlwhglom Jugg YMJ

Zdsdt tfn [dmnstlhn n-gd`rory tl `rlwsn lur n-`llcs. Jlr o adhdaog

jnn ylu koh purkfosn o juggy juhktdlhog YMJ ohm `y mldhb sl, ylu

fngp tl cnnp lur gd`rory ruhhdhb.

www.sdmnstlhn.kla/gd`rory


3/184

[dmnstlhn Yrnss

GDZDHB HNOP ]FN MNOM


4/184


5/184

GDZDHB HNOP ]FN MNOM]FN@OPPLR NVKOZO]DLH[LJ PFNHNH-NG[]5 ]RL ADGGNHHDO

LJ @^PDOG OHM FO@D]O]DLH LH ]FN ^]PNKF][N FN^ZNGP^B

n mdtn m `y M o v dm J l h td e h


6/184

09?9 Ohknstrog Aluhms Yrlenkt, Gndmnh ^hdvnrsdty

Yu`gdsfnm y [dmnstlhn Yrnss, Gndmnhwww.sdmnstlhn.kla[dmnstlhn rnbdstrotdlh hua`nr5 [[Y:966999?

D[@H 426-49-6649-9>>-:Yfltlbropfs klvnr5Klvnr mnsdbh5 C. Rnhtdhc, [dmnstlhn YrnssGoy-lut5 Y.K. voh Rlnrmncla, [dmnstlhn Yrnss


7/184

Klhtnhts

Yrnjokn5 wfy tfds `llc< ??

M. Jlhtdeh

? Dhtrlmuktdlh Yrl`gna ohm rnsnorkf odas ?;

M. Jlhtdeh

?.? @orrlw gohmskopns lh tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbns dh tfn slutfnrh port lj tfnKnhtrog Hntfnrgohms ?=

?.0 fn sdbhdjdkohkn lj tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub ?>

?.; @orrlw gohmskopns lj Ngst-Pfnhnh5 o prladsdhb rnsnorkf orno ?6

?.= fn Ngstnr`nrbòrrlw kgustnr5 oh uhusuog brlup lj òrrlws< ?4

?.> Pnsnorkf qunstdlhs ohm rnoslhs jlr sngnktdhb tfn ^hdtos ? ohm Mngjdh ?49aluhms jlr rnsnorkf 00

?.: Bnhnrog kforoktnrdst dks lj tfn rnsnorkf orno 0=?.:.? Bnlglby ohm sldgs 0=?.:.0 Klhkdsn fdstlry lj tfn orno 0>

?.2 Lrbohdzotdlh lj tfds `llc 02

0 @urdog aluhm ^hdtos ?5 oh Norgy @rlhzn Obn òrrlw wdtf trokns lj Drlh

Obn oktdvdtdns 04

_. @lurbnlds, M. Jlhtdeh

0.? Dhtrlmuktdlh 04

0.0 Nhvdrlhanhtog snttdhb, glkog bnlglby ohm sldgs 04

0.; [totn lj prnsnrvotdlh `njlrn tfn 099: nxkovotdlh ;9

0.= Norgdnr Pnsnorkf ;?0.=.? fn ORH-nxkovotdlh lj ?42? ;?

0.=.0 fn Ylt @nocnr dh tfn vdkdhdty lj tfn aluhm ;0

0.> Nxkovotdlh strotnby lj tfn 099: nxkovotdlh ;00.>.? Pnoslhs jlr nxkovotdhb o saogg quomroht ;0

0.>.0 Pnoslhs jlr nxkovotdhb dh or`dtrory flrdzlhtog gnvngs ;=

0.>.; [dnvdhb lj aluhm klhstruktdlh aotnrdog ;:

0.: Aluhm strotdbropfy ;:

0.2 Jnoturns ohm osslkdotnm jdhms ;60.2.? Bnhnrog5 rnomo`dgdty lj jnoturns ;60.2.0 rokns lj tfn ORH-nxkovotdlh trnhkf ohm o rnknht mdtkf ;60.2.; Drlh Obn mdtkf ([?4) =9

0.2.= rokns lj o plst ogdbhanht =;0.2.> Aluhm klhstruktdlh =;0.2.: Dapgdkotdlhs lj tfn jdhm lj @or`nm Rdrn plttnry =>0.2.2 Dapgdkotdlhs lj tfn jdhm lj twl Ylt @nocnr sfnrms =:

0.2.6 [0?5 hoturog lr ohtfrlplbnhdk< =:

0.6 Klhkgusdlhs =2


8/184

; Aluhm Mngjdh ?495 O Admmgn @rlhzn Obn òrrlw ùdgt lvnr tfn trokns lj o

Admmgn @rlhzn Obn O snttgnanht sdtn =4

M. Jlhtdeh, _. @lurbnlds, K. voh mnr Gdhmn

;.? Dhtrlmuktdlh =4

;.0 Nhvdrlhanhtog snttdhb, glkog bnlglby ohm sldgs >9;.; [totn lj prnsnrvotdlh `njlrn tfn 099: nxkovotdlh >?

;.= Norgdnr rnsnorkf >?;.=.? fn ORH nxkovotdlh lj ?42? >?

;.=.0 As Mngjdhs stroy jdhms dh ohm orluhm tfn aluhm >;

;.> Nxkovotdlh strotnby lj tfn 099: jdngmwlrc >=

;.: Aluhm strotdbropfy ohm nxkovotdlh omadhdstrotdlh lj aluhm igoynrsohm jdhms >4

;.2 Jnoturns ohm osslkdotnm jdhms :9

;.2.? Bnhnrog5 rnomo`dgdty lj jnoturns :9;.2.0 Oh urhnm krnaotdlh ùrdog mub dhtl tfn aluhm :?;.2.; Ltfnr pdts mub dhtl tfn aluhms surjokn :;;.2.= Aluhm klhstruktdlh :=

;.2.> O pnrdpfnrog mdtkf ([= ohm [4) :=;.2.: Jnoturns uhmnrhnotf tfn aluhm ::

;.6 Klhkgusdlh :4

= Jdhms jrla tfn ^hdtos ? aluhm ohm dts surrluhmdhbs 2;

_. @lurbnlds, M. Jlhtdeh, O. Gluwnh, Y. Zognhtdeh, C. Rnhtdhc

=.? Jdhms rnklvnrm jrla tfn aluhm 2;=.?.? Jdhms jrla gnvng ? ohm 05 Drlh Obn/Plaoh Ynrdlm plttnry ohm oh

uhdmnhtdjdnm sfnrm 2;=.?.0 dhy Drlh Obn/Plaoh Ynrdlm sfnrms, jgdht jgocns ohm kforklog jrla

gnvng ; 2=

=.?.; Drlh Obn/Plaoh Ynrdlm plttnry ottrdùto`gn tl tfn jdgg lj mdtkf [?4 2>=.?.= Drlh Obn sfnrms jrla tfn òkcjdgg lj tfn ORH trnhkf 2:=.?.> Klhkgusdlh 2:

=.0. Ylttnry ohm tnpfrdtn jrobanhts jrla tfn jdgg lj mdtkf [?4 22

=.; [fnrms lj @or`nm Rdrn plttnry jluhm ot tfn prnfdstlrdk surjokn uhmnrhnotftfn aluhm 26

=.;.? fn ORH jdhms 26=.;.0 fn 099: jdhm 24=.;.; Mdskussdlh 24

=.= fn Ylt @nocnr sfnrms 69=.=.? O Ylt @nocnr sfnrm jrla tfn 099: nxkovotdlh 69=.=.0 O Ylt @nocnr sfnrm jrla tfn ?42? trnhkf 6?

=.> Jdhms wdtflut kgnor klhtnxt 6?

=.>.? Oh uhprlvnhohknm jdhm jrla tfn 099: nxkovotdlh 6?

=.>.0 Yrn-nxkovotdlh jlltpotf jdhms 6?=.>.; Yrn-nxkovotdlh jdhms jrla o pglubfnm jdngm tl tfn slutf lj tfn aluhm 60


9/184

=.: O Ylt @nocnr mnplsdtnm dh tfn surrluhmdhbs lj tfn aluhm 6;

=.:.? Mnskrdptdlh 6;=.:.0 yplglby ohm motdhb 6>=.:.; Ds tfnrn o rngotdlh `ntwnnh tfds Ylt @nocnr jdhm ohm tfn òrrlw< 6>

=.2 Jdhms jrla tfn hnor`y aluhm ^hdtos ; ohm ^hdtos > 62

=.6 Klhkgusdlh 64

> Jdhms jrla tfn Mngjdh ?49-aluhm ohm dts surrluhmdhbs 4?

_. @lurbnlds, M. Jlhtdeh, O. Gluwnh, Y. Zognhtdeh, C. Rnhtdhc

>.? Jdhms jrla tfn tlp goynrs lj tfn aluhm 4?

>.?.? Jgdht 40>.?.0 Ylttnry sfnrms jrla tfn Drlh Obn lr Plaoh Ynrdlm 40

>.0 fn urh lj krnaotdlh brovn [> 40

>.; Jdhms rnklvnrnm jrla tfn aluhm 4=

>.;.? Jgdht ohm stlhn 4=>.;.0 [fnrms motdhb tl tfn Admmgn @rlhzn Obn ohm lhn uhdmnhtdjdnm sfnrm 4=>.;.; Gotn @rlhzn Obn, Drlh Obn/Plaoh Ynrdlm sfnrms 4>

>.;.= Dhtnrprntotdlh lj jdhms rnklvnrnm jrla tfn aluhm 4>

>.= Jdhms jrla tfn pnrdpfnrog mdtkf jdgg [4 4:

>.> Admmgn @rlhzn Obn-O jdhms jrla jnoturns uhmnrhnotf tfn aluhm 4:>.>.? O jgdht òr`nm-ohm-tohbnm orrlwfnom jrla [?: 4:>.>.0 Admmgn @rlhzn Obn-Fdgvnrsua plttnry, jgdht ohm stlhns jrla

plstflgn [: 4:>.>.; Admmgn @rlhzn Obn plttnry ohm stlhns jrla pdt [2 46>.>.= Admmgn @rlhzn Obn plttnry, jgdht ohm stlhns jrla pdt [?? 44>.>.> Admmgn @rlhzn Obn plttnry jrla pdt [?> 44>.>.: Mdskussdlh 44

>.: Ylt @nocnr sfnrms jluhm murdhb tfn ORH nxkovotdlh ?99

>.2 [troy jdhms orluhm tfn aluhm ?99

>.2.? Jgdht ortnjokts jrla tfn sohm potf tl tfn wnst lj tfn òrrlw ?99>.2.0 O Ylt @nocnr sfnrm ?9?>.2.; Admmgn @rlhzn Obn, Drlh Obn/Plaoh Ynrdlm sfnrms jluhm murdhb tfn

sohm nxtroktdlh dh ?46; ?9?

>.2.= Drlh Obn lr Plaoh Ynrdlm jdhms go`ngnm Brojfnuvng ?49 ?90>.2.> Drlh Obn lr Plaoh Ynrdlm jdhms ;4N-?;0 ?90>.2.: Admmgn @rlhzn Obn sfnrms go`ngnm ;4 N vlhmsthr 9;?-coplttn

brojfnuvng ?90>.2.2 Drlh Obn ohm Admmgn @rlhzn Obn sfnrms jrla o hlrtfnrh glkotdlh ?9;>.2.6 Oh Drlh Obn/Plaoh Ynrdlm sfnrm ohm o jrobanht lj o Go hn bgoss

`rokngnt jrla tfn Rnstnrgooh ?9;

>.6 Klhkgusdlh ?9=


10/184

: Ylggnh ohogysds ?92

K. @ocngs

:.? Dhtrlmuktdlh ?92

:.0 Aotnrdogs ohm antflms ?92

:.; Pnsugt ?96

:.= Klhkgusdlh ?96

2 @orrlw prlspnktdlh `y fohm sldg oubnr ohm mdbdtog pnhntrlglbbnr oh

nxpnrdanht ?94

N.A. fnuhdssnh, O. Aggnr

2.? Dhtrlmuktdlh ?94

2.0 ^sdhb tfn pnhntrlglbbnr ohm klrdhbs os antflm lj prlspnktdlh ?942.0.? Ynhntrlglbbnr prlspnktdlh ?94

2.0.0 Klrdhb ??9

2.; fn jdngmwlrc5 antflm, usnm nqudpanht ohm krdtnrdo ??9

2.= fn rnsugts ??02.=.? @orrlw ^hdtos ? ??02.=.0 @orrlw Mngjdh ?49 ??2

2.> Klapordslh lj tfn rnsugts ??2

Bnhnrog ??2[pnkdjdk ??6

6O mdstur`nm Drlh Obn òrrlw ot Pfnhnh Ngstnr`nrb (^hdtos =) ??4

[. Orhlgmussnh, E.-R. mn Clrt

6.? Dhtrlmuktdlh ??4

6.0 Mnskrdptdlh lj tfn aluhm ohm dts mdsturòhkns ??4

6.; fn jdngmwlrc ?00

6.= Jdhms5 mnskrdptdlh lj tfn plttnry ?0=

6.> Motdhb lj tfn jdhms ?02

6.: O (Admmgn tl Gotn) Drlh Obn òrrlw< Oh dhtnrprntotdlh ?06

4 ]fn Ngstnr`nrbòrrlws5 Gdvdhb hnor tfn mnom< ?;?

M. Jlhtdeh

4.? fn oppgdkotdlh lj hnw prlspnktdvn ohm nxkovotdlh antflms ?;?4.?.? ^sdhb klrdhbs tl prlspnkt tfn aluhm ?;?

4.?.0 ^sdhb tfn pnhntrlglbbnr tl rnklbhdzn ohtfrlplbnhdk aluhms ?;04.?.; fn sdnvdhb nxpnrdanht ?;04.?.= Nxkovotdlh lj tfn aluhm dh ortdjdkdog flrdzlhtog gnvngs ?;;4.?.> ^sdhb o antogmntnktlr tl jdhm ltfnr aotnrdogs tfoh antog lhns ?;;

4.?.: fn pogdapsnst kforoktnr lj ùrdog aluhms ?;=

4.0 Pnvdsdhb tfn kfrlhlglby lj tfn nxkovotnm aluhms, ohm slan klhkgusdlhslh tfndr prnfdstlrdk nhvdrlhanht ?;>

4.0.? Pnoslhs jlr sngnktdhb tfn Ngstnr`nrb òrrlws ?;>4.0.0 Pnvdsdlh lj kfrlhlglby5 tfn ^hdtos ? aluhm ?;:


11/184

4.0.; Pnvdsdlh lj kfrlhlglby5 tfn Mngjdh ?49-aluhm ?;2

4.0.= fn mnstrlynm ^hdtos = òrrlw ?;6

4.; fn Ngstnr`nrb òrrlws5 tnhtotdvn lutgdhn lj tfn glhb-tnra fdstlry lj oòrrlw gohmskopn ?;64.;.? Ros tfn Ngstnr`nrb o snporotn juhnrory gohmskopn< ?;4

4.;.0 Gotn Hnlgdtfdk @ tl Norgy @rlhzn Obn (0>99-0999 @K kog)5 tfn Ylt@nocnr nvdmnhkn ?=9

4.;.; Norgy @rlhzn Obn (0999-?699 @K)5 tfn jdrst òrrlws ?=?4.;.= Admmgn @rlhzn Obn-O (k. ?699-?:99 @K)5 o Fdgvnrsua-pnrdlm

snttgnanht ?=;

4.;.> Gotnr Admmgn @rlhzn Obn5 o mlanstdk sdtn trohsjlranm dhtl ojuhnrory orno< ?==

4.;.: fn ngusdvn Gotn @rlhzn Obn-Norgy Drlh Obn (??99->99 @K) ?=2

4.;.2 fn Gotnr Drlh Obn (>99 @K-norgdnst mnkomns OM)5 o juhnrorygohmskopn rnsfopnm< ?=4

4.;.6 fn òrrlws dh fdstlrdkog tdans ?>9

4.;.4 Klhkgusdlh5 snporotn juhnrory gohmskopns lr gdvdhb hnor tfn mnom< ?>?

4.= fnNgstnr`nrbbrlup ohm tfn pfnhlanhlh lj nxtnhsdvngy mdspnrsnmòrrlw brlups ?>?

4.=.? Flw rnprnsnhtotdvn orn lur rnsugts< ?>04.=.0 Nxpgodhdhb òrrlw glkotdlh5 wfy tfnrn< ?>0

4.> [dbhdjdkohkn lj tfn Ngstnr`nrbòrrlw brlup ohm subbnstdlhs jlr jurtfnrrnsnorkf ?>0

?9 ]fn juturn lj tfn Ngstnr`nrbòrrlws ?>>

M. Jlhtdeh, P. Clc, G. fnuhdssnh

?9.? fn rnaodhdhb orkfonlglbdkog vogun lj tfn nxkovotnm òrrlws ?>>

?9.?.? ^hdtos ? ?>>?9.?.0 Mngjdh ?49 ?>:?9.?.; [pnkdog jnoturns sfornm `y `ltf òrrlws ?>:

?9.0 Ossnssdhb tfn orkfonlglbdkog vogun lj tfn nhvdrlhanht lj tfn òrrlws ?>2Yfosn ?5 dhvnhtlry ?>2Yfosn 05 ossnssanht lj rnaodhdhb orkfonlglbdkog vogun lj tfn nhvdrlhanht`y klrdhb ohm trdog trnhkfns ?>2

Yfosn ;5 Ossnssanht lj rnaodhdhb orkfonlglbdkog vogun lj ogg òrrlws ?>6

Yfosn =5 Aocdhb o probaotdk pgoh jlr fnrdtobn aohobnanht ?>6?9.; Flw tl prnsnrvn dt ?>6

?9.;.? fn rlgn lj oaotnur orkfonlglbdsts ?>6?9.;.0 fn rlgn lj nstotn lwhnrs ?>4

Pnjnrnhkns ?:?

Oppnhmdx ?2;

Okchlwgnmbnanhts ?22

Ommrnss lj tfn outflrs ?24


12/184


13/184

??

Yrnjokn5 wfy tfds `llc


14/184

?0

klapgnxns lj tfn Admmgn @rlhzn Obn Fdgvnrsua plttnry pfosn. @nkousn lj dts sup-plsnm gdhcs wdtf Nhbgdsf, @ngbdoh ohm Hlrtf Jrnhkf plttnry stygns, tfnrn ds o cnnhdhtnrnst lh bllm Fdgvnrsuaplttnry jdhms lh tfn port lj @rlhzn Obn orkfonlglbdstsjrla tflsn kluhtrdns (snn fnuhdssnh ?444). Ohltfnr orbuanht tl pu`gdsf ohnxkovotdlh rnplrt dh Nhbgdsf ds tfot dt ogglws orkfonlglbdsts jrla lutsdmn tfn GlwKluhtrdns tl nvoguotn ohm kfnkc lur klhkgusdlhs. Rdtf tfn dhkrnosdhb jlraogdzo-tdlh lj okomnadk klapntdtdlh, tfn usn lj quogdty anosurnanhts ohm kdtotdlhdhmdkns, tfnrn ds o brlwdhb tnhmnhky tl pu`gdsf `rdnj ortdkgns dh pnnr-rnvdnwnmdhtnrhotdlhog elurhogs. Ogtflubf tfds ds o plsdtdvn mnvnglpanht, tfnrn ds o rdsc tfottfn tdan-klhsuadhb tosc lj tfn pu`gdkotdlh lj jdngmwlrc rnsugts sujjnrs jrla tfds.Nxkovotdlh rnplrts ljtnh orn klhsdmnrnm os lj gnss daplrtohkn dh tfn okomnadk rot-dhb systna tfoh ortdkgns dh dhtnrhotdlhog elurhogs. Dh lur vdnw, tfds koh ohm sflugmhnvnr `n mnkdmnm o prdlrd. Rn orn lj tfn lpdhdlh tfot jdngmwlrc ds juhmoanhtog,prdaory orkfonlglbdkog rnsnorkf ohm sflugm `n opprnkdotnm ohm pu`gdsfnm os sukf.

Rn flpn tfot tfn prnsnht pu`gdkotdlh lj wfot oktuoggy wos o vnry saogg nxkovotdlhmlns eustdkn tl tfds kgoda.


15/184

?; -

Kfoptnr ?

DH]PLM^K]DLH YPL@GNAOHM

PN[NOPKFODA[

M. Jlhtdeh

fds kfoptnr mnskrd`ns tfn rnsnorkf odas lj tfn nxkovotdlh koapodbh ohm tfn`rlomnr prl`gnas lj tfn orkfonlglby lj òrrlw gohmskopns tl wfdkf dt odas tl `no klhtrdùtdlh. Pnogdzdhb tfot tfds nxkovotdlh wos tfn jdrst jdngmwlrc sdhkn mnkomnstfot wos korrdnm lut jlr aodhgy skdnhtdjdk rnoslhs, dt ds hnknssory tl stort y aocdhbkgnor wfy wn mnkdmnm tl korry lut hnw òrrlw jdngmwlrc dh tfn jdrst pgokn (snktdlh

?.?). fnh, tfn spnkdog hoturn lj òrrlw gohmskopns lj tfn knhtrog Hntfnrgohms, tfn^trnkftsn Fnuvngrubohm tfn Znguwnorn kfortnm (snktdlh ?.0). Dt wdgg `n orbunm tfottfnrn ds o bnhnrog gokc lj chlwgnmbn lh tfnsn prnfdstlrdk ùrdog aluhms, ohm tfdsoppgdns portdkugorgy tl tfn k. ?>9 stdgg-nxdstdhb òrrlws lj tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub.Flwnvnr, tfn gottnr rnbdlh nspnkdoggy tfn nostnrh port lr tfn Ngst-Pfnhnh orno(Jdb. ?.?) ds prladsdhb jlr hnw òrrlw rnsnorkf jlr snvnrog rnoslhs. fnsn wdgg `n

Pfnhnh-Ngst

Jdb. ?.? Glkotdlh lj Ngst,

auhdkdpogdty lj Pfnhnh dh tfnHntfnrgohms.


16/184

?=

snt lut dh snktdlh ?.;. D wdgg bl lh tl orbun wfy twl òrrlws lj tfn nostnrhalstNgstnr`nrb òrrlw kgustnr wnrn sngnktnm jlr nxkovotdlh (snktdlh ?.=). [nktdlh ?.>gdsts tfn spnkdjdk rnsnorkf odas lj tfds nxkovotdlh. fn kfoptnr wdgg kglsn wdtf obnhnrog mnskrdptdlh lj tfn nhvdrlhanht lj tfn nxkovotnm òrrlws ohm dhtrlmukntfn strukturn lj tfn rnst lj tfn `llc.

?.? @orrlw gohmskopns lh tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbns dh tfnslutfnrh port lj tfn Knhtrog Hntfnrgohms

Dh tfn almnrh gohmskopn lj tfn Hntfnrgohms, aohy nxoapgns lj prnfdstlrdk ùrdogaluhms, lr òrrlws, koh `n jluhm. fny orn portdkugorgy huanrlus dh tfn knhtrnlj tfn kluhtry, ot tfn Znguwn(prlvdhkn lj Bngmnrgohm) ohm tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub(prlvdhkn lj ^trnkft). fnOrkfds-motoòsn lj tfn Hotdlhog Fnrdtobn [nrvdkn (PKN,Pdecsmdnhst vllr fnt Kugturnng Nrjblnm) rnklrms ?=40 òrrlws jlr tfds port lj tfnHntfnrgohms, lj wfdkf =>9 orn glkotnm wdtfdh tfn prlvdhkn lj ^trnkft. Aohy òr-rlws orn tl `n jluhm dh ornos tfot fovn hlw `nklan hoturog rnsnrvns sukf os tfn^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub (Jdb. ?.0).

@orrlws orn usuoggy snnh os ùrdog pgokns jlr prnfdstlrdk dhmdvdmuogs, ùt tfnrnorn rnoslhs tl `ngdnvn tfot tfnrn ds alrn tl tfna tfoh eust tfot5 tfny aust fovnfom brnot slkdog ohm dmnlglbdkog sdbhdjdkohkn tl prnfdstlrdk klaauhdtdns ot gorbn(Jlhtdeh 0992`). @urdog aluhms orn tfn jdrst trugy u`dqudtlus typn lj prnfdstlrdkalhuanht dh tfn hlrtf Nurlpnoh gohmskopn, goydhb lut tfn aodh alhuanhtogstrukturn lj gohmskopn jlr obns tl klan (Ohtflhy 09923 @lbukcd ?444). @orrlwsuhmnrwnht glhb fdstlrdns lj rn-usn jlr ùrdog ohm ltfnr prnfdstlrdk proktdkns dh prn-fdstlry. Nvnrywfnrn wfnrn pnlpgn ùdgt ùrdog aluhms, tfny `nkoan jlkog pldhtsjlr gohm lrmnrdhbs lj aukf gotnr tdans. Gotnr prnfdstlrdk òrrlws (@rlhzn ohm

Jdb. ?.0 Mdbdtog Ngnvotdlh

Almng lj tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbnlj ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub, wdtf

tfn glkotdlh lj prnfdstlrdk

òrrlws (rnm). Hlrtf ds up. ?.

Ngstnr`nrb òrrlw brlup3 0.

Oanrlhbnh3 ;. Gnnrsua, =.

Ngst3 >. Pfnhnh3 :. Znnhnhmoog.

Aop òsnm lh tfn OFH, usnm

wdtf pnradssdlh uhmnr gdknhsn

lj tfn Yrlvdhkn lj ^trnkft.

Ngnvotdlhdh

antrns HOY

>9

:9

0>

09

?9

=

:

?

:

=

>

;

0


17/184

?> -

Drlh Obn) snna tl fovn `nnh prnjnro`gy ùdgt kglsn tl lgmnr lhns, gnomdhb tl tfnjlraotdlh lj daprnssdvn òrrlw gohmskopns (Jlhtdeh ?44:o3 fnuhdssnh ?444),ùt ùrdog aluhms wnrn rngnvoht dh gohm lrbohdzotdlh lj fdstlrdkog pnrdlms os wngg(Anurcnhs 09923 Plyaohs ?44>3 Rotnr`lgc ?469).

Nxtrolrmdhory ùrdogs lj dhtnrhotdlhog sdbhdjdkohkn fovn `nnh jluhm dh tfnKnhtrog Hntfnrgohms, gdcn tfn rdkf @ngg @nocnr brovns wdtf sadtf tllgs dh Nmn-

Robnhdhbnh ohm Guhtnrnh (@utgnr/voh mnr Roogs ?4::). fny orn hlt lhgy tfnnorgdnst dmnhtdjdnm antogwlrcnrs dh klhtdhnhtog Hlrtfwnst Nurlpn, tfndr rdkf ùrdogdhvnhtlrdns ogsl sflw tfot antoggurby wos fngm dh fdbf nstnna. [ukf sadtf-kfdnj-todh brovns oppnor tl `n o fdbfgy spnkdog dmnhtdty dh Norgy Nurlpn. Gnss tfoh 0 %lj ogg @ngg @nocnr ùrdogs ohm gnss tfoh 9.0 % lj ogg [dhbgn Brovn Kugturn ùrdogsdh Nurlpn fovn antogwlrcnrs dapgnanhts (@nrtnans, 099=, ?==-:). fn KnhtrogHntfnrgohms orn ogsl lhn lj tfn jnw rnbdlhs dh Nurlpn tl mlkuanht tfn trohsdtdlhlj [dhbgn Brovn Kugturn tl tfn @ngg @nocnr kugturn5 o klhtdhulus snqunhkn ljo spnkdog typn lj ùrdog jlr ogalst 499 ynors (Zoh mnr @nnc/Jlccnhs 099=). Dhommdtdlh, daplrtoht mnvnglpanhts dh tfn @rlhzn Obn orn ogsl mlkuanhtnm fnrn(npdtladznm `y sl-koggnm Rlfgmn worrdlr brovns os tflsn jrla @nrbsfoa ohm

Yuttnh (Bgos`nrbnh ?4>=, ?=:3 Jlhtdeh 0990, 00?-;3 002-43 opp.>.:).run òrrlw gohmskopns fovn `nnh prnsnrvnm dh pgokns, dhkgumdhb rnaorco`gn

ogdbhnm òrrlw brlups, gdcn tfn cdglantnrs-glhb òrrlw rlws ot Npn-Zoossnh lrtfn ogdbhanhts ot tfn Nranglsn Fndmn (Orhlgmussnh/Jlhtdeh 099:, Jdb. ?93 @occnr?42:, Jdb.??). [ukf ogdbhanhts rnprnsnht o jlra lj gohm lrmnrdhb ohm lrbohdzo-tdlh tfot ds uhchlwh jrla ohy typn obrordoh gohmskopn tfot nxdstnm `njlrn, ùt dtsjlraotdlh ds lhgy òmgy uhmnrstllm (@lbukcd ?444, 002-6). fn soan flgms trunjlr tfn snnadhbgy nxtnhsdvngy mdspnrsnm òrrlw brlups. ^hgdcn tfn gotnr urhjdngms,sukf òrrlw brlups rorngy fovn alrn tfoh tnh ùrdog alhuanhs ohm tfny gokc okgnor jlkus. fny snna tl `n skottnrnm dh oh orno gdadtnm `y hoturog `luhmordnsdh wfot snnas tl `n oh or`dtrory aohhnr ohm kohhlt rnoggy `n klhsdmnrnm os ohukgnotnm knantnry (kj. Borwllm 0992). fny koh `n jluhm nvnrywfnrn wfnrnòrrlws orn chlwh ùt orn portdkugorgy wngg-chlwh jrla tfn ^trnkftsn fnuvngrub,dh tfn ornos tfot orn mnjdhnm `y mry voggnys (kj.voh Fnnrdhbnh ?444, Jdb. 0). Rfotstnnrnm tfds rnaorco`gn jlra lj spotdog lrbohdzotdlh>), [lnstnr`nrb (@urskf ?4;=), Undst-Mdehsngùrb (Clc 0992) lr Aoors`nrbnh(Gohtdhb/voh mnr Roogs ?42?). fn jokt tfot vnry spnkdog jdhms wnrn mlhn aocnsfn jokt tfot vnry spnkdog jdhms wnrn mlhn aocnskgnor tfot tfn ^trnkft òrrlws orn eust os dhtnrnstdhb os tfndr kluhtnrports ot tfnZnguwn. O kosn dh pldht ds tfn Fo K kfdnjtodhs brovn lj Pfnhnh-Clnrfnuvng(ZohFnnrdhbnh ?4443 Jlhtdeh/Jlccnhs 0992). Ohltfnr spnkdog kosn ds tfn glhb òrrlwwdtf dhtokt aluhm, chlwh os ^hdtos >lj tfn Ngstnr`nrbbrlup uhmnr stumy fnrn.

Ogtflubf glhb òrrlws orn chlwh jrla aohy pnrdlms?, dt ds vnry rorn tl jdhmnxoapgns wfnrn tfn aluhm dtsngj ds stdgg gorbngy prnsnrvnm 0. [troy jdhms lj @nocnrplttnry (`ltf [dhbgn Brovn Kugturn ohm @ngg @nocnr Kugturn) subbnst tfot tfn^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub wos ogsl dhfo`dtnm dh tfn ;rmadggnhhdua @K, ohm wn fovn oggrnoslhs tl nxpnkt tfot aohy lj tfn uhnxkovotnm ^trnkftòrrlws motn tl tfot soanpnrdlm (snn Kfoptnr 0 ohm ;). Yoroggng tl tfn sdtuotdlh ot tfn hnor`y dkn-pusfnmrdmbn lj Nmn-Robnhdhbnh, wn aoy osc lursngvns wfntfnr tfn ^trnkftòrrlws mds-pgoy tfn soan spnkdog kotnblrdns lj brovns gdcn @ngg @nocnr sadtf brovns, ohm tfnklhtdhudty jrla [dhbgn Brovn tl @ngg @nocnr kugturn.

fnrn orn snvnrog kforoktnrdstdks tfot aocn tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrubo prlads-dhb rnbdlh jlr hnw rnsnorkf lj òrrlw gohmskopns. Jdrst, tfn òrrlw brlups ot tfn^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub fos aohy nxoapgns lj tfot rnaorco`gn kotnblry lj nxtnh-sdvngy mdspnrsnm òrrlw brlups, ùt klhtrory tl tflsn lj Znguwn, tfn nhvdrlhanhtkglsn tl sukf òrrlw brlups ljtnh fos snnh nxtnhsdvn orkfonlglbdkog rnsnorkf. fdsaocns dt plssd`gn tl bodh dhsdbft dh prnfdstlrdk gohm lrmnrdhbs dh bnhnrog, wfdkfaoy prlvdmn us wdtf oh daplrtoht kgun os tl tfn nxpgohotdlh lj tfnsn gllsngyskottnrnm lrmnrdhbs. [ukf klhmdtdlhs orn portdkugorgy ant wdtf dh tfn nostnrh portlj tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub (auhdkdpogdty lj Pfnhnh). Gorbn-skogn nxkovotdlhs ljtfn Orkfnlglbdskf Mdnhstnh Knhtrua klapohy (OMK) ohm tfn nxkovotdlh uhdt ljtfn ^hdvnrsdty lj Gndmnh Orkflg @Z ot Pfnhnh-Pnaanrmnh ydngmnm tfn trokns ljsnvnrog Admmgn @rlhzn Obn glhbflusns kglsn tl o òrrlw brlup ;(Anurcnhs/ZohFllj 099> ohm 0992). fds aocns dt plssd`gn tl sfnm alrn gdbft lhtl tfn lrbohd-zotdlh lj gohmskopn orluhm òrrlws, ohm tl mnog wdtf tfn qunstdlh wfy òrrlwknantnrdns wnrn lrbohdznm dh sukf o woy. Dhtnrnstdhbgy, tfn orno eust `nhnotftfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn dh tfds soan Pfnhnhadkrl-rnbdlh ds ogsl dhkrnosdhbgy `ndhbnxkovotnm. Pnknht nxkovotdlhs gdcn tflsn ot Ngst-t @lsen`y Orkflg @Z (Anurcnhs0994o) prlvdmnm hnw dhjlraotdlh lh tfn prnfdstlrdk usn fdstlry lj tfn glwnr-gy-dhb tnrrodh kglsn tl tfn òrrlw brlups. fds aocns dt plssd`gn tl kfnkc wfntfnrdkn-pusfnm rdmbns wnrn snporotn ùrdog gohmskopns, wdtf pnlpgn gdvdhb dh tfn glw-gydhb orno `nhnotf tfna (os fos `nnh subbnstnm jlr tfn òrrlws lj tfn Pfnhnh-Pnaanrmnh sdtn ohm tfn Hdeanbnh dkn-pusfnm rdmbn3 Anurcnhs/Zoh Fllj 099>3Jlhtdeh/Kudepnrs 0990).

[nklhm, uhgdcn tfn Znguwn, tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub, ds ogsl rngotdvngy rdkf dhsdtns motdhb tl tfn Norgy @rlhzn Obn (jdhm splts wdtf @or`nm Rdrn plttnry). Dtfos nvnh `nnh kgodanm tfot o flusn pgoh motdhb tl tfds pnrdlm wos rnklvnrnm dhPfnhnh-Pnaanrmnh (Elhbstn 099?). fn Norgy @rlhzn Obn (N@O3 0999-?699 @K)ds lhn lj tfn gnost wngg-chlwh pnrdlms dh tfn gotn prnfdstlrdk Hntfnrgohms. Aukfgnss òrrlws koh `n motnm tl tfds pnrdlm tfoh tl tfn prnvdlus @ngg @nocnr Ynrdlm.

? Admmgn @rlhzn Obn5 @lurbnlds/Jlhtdeh 0996 ohm Zoh mnr Znnh/Gohtdhb ?4663 Norgy Drlh Obn5Plyaohs/Clrtgohb ?444.

0 Oport jrla o saogg trnhkf mub `y oaotnur orkfonlglbdsts, tfds aluhm fos hlt `nnh nxkovotnm.; fn lhgy ltfnr pgokn wfnrn gorbn-skogn nxkovotdlh lj oh dkn-pusfnm rdmbn wdtf òrrlws fos tocnh

pgokn ds Hdeanbnh (Jlhtdeh ?44:o ohm `3 Jlhtdeh/Kudepnrs ?444 ohm 0990). Fnrn, flwnvnr, tfn

òrrlws ohm snttgnanhts wnrn mdstur`nm `y ùdgmdhb oktdv dtdns dh tfn Plaoh Ynrdlm, ohm hl troknslj flusns klugm `n rnklbhdznm.


19/184

?2 -

Dts ùrdog rdtuog ds òmgy uhmnrstllm, portdkugorgy dh tfn slutfnrh port lj tfnHntfnrgohms. Flwnvnr, tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrubfoppnhs tl `n oh orno wfnrn N@Osdtns orn chlwh, dhkgumdhb ùrdog aluhms. fds aocns dt oh dhtnrnstdhb rnbdlh jlro jurtfnr stumy lj tfds ngusdvn pnrdlm.

fdrm, huanrlus oaotnur oktdvdtdns os wngg os tfn Kngtdk jdngm prlenkt ljtfn prlvdhkn lj ^trnkft ohm tfn PKN=fos ydngmnm o vnry rdkf rnklrm lj dhjlrao-tdlh lh gohm lrmnrdhbs, snttgnanht trokns ohm oktdvdty ornos motdhb tl tfn Drlh

Obn ohm Plaoh Ynrdlm ot ohm daanmdotngy orluhm òrrlws. Orluhm tfn òrrlwbrlup lj tfn Ngstnr`nrb (Jdb. ?.;) tfot ds knhtrog dh tfds rnplrt, o klhknhtrotdlhlj Drlh Obn jdhms ds chlwh tfot tl lur chlwgnmbn mlns hlt fovn aohy poroggngsngsnwfnrn dh tfn Knhtrog Hntfnrgohms>. Kngtdk jdngms orn chlwh jrla tfn Znguwnoswngg (@rlhbnrs ?42:), ùt tfnrn orn gorbn ornos lh tfn Znguwnwfnrn hlt lhn fos

`nnh dmnhtdjdnm, dh spdtn lj dhtnhsdvn rnsnorkf (n.b. tfn auhdkdpogdty lj Opngmllrh).Dt aoy `n nxpnktnm tfot tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrub ds portdkugorgy dhjlraotdvn lhtfn gotnr fdstlry lj òrrlw brlups (Drlh Obn ohm Plaoh Ynrdlm). Mdm tfnsn jdngmsystna mdsrupt tfn `y tfnh obn-lgm gohm lrmnrdhb orluhm òrrlw gohmskopns< Rnrnòrrlws mnstrlynm, dhklrplrotnm, lr rnspnktnm ohm rn-usnm ^hpu`gdsfnm rnsnorkf lj tfn PKN ohm tfn prlvdhkn lj ^trnkft3 dhjlraotdlh cdhmgy prlvdmnm `ymrs. Puurm Clc.

@orrlws

Ngnvotdlhdh

antrns HOY

=>

;9

09

>

:>

?:0999

===?99

==::99

?:=999

Orkfds-jdhm splts

Jdb. ?.; Mdbdtog Ngnvotdlh

Almng lj tfn Ngs tnr`nrb.@gokc

mlts orn òrrlws, hm splts

jrla mdnrnht pnrdlms rnbds-

tnrnm dh tfn Orkfds motoòsn

orn yngglw. Hlrtf ds up. ?.1

^hdtos ? aluhm, 0-21 ^hdtos

0 tl 23 61 Mngh ?49 aluhm.

]fn ot `gun pgodh lh wfdkf

prnsnht-moy Ngst ds ùdgt ds

tfn sohmr pgodh, tfn fdggs orn

dkn-pusfnm snmdanht. Aop

òsnm lh tfn OFH, usnm wdtf

pnradssdlh uhmnr gdknhsn lj tfn

Yrlvdhkn lj ^trnkft.


20/184

?6

?.; @orrlw gohmskopns lj Ngst-Pfnhnh5 o prladsdhb rnsnorkforno

Dj hnw òrrlw rnsnorkf lh tfn ^trnkftsn Fnuvngrubds tl prlspnr, wn hnnm rnsnorkftfot jlkusns lh `rlom mnvnglpanhts dh òrrlw gohmskopns os o wflgn, os wngg osmntodgnm kosn stumdns lj kornjuggy sngnktnm sdtns, mnogdhb wdtf portdkugor prl`gnas.

[dhkn 0996, rnsnorkf lj `rlom mnvnglpanhts ds hlw `ndhb jokdgdtotnm `y tfnH.R.L.-juhmnm Ohknstrog Aluhms-prlenkt (Jlhtdeh 0992`). fds ds o augtd-mdskdpgdhory ohm dhtnrhotdlhoggy lrdnhtnm prlenkt dh wfdkf o tnoa lj skflgors ljGndmnh ^hdvnrsdty stumdns twl aodh prl`gnas5

?. Rfot ds tfn slkdog ohm dmnlglbdkog sdbhdjdkohkn lj òrrlw brovns999

uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)uhdtos ? (alh. hl 2?=>)

Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)Mngjdh ?49 (alh. hl 2?=:)

uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)uhdtos = / mngjdh ?;; (alh. hl 2?=;)

uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)uhdtos > (alh. hl 2?=2)

uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)uhdtos 0 (alh. hl 2?==)

uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)uhdtos ; (alh. hl 2?=0)

?99 a9

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

Znnh

nhmo

ogsnstro

otwnb

NgstNgstNgstNgstNgstNgstNgstNgstNgst

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstnrgo

oh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstnrgo

oh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstn

rgooh

Rnstnrgo

oh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstn

rgooh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstn

rgooh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstnrgooh

Rnstnrgooh


23/184

0? -

Rnrcbnannhskfop Hnmnrgohm (ORH?9). fds aocns dt plssd`gn tl fovn slan dmno ljtfndr hoturn ohm motdhb. fn Ngstnr`nrb brlup ds o rotfnr spnkdog lhn jlr snvnrogrnoslhs. Lhn ds tfn prnsnhkn lj o sdzno`gn glhb òrrlw wdtf dhtokt aluhm, klmnmos ^hdtos >, (snn Jdb. ?.=). Os sodm `njlrn, glhb òrrlws wdtf dhtokt aluhm ornvnry rorn dh tfn Hntfnrgohms. Ohltfnr rnoslh ds tfot tfn ORH-jdngmwlrc subbnststfot ot gnost lhn lj tfn aluhms motns tl tfn Norgy @rlhzn Obn (tfn lhn klmnm^hdtos ?3 Zoh nht ?42:). Os rnaorcnm dh snktdlh ?.0, formgy ohytfdhb ds chlwhlj ùrdog aluhms jrla tfds pnrdlm jrla tfn Knhtrog ohm [lutfnrh Hntfnrgohms.Dhtnrnstdhbgy, tfnrn wos ogsl rnoslh tl suspnkt tfot tfnrn ds ohltfnr aluhm tfotmotns jrla tfn pnrdlm daanmdotngy prnknmdhb tfn Norgy @rlhzn Obn (aluhmMngjdh ?49, kgodanm tl motn tl tfn @ngg @nocnr pnrdlm3 Zoh nht ?42:). Ohltfnruhusuog jnoturn lj tfds brlup ds tfn fdbf klhknhtrotdlh lj plttnry jdhms (sfnrms)dh tfn daanmdotn surrluhmdhbs lj tfn aluhm. Mun tl tfn oktdvdtdns lj oaotnurorkfonlglbdsts, dh portdkugor As Kf. Mngjdh, hlt lhgy tfn aluhms tfnasngvns wnrnrnmdsklvnrnm, ùt ogsl o gorbn quohtdty lj prnfdstlrdk ortnjokts (tl `n mnskrd`nm dhKfoptnr = ohm >). fnsn motn tl `ltf tfn gotn Hnlgdtfdk, Norgy @rlhzn Obn os wnggos tl tfn gotnr Drlh Obn. Ogtflubf sukf stroy jdhms gokc klhtnxtuog nvdmnhkn, tfny

dhmdkotn tfot tfn nhvdrlhanht wos (dhtnhsdvngy) usnm dh ogg tfnsn pnrdlms. Dt ds ohdhtrdbudhb qunstdlh wfntfnr tfny rnjgnkt oktdvdtdns rngotnm tl tfn urdog rdtuog lr tfnrnaodhs lj snttgnanhts dh kglsn prlxdadty tl tfn aluhms. Lh tlp lj tfot, odr pfl-tlbropfs lj tfn obrdkugturog jdngms hnor tfn jllt lj tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn, sflw sldgtrokns tfot adbft `n dhtnrprntnm os rnaodhs lj o Kngtdk jdngm (pnrslhog klaanhtsP.[. Clc). fds dapgdns tfot oh orno ot gnss tfoh ?99 a jrla tfn slutfnrhalstaluhm wos usnm lr aoy`n rnlrbohdznm jlr obrdkugturog oktdvdtdns ot o gorbn skogndh o gotnr pfosn lj tfn prnfdstlry. Dt ds oh dhtrdbudhb qunstdlh wfntfnr tfn lgmnròrrlws tfnasngvns adbft ogsl fovn `nnh dhtnbrotnm dh sukf gohm lrmnrdhbs.

[uaadhb up, jlr `ltf tfn òrrlws (tfndr hoturn ohm motdhb) ohm tfn nhvdrlh-anht tfnrn orn dhmdkotdlhs tfot wn orn mnogdhb wdtf o slanwfot uhusuog brlup ljòrrlws. Dh portdkugor, tfn ovodgo`gn nvdmnhkn `nbs tfn qunstdlh os tl tfn lrbohd-zotdlh lj tfn gohmskopn orluhm tfnsn aluhms. fn klhknhtrotdlh lj jdhms hnoròrrlws ds rotfnr uhklaalh lh tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbns ohm dt aocns lhn wlhmnr ostl tfn mnvnglpanhts `y wfdkf dt koan o`lut. Ds dt sdapgy tfn rnsugt lj tfn dhtnhsdvnsurvnys `y chlwgnmbno`gn oaotnur orkfonlglbdsts gdcn As Kf. Mngjdh< Lr orn wnmnogdhb wdtf oh uhusuoggy glhb ohm dhtnhsdvn usn fdstlry, stortdhb jrla tfn al-anht wfnh tfn jdrst òrrlws wnrn klhstruktnm, up uhtdg tfn Drlh Obn< fn quns-tdlh lj tfn nhvdrlhanht lj òrrlws ds portdkugorgy okutn jlr tfn pnrdlm lj tfn gotnHnlgdtfdk up uhtdg tfn Admmgn @rlhzn Obn. Nsto`gdsfnm vdnws òsnm lh ohogysnslj plggnh soapgns jrla uhmnrhnotf aluhms snn Gotn Hnlgdtfdk ohm Norgy @rlhzn

Obn aluhms os alhuanhts wfdkf wnrn klhstruktnm lhgy lh saogg-skogn kgnordhbsdh tfn jlrnst (Kospordn/Brlnhaoh-voh Rootnrdhbn ?469), wfnrnos Admmgn @rlhzn

Obn aluhms wnrn ùdgt lh saogg fnotfs. [ukf vdnws, flwnvnr, orn aodhgy òsnm lhnvdmnhkn jrla tfn hlrtfnrh port lj tfn Znguwnohm tfn hlrtfnostnrh Hntfnrgohms.Jlr tfn Norgy @rlhzn Obn, tfnrn orn oktuoggy vnry jnw sdtns tl òsn oh nhvdrlh-anhtog rnklhstruktdlh lh dh `ltf tfn Knhtrog ohm [lutfnrh Hntfnrgohms, ohmogtflubf tfn Admmgn @rlhzn Obn ds wngg rnprnsnhtnm `y aluhms jrla tfn slutf,rotfnr jnw fovn `nnh soapgnm dh tfn Knhtrog Hntfnrgohms (Jlhtdeh 0992). fnstroy jdhms orluhm tfn aluhms dh tfn Ngstnr`nrb kgustnr ot gnost subbnst tfot tfnorno orluhm tfnsn aluhms wos alrn dhtnhsdvngy usnm tfoh nsto`gdsfnm vdnws wlugmfovn dt. Ot ohy rotn, ùrdog aluhms kgodanm tl motn tl `ltf tfn Gotn Hnlgdtfdk ohm

?9 fnORH jdngmwlrc ds `rdnjgy anhtdlhnm `y Zoh nht ?42:, ùt tfn rnsugts wnrn hlt pu`gdsfnm

nxtnhsdvngy. Rn jluhm mlkuanhtotdlh lh ^hdtos ?, 0, ; ohm >, ohm Mngjdh ?49. fohcs orn muntl mrs. lh voh Plldenh (prlvdhkn lj ^trnkft ohm mr. Gdns`ntf fnuhdssnh (PKN) jlr tfndr fngp.


24/184

00

Norgy @rlhzn Obn prnsnht us wdtf oh lpplrtuhdty tl tnst sukf oh dmno `y tocdhbhnw pogyhlglbdkog soapgns lj tfna. Lj brnot daplrtohkn ds tfot tfn lwhnr lj oport lj tfn orno lh wfdkf slan lj tfn òrrlws orn sdtuotnm, [toot`ls`nfnnr, ds ogsldhtnrnstnm dh sukf qunstdlhs. [ukf dhjlraotdlh klugm `n usnm jlr rnklhstruktdhbport lj tfn prnfdstlrdk vnbntotdlh orluhm tfnsn aluhms. fds adbft aocn tfnòrrlws alrn ottroktdvn jlr vdsdtlrs lj tfn jlrnst.

?.> Pnsnorkf qunstdlhs ohm rnoslhs jlr sngnktdhb tfn ^hdtos ?ohm Mngjdh ?49 aluhms jlr rnsnorkf

Rdtfdh tfn jroanwlrc lj tfn `rlomnr qunstdlh lj tfn nhvdrlhanht orluhm òrrlwsdtns ohm tfn gohm lrbohdzotdlh tfot wnht wdtf dt, wn jlraugotnm tfn twl jlgglwdhbrnsnorkf qunstdlhs

Rfot wos tfn lrdbdhog vnbntotdlh orluhm tfn ùrdog aluhms lj tfn Ngstnr`nrbbrlup dh tfn pnrdlm jrla tfn Gotn Hnlgdtfdk @ngg @nocnr pfosn up uhtdg tfn Admmgn@rlhzn Obn ohm flw mdm dt kfohbna9

^hdtos ?

Mngjdh ?49

x5 ?:;=22.:>?

y5 ==>?6?.:?:

z5 ;4.?:6

x5 ?:;>?>.?;=

y5 ==>?20.4:2

z5 ;:.:=:

x5 ?:;=4:.:96

y5 ==>?9>.:??

z5 ;;.;4?

x5 ?:;>==.;06

y5 ==>??2.269

z5 ;0.6;6

x5 ?:;>;0.94=

y5 ==>?0;.06;

z5 ;;.;42

Jdb. ?.> Mdbdtog Ngnvotdlh

Almng lj tfn ^hdtos ? aluhm

(gnjt) ohm tfn Mngh ?49

aluhm (rdbft) os anosurnm

`y lur nxkovotdlh tnoa, ohm

anosurnanht pldhts usnm mur-

dhb tfn nxkovotdlh.


25/184

0; -

nhvdrlhanhtog nvdmnhkn jrla `ltf aluhms prlvdmns us wdtf tfn rorn lpplrtuhdtytl kfort nhvdrlhanhtog mnvnglpanhts jrla tfn @ngg @nocnr pfosn tflubf tfn Norgy@rlhzn Obn up uhtdg tfn Admmgn @rlhzn Obn.

l strukturn tfn rnsnorkf, snvnrog su`-qunstdlhs wnrn jlraugotnm jlr nokf dh-mdvdmuog aluhm??

Aluhm Mngjdh ?49 (tfn nostnrhalst aluhm lj tfn brlup, sdtuotnm oglhb omry voggny ohm nxpnktnm tl `n o @ngg @nocnr aluhm wdtf oh Admmgn @rlhzn Obnommdtdlh)

Koh tfn aluhm pnrdlms os l`snrvnm murdhb tfn norgdnr rnsnorkf `nrnklbhdznm -

klorsn sohm mnplsdts murdhb tfn pnrdbgokdog klhmdtdlhs lj tfn su`snqunht dkn obn,tfn Rndkfsngdnh. fnsn pnrdbgokdog snmdanhts orn klvnrnm `y o `rlom swotf lj nl-gdoh klvnr sohm (Jlraotdlh lj wnhtn3 Znr`ronkc ?46=).

@ltf lh tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn ohm lh tfn nxtnhsdvn jguvdlbgokdog mnplsdts,Ylmzlg sldgs mnvnglpnm, kgossdjdnm os flgtplmzlg, bT;9, dh tfn Mutkf systna ljsldg kgossdjdkotdlh?;. fnsn sldgs, tromdtdlhoggy chlwh os `rlwh Ylmzlg sldgs?=ornkforoktnrdznm `y o Fuaus tlp sldg lj gnss tfoh ;9 ka. fny gokc tfn gnokfnm-lutlr nguvdog O0 lr N flrdzlh tfot kforoktnrdzns Fuaus Ylmzlg sldgs. Anoh gnvngs ljbrluhm wotnr orn mnnpnr tfoh 69 ka lr nvnh ?09 ka?>.

?.:.0 Klhkdsn fdstlry lj tfn orno

Rdtf tfn mowh lj tfn fdstlrdkog pnrdlms, tfn Ngstnr`nrb òrrlws bromuoggy `nkoanport lj aukf mdjjnrnht gohmskopns tfoh dh prnfdstlry. Os vdsd`gn aorcnrs lj o rnaltnpost, tfn ùrdog aluhms adbft fovn `nnh rngnvoht dh Anmdnvog lr Ylst-Anmdnvoggohmskopns dh tfndr lwh rdbft. Jlr tfds rnoslh, D wdsf tl poy ot gnost slan ottnhtdlhtl tfn gotnr fdstlry lj tfn orno, ohm tl jdhm lut flw gotnr rnkgoaotdlhs ohm gohm usnadbft fovn ojjnktnm tfn òrrlws dh qunstdlh.

Rfnh tfn Plaoh napnrlr Kgoumdus aomn tfn Pfdhn tfn ljjdkdog hlrtfnrh`luhmory lj tfn Plaoh napdrn, tfn Ngst-Pfnhnh orno njjnktdvngy `nkoan port ljBnraohdo gd`nro, eust tl tfn hlrtf lj tfn gdans. @ltf fdstlrdkog ohm orkfonlglbdkogslurkns sflw flw tfds zlhn, eust lutsdmn tfn Plaoh `lrmnrs bodhnm dh sdbhdjdkohknportdkugorgy sdhkn k. 099 OM. fn trdòg klhjnmnrotdlh chlwh os Jrohkd ds glkotnmprnkdsngy dh tfds orno, ohm tfn nxkovotdlh lj gorbn rurog snttgnanhts os Nmn-@nhhnclahnotgy dggustrotn tfn brlwdhb daplrtohkn lj tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbns eust hlrtf lj tfnPfdhn dh tfn ;rmohm =tfknhtury OM (Zoh Ns nt og. ?46>). Dt ds hlt nhtdrngy kgnorwfntfnr klaporo`gn snttgnanhts ogsl nxdstnm dh Ngst ùt tfn prnsnhkn lj o gotnPlaoh-Norgy Anmdnvog knantnry hnor tfn jllt lj tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn aocns tfdsvnry gdcngy (Fndmdhbo ?466, Jdb. ??3 Ngst t Rlum?:). Dt ds oh dhtrdbudhb qunstdlh

flw tfnsn pnlpgn pnrkndvnm tfn aohy prnfdstlrdk òrrlws lj tfn Ngstnr`nrbkgustnrhnor`y. O saogg nxkovotdlh lj aluhm ^hdtos ; oggnbnmgy ydngmnm tfn jdhm lj ohotdvn Plaoh urh dh lhn lj tfn òrrlws lj tfds brlup, oppornhtgy o snklhmorydhtnranht (Zoh nht ?42:). [ukf o jdhm subbnsts tfot tfnsn prnfdstlrdk aluhmswnrn vogunm `y tfn Bnraohdk dhfo`dtohts os wngg?2.

fn Pfnhnh rnbdlh prlò`gy `nkoan tfn rnsdmnhkn lj oh Norgy Anmdnvog(Jrohcdsf lr Jrdsdoh) ngdtn prlò`gy jrla tfn jdjtf ùt knrtodhgy dh tfn 4tfknhturywfnh dt wos oh daplrtoht kfdnjgy knhtnr dh tfn Jrohcdsf napdrn (Fndmdhbo ?466).fn Ngst knantnry ogrnomy anhtdlhnm ds lhn lj tflsn tfot wnrn nsto`gdsfnm dh tfn=tf/>tfknhtury ohm rnaodhnm dh usn jlr snvnrog knhturdns. [lan lj tfna klugm `n-klan vnry nxtnhsdvn, gdcn tfn Pfnhnh-Clnrfnuvngknantnry lh tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn

slan cdglantnrs tl tfn nost lj tfn Ngstnr`nrb, wfdkf ds kgodanm tl fovn slan ?999ùrdogs (@gdemnhstdeh 0992, 64). [ukf gorbn juhnrory ornos wnrn ùdgt dh o gohmskopntfot wos ogrnomy mlttnm wdtf mlznhs lj aukf lgmnr òrrlws. Dt ds obodh dhtnrnstdhb

?; @lmnacoort voh Hnmnrgohm ?5>9.999 @gom ;4 Rnst Pfnhnh nh @gom ;4 Llst Pfnhnh, ?42;,[D@LCO. bT;9 anohs5 Almnr Ylmzlg, mnvnglpnm dh klorsn sohm (anmdoh sohmjroktdlh80?9 )wdtf brovng ot gnss tfoh =9 ka uhmnrhnotf tfn surjokn, gloa jroktdlh hlt bnhnroggy mnjdhnm.

?= Bnraoh5plmslgd nrtn @rouhnrmn.?> Brluhm wotnr gnvng kgoss ZDD dh tfn Mutkf systna lj wotnrgnvng kgossdjdkotdlh. [lurkn5Brluhm wotnr gnvng kgoss ZDD dh tfn Mutkf systna lj wotnrgnvng kgossdjdkotdlh. [lurkn5[lurkn5 @lmnacoort

voh Hnmnrgohm ?5>9.999 @gom ;4 Rnst Pfnhnh nh @gom ;4 Llst Pfnhnh, ?42;, [D@LCO.?: Orkfnlglbdskfn Crlhdnc Yrlvdhkdn ^trnkft?469-?46=, 4-?;.?2 Rn rntrdnvnm plttnry sfnrms jrla tfds aluhm dh tfnprlvdhkdoo g Mnpltdh ^trnkft (snn snktdlh =.23

Jdb. =.>), wfdkf wn motnm tl tfn Plaoh Ynrdlm lr Gotn Drlh Obn. Hltfdhb ds rnplrtnm lh tfndrjdhm klhtnxt. fny rnprnsnht twl mdjjnrnht plts, pnrfops tfnsn orn tfn jdhms anoht `y Zoh nht).


28/184

0:

tl jdhm lut dj tfnrn wnrn spotdog gdhcs krnotnm `ntwnnh tfnsn Norgy Anmdnvog knan-tnrdns ohm tfn u`dqudtlus ohkdnht prnfdstlrdk òrrlws. Dh tfn kosn lj tfn Ngstnr`nrb,tfnrn ds sl jor hl dhmdkotdlh tfot tfds wos tfn kosn, hlr orn tfnrn dhmdkotdlhs tfottfn orno orluhm tfn aluhm wos snttgnm. Dt ds gdcngy tfot tfn glwnr-gydhb ornos wnrnprnjnrrnm os snttgnanht brluhms.

Pfnhnh glst dts supro-rnbdlhog sdbhdjdkohkn dh tfn Gotn Anmdnvog Ynrdlm, ùto tlwh mnvnglpnm wfdkf `nkoan lhn lj tfn jnw kdtdns mn eurn lh tfn ^trnkftsnFnuvngrub`ntwnnh ?0;9-?0>6 (@gdemnhstdeh 0992, 4>). Ot tfn hlrtfnrh jgohc ljtfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn, o mnjnhmnm snttgnanht lr kostgn wos ùdgt, o jlrnruhhnr ljtfn gotnr Yrottnhùrbnstotn lh wfdkf slan lj tfn aluhms lj tfn Ngstnr`nrb òrrlwbrlup orn sdtuotnm (dmna 6>). Dh tfn Gotn Anmdnvog Ynrdlm, tfn Ngstnr`nrbtnrrodhgorbngy `nkoan o fnotf orno, eust gdcn alst lj tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn. fds rnaodhnmsl uhtdg tfn nhm lj tfn ?4tf knhtury. Adgdtory aops jrla ?6;4-?6>4 sflw tfnNgstnr`nrbrnbdlh os oh nxtnhsdvn fnotf?6.l lur chlwgnmbn, tfn Ngstnr`nrbòrrlwswnrn hlt mnpdktnm lh ohy lj tfn ?4 tfknhtury aops.

Ogtflubf o jnw rloms krlssnm tfn rdmbn (gdcn tfn Bogbnhwnb lr Znnhnhmoogsn[trootwnb3 @gdemnhstdeh 0992, 64), tfnrn wnrn hl daplrtoht rlutns gnomdhb oglhb

tfn òrrlws tfnasngvns. O rlutn oglhb tfn wnstnrh rdmbn lj tfn Ngstnr`nrb `norstfn hoan Bogbnhwnb(bogglws rlom). fds aocns lhn wlhmnr dj lhn lj tfn alrnwnstnrh òrrlws ot tfn Ngstnr`nrbsnrvnm os o glkotdlh jlr bogglws. fn rlgn lj òr-rlws jlr tfn klhstruktdlh lj bogglws ds wngg ottnstnm dh tfn [lutfnrh ohm HlrtfnrhHntfnrgohms (Anurcnhs 0992).

Dt ds lhgy wdtfdh tfn pnrdlm jrla ?669 tl ?499 tfot aoelr kfohbns wnrn toc-dhb pgokn dh tfn gohmskopn5 tfn fnotf wos jlrnstnm obodh jlr gorbn-skogn prlmuk-tdlh lj wllmnh plsts jlr tfn upkladhb klog adhdhb dhmustry dh tfn slutf lj tfnHntfnrgohms. Dt adbft `n nxpnktnm tfot pglwdhb jlr trnn-pgohtdhb adbft fovn moa-obnm `ltf tfn aluhms ohm sldg jnoturns orluhm tfna. Ohltfnr dhmustry wfdkf gnjtdts aorcs lh tfn glkog gohmskopn orn tfn tlòkkl pgohtotdlhs, glkotnm ot tfn sohmr-mnplsdts omeoknht tl tfn slutfnrh jgohc lj tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn. fnsn wnrn sdtu-otnm hnor`y, eust nost lj Ngst, ohm hlt dh daanmdotn rohbn lj tfn Ngstnr`nrbbrlup(@gdemnhstdeh 0992, ???-;). Dt wos prlò`gy dh rngotdlh tl tfds tlòkkl dhmustrytfot o gorbn mdtkf wos kut tfrlubf tfn wnstnrh port lj tfn Mngjdh ?49 aluhm (snnkfoptnr ;)?4.

fn wnstnrh port lj tfn òrrlw brlup `nkoan sdtuotnm dh o jlrnst chlwh ostfnOanrlhbskfn @lskf , wfnrnos tfn nostnrh port rnaodhnm port lj tfn Yrottnhùrbnstotn. Hnw rloms wnrn krnotnm tl jokdgdtotn tfn trohsplrt jlr tfn jlrnst dhmustry`ntwnnh ?499 ohm ?4=9. Aohy lj tfn òrrlws wnrn hlw hl glhbnr dslgotnm, ùt`nkoan nosdgy rnokfo`gn vdo potfwoys ohm sohm rloms. fn kurrnht hlrtf-slutfrlom, chlwh os Rnstnrgooh(o sohm rlom) wfdkf ruhs dh `ntwnnh Mngjdh ?49 ohm^hdtos ? ds tfn ljjdkdog `luhmory `ntwnnh tfn [toots`ls`nfnnr-orno (wnst lj tfn

rlom5 ^hdtos ?) ohm tfn Yrottnhùrbnstotn (nost lj tfn rlom5 aluhm Mngjdh ?49).Rdtf tfn brlwtf lj tfn vdggobn lj Ngstojtnr tfn [nklhm Rlrgm Ror, pnlpgn koan

tl `n gdvdhb vnry kglsn tl tfn òrrlws, ohm tfn jlrnst `nkoan oh daplrtoht pgokn jlrrnkrnotdlh. fn nosy okknss lj tfn orno ohm tfn jokt tfot tfn wngg-chlwh oaotnur-orkfonlglbdst As Kf. Mngjdh gdvnm hnor`y ds lhn lj tfn rnoslhs tfot tfds òrrlwkgustnr wos rn-mdsklvnrnm ohm fos ydngmnm sukf o surprdsdhb gorbn hua`nr lj jdhms.Murdhb fnr aohy survnys, As Mngjdh rnmdsklvnrnm snvnrog lj tfn aluhms, wfdkf

?6 lplbrojdskfn nh Adgdtodrn Coort voh fnt Clhdhcrdec mnr Hnmnrgohmnh, Coort`gom ;4-DD ?6;4-?6>4,?5>9.999.

?4 Okklrmdhb tl tfn Yrottnhùrb nstotn jlrnstnr, Ar B. voh Fnyhdhbnh, sukf o mdtkf wos hnknssorytl trohsplrt wotnr wfdkf wos klggnktnm dh o gloa pdt hnor`y tlworms tfn tlòkkl pgohts.


29/184

02 -

orn hoanm ojtnr fnrn sdhkn. Klhjusdhbgy, slan aluhms wnrn rn-hoanm wdtf tfn^hdtos-klmn ohm tfny orn chlwh uhmnr tfds fnomdhb dh tfnOrkfdsOrkfonlglbdkogMotoòsn.

?.2 Lrbohdzotdlh lj tfds `llc

Dh wfot jlgglws, tfn rnsugts lj tfn nxkovotdlh orn mnskrd`nm. Jlr probaotdk rnoslhs,mdskussdlhs lj jnoturns ohm jdhms orn mdskussnm dh snporotn kfoptnrs. Kfoptnr 0 ohm; mnskrd`n tfn jnoturns lj tfn aluhms ^hdtos ? ohm Mngjdh ?49 rnspnktdvngy. Cnyjdhms wdgg `n anhtdlhnm ùt tfndr mnskrdptdlh ohm motdhb orn knhtrog tl tfn twljlgglwdhb kfoptnrs = ohm > (jdhms jrla ^hdtos ? ohm Mngjdh ?49 rnspnktdvngy). Dhkfoptnr :, tfn plggnh nvdmnhkn wdgg `n mdskussnm, wfnrnos kfoptnr 2 mnskrd`nm tfnrnsugts lj tfn antflmdkog nxpnrdanhts wdtf tfn pnhntrlglbbnr ohm klrdhbs ot tfdssdtn. Kfoptnr 6 mnogs wdtf tfn som stlry lj tfn ^hdtos = aluhm tfot wos mnstrlynmtwl ynors ojtnr lur nxkovotdlh nhmnm. fn klhkgusdlhs ohm dapgdkotdlhs lj tfnnxkovotdlh wdgg tfnh `n snt lut dh kfoptnr 4, wfnrn o tnhtotdvn lutgdhn lj tfn fds-tlry lj tfn òrrlw brlup wdgg `n scntkfnm. fn gost kfoptnr, ?9, tfnh, wdgg mdskuss

tfn juturn lj tfds òrrlw brlup5 flw spnkdog ds tfds mdspnrsnm brlup lj òrrlws,ohm flw adbft dt `nst `n prnsnrvnm jlr juturn bnhnrotdlhs


30/184


31/184

04 ^

Kfoptnr 0

@^PDOGAL^HM^HD]O[ ?5 OHNOPGT

@PLHUNOBN@OPPLRRD]F]POKN[LJDPLHOBNOK]DZD]DN[

_. @lurbnlds, M. Jlhtdeh

0.? Dhtrlmuktdlh

Lhn lj tfn òrrlws sngnktnm jlr nxkovotdlh ds tfn lhn chlwh os ^hdtos ?, lr sdtn;4-N-?909dh tfnOrkfdsMotoòsn klmdjdkotdlh. Dt anosurns k.?= `y ?= a ohm fos ofndbft lj 9.4; a (Jdb. ?.>). O saogg nxkovotdlh korrdnm lut dh ?42? dhmdkotnm tfottfds òrrlw wos lhn lj tflsn rorn nxoapgns lj aluhms motdhb tl tfn Norgy @rlhzn

Obn. Rn korrdnm lut o almnst rn-nxkovotdlh tl kfnkc wfntfnr tfds motdhb wos klr-rnkt, ohm tl prnporn o prljdgn jrla wfdkf plggnh soapgns klugm `n tocnh.

fds kfoptnr wdgg jdrst mnskrd`n tfn nhvdrlhanhtog plsdtdlh lj ^hdtos ?, os wnggos dts klhmdtdlh lj prnsnrvotdlh prdlr tl tfn 099: rnsnorkf (0.0 ohm 0.;). fnh, wnwdgg mdskuss rnsugts lj tfn ?42? nxkovotdlh dh tfds aluhm, ohm rngnvoht oaotnurjdhms tfot wnrn mlhn daanmdotngy orluhm ^hdtos ? (0.=). Rn wdgg klhtdhun `ymnskrd`dhb ohm mdskussdhb rnsugts lj lur lwh nxkovotdlh. Rn kflsn tl nxkovotntfds aluhm dh o woy wfdkf mdjjnrnm jrla flw dt wos mlhn dh tfn post. fnrnjlrn,

wn wdgg poy aukf ottnhtdlh tl dhtrlmukdhb tfn kflsnh nxkovotdlh strotnby ohm sntlut wfy dt snnas tl us tfn alst opprlprdotn woy lj nxkovotdhb tfds aluhm (0.>).fds dhkgumns tfn mnskrdptdlh lj oh nxpnrdanht wfnrn wn sdnvnm o soapgn lj tfnaluhm klhstruktdlh aotnrdog. [nktdlh 0.: ohm 0.2 wdgg mnskrd`n tfn rngnvoht or-kfonlglbdkog jnoturns. Rn wdgg jdrst prlvdmn tfn rnomnr wdtf bnhnrog dhjlraotdlh lhtfn aluhms strotdbropfy os mnmuknm jrla tfn 099: nxkovotdlh rnsugts (0.:). fnrnklbhdznm jnoturns ohm osslkdotnm jdhms orn tfnh mnskrd`nm jrla tlp tl `lttla(0.2). Lur jdhmdhbs orn suaaordznm dh snktdlh 0.6.

0.0 Nhvdrlhanhtog snttdhb, glkog bnlglby ohm sldgs

fn òrrlw ds ùdgt lh hlh-alrodhdk dkn-pusfnm jguvdotdgn snmdanht (Znr`ronkc?46=, klmnm Ba9) lj wfdkf tfn kforoktnrdstdks orn mnskrd`nm dh tfn prnvdlusKfoptnr (snktdlh ?.:.?). Os ogrnomy rnaorcnm tfnrn, gdtflglbdkoggy, wn orn mnogdhbwdtf fntnrlbnhnlus snmdanht. Lur nxkovotdlh ohm tfn klrdhbs mlhn `y tfn PKN(Kfoptnr 2) sflwnm tfot tfn su`sldg lj tfn òrrlw klhsdsts lj klorsn sohm klhtodh-dhb aohy kl``gns, dhtnrspnrsnm wdtf sohm goynrs lj o jdhnr brodh jroktdlh. Dh tfn tlplj tfn aluhm ohm orluhm dt, o Almnr Ylmzlg sldg (flgtplmslg)ds l`snrvo`gn (klmnmbT;9 dh tfn Mutkf kgossdjdkotdlh, snn snktdlh ?.:.?). Dt ds hltnwlrtfy tfot tfn sldguhmnrhnotf tfn òrrlw wos vobunr tfoh lutsdmn, ohm tfot dh tfn sldg klvnrnm `ytfn aluhm, oh o-flrdzlh klugm hlt `n l`snrvnm. fn aluhm gdns eust hlrtf ljtfn rnaorco`gn glhb òrrlw ^hdtos > (alhuanht hr. 2?=23 snn Kfoptnr ?, Jdb.

09 KOO-hua`nr 0:>;6/0209>3 alhuanht hua`nr5 2?=>.


32/184

;9

?.=), ohm slan ?99 a slutf-nost lj ^hdtos 0 (alhuanht hr. 2?==). ^hdtos ? dsdh tfn [toots`ls`nfnnr orno. Ot tfn tdan lj tfn 099: nxkovotdlh tfn aluhm wossdtuotnm wdtfdh oh lpnh spokn dh tfn jlrnst, wdtf o mnhsn pdhn jlrnst daanmdotngytl dts slutf (snn Jdb. 0.? ohm Jdb. 0.;). fn mnhsn jlrnstotdlh dapnmnm oh omnquotnossnssanht lj tfn aluhm5 dt ds, jlr nxoapgn, gdcngy tfot tfn jllt lj tfn aluhm ds

tl `n jluhm dh tfn jlrnst. fn sdzn lj tfn aluhm rnbdstnrnm fnrn ohm dh Orkfds (?=`y ?= a) aoy tfnrnjlrn `n slanwfot tll saogg. Dh 0996, tfn jlrnst surrluhmdhbdt wos klhsdmnro`gy tfdhhnm lut.

0.; [totn lj prnsnrvotdlh `njlrn tfn 099: nxkovotdlh

fds port lj tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbn wos o fnotf up uhtdg tfn `nbdhhdhb lj tfn 09tfknhturyOM0?. Jlr tfds rnoslh, dt adbft `n nxpnktnm tfot tfn tnrrodh sujjnrnm jrlaslm-kuttdhb lr gnvnggdhb. rokns lj kgnorgy mnkopdtotnm sldgs wnrn hlt mntnktnm ot tfntlp lj tfn aluhm. Oh dhspnktdlh rnplrt `y tfn PL@(hlw PKN), motdhb tl ?462flwnvnr, sflws tfot tfn slutfnrh port lj tfn aluhm wos mdstur`nm `y mdbbdhboktdvdtdns (sohm nxtroktdlh>, aop 4:.

Jdb. 0.? ]fn ^hdtos ? aluhm,

eust `njlrn tfn nxkovotdlh.

Zdnw jrla tfn nost. Hltn tfn

mnhsn jlrnstotdlh eust orluhm

tfn ohcs lj tfn aluhm.

Yfltlbropf `y _. @lurbnlds.


33/184

;? ^

0.= Norgdnr Pnsnorkf

0.=.? ]fn ORH-nxkovotdlh lj ?42?

O saogg trnhkf (> a `y ?.0 a) wos mub dhtl tfn hlrtf-nostnrh port lj tfn aluhmmurdhb o lhn-moy nxkovotdlh lj tfn ORH dh ?42? (Jdb. 0.0). fn jdngmwlrc wos

korrdnm lut uhmnr supnrvdsdlh lj mrs Y. voh nht, tfn tfnh prlvdhkdog orkfonlglbdst.Dt ds hlt nxoktgy rnklrmnm flw tfn trnhkf wos mub, `ut tfnrn ds lhn mrowdhb lj tfnsurjokn wfdkf dhmdkotns tfot ot gnost lhn ortdjdkdog flrdzlhtog gnvng wos krnotnm.Fnrn, trokns lj o mdtkf lr pdt oppnor tl fovn `nnh vdsd`gn. fds mdtkf aoy fovn dtskluhtnrport dh tfn mnprnssdlh lj tfn lgm surjokn dhmdkotnm `y tfn nxkovotlrs dhtfndr mrowdhb lj tfn prljdgn.

fn hlrtf prljdgn lj tfn trnhkf wos mrowh. [ldg mdsklglrotdlhs orn dhmdkotnm,`ut hlt dhtnrprntnm dh tnras lj sldg flrdzlhs, lr gdtflglbdkog goynrs (n.b. mdjjnrnhtaluhm klhstruktdlh pfosns lr aluhm pnrdlms, kj. fnuhdssnh ?444, ;6-;4).@gokc ohm wfdtn pfltlbropfs tocnh murdhb tfn nxkovotdlh ohm stlrnm wdtf tfnmlkuanhtotdlh orn jnw ohm bnhnroggy form tl rn-dhtnrprnt. Flwnvnr, murdhb tfds

nxkovotdlh slan daplrtoht jdhms wnrn mlhn. Hl gnss tfoh jlur sfnrms lj tfn rorn@or`nm Rdrn plttnry wnrn jluhm dh tfds lhn trnhkf, okklrmdhb tl tfn jdhm gdst. Lurlwh stumy lj tfnsn sfnrms sflws tfot tfds ds klrrnkt (snn snktdlh =.; jlr o mnskrdp-tdlh lj tfnsn jdhms). Anhtdlh fos ogsl `nnh aomn dh tfn jdhm mlkuanhtotdlh lj

Jdb. 0.0 Mrowdhb, rnklrmnm dh

tfn ?42? nxkovotdlh mlkuanh-

totdlh, sflwdhb tfn plsdtdlh ljtfn trnhkf dh tfn aluhm.


34/184

;0

ndbft ltfnr sfnrms lj wfot prlò`gy ds plttnry motdhb tl tfn Drlh Obn lr hotdvnfohm-aomn plttnry lj tfn Plaoh Ynrdlm00. fn fndbft lj tfnsn jdhms wos rnklrmnmdh a HOY (Mutkf Lrmhohkn Motua), ohm tfn jdhms orn sflwh prlenktnm dh tfnmrowdhb lj tfn prljdgn. fds mrowdhb bdvns tfn daprnssdlh tfot tfn @or`nm Rdrnsfnrms wnrn jluhm dh strotdbropfdkog plsdtdlhs mdjjnrnht jrla tflsn lj tfn Drlh

Obn sfnrms. fn @or`nm Rdrn sfnrms orn sflwh `ltf dh tfn aluhm dtsngj ohmuhmnrhnotf dt, wfnrnos tfn Drlh Obn sfnrms orn lhgy glkotnm dh tfn aluhm. fdsdhjlraotdlh ds klhjusdhb5 orn wn mnogdhb wdtf @or`nm Rdrn sfnrms mnplsdtnm lhtfn lrdbdhog surjokn, prn-motdhb tfn ùdgmdhb lj tfn aluhm, lr wnrn tfny dhkgumnmdh tfn aotnrdog wdtf wfdkf tfn aluhm wos ùdgt< Dh tfn gottnr kosn5 flw tfnh ornwn uhmnrstohm tfn plsdtdlh lj Drlh Obn sfnrms dh tfot soan aluhm a jrla dt, os ds stotnmdh tfnOrkfds motoòsn0>. ^hjlrtuhotngy, tfn mdsturòhkn `y rllts aomn dt vnry formtl rnklbhdzn ohy orkfonlglbdkog jnoturns (trokns lr mdtkfns). fds Ylt @nocnr jdhmwdgg `n mnskrd`nm dh mntodg dh snktdlh =.:.

0.> Nxkovotdlh strotnby lj tfn 099: nxkovotdlh

0.>.? Pnoslhs jlr nxkovotdhb o saogg quomroht

l prlvdmn o kfnkc lh tfn jdhmdhbs lj tfn ?42?-nxkovotdlh, wn lptnm jlr o rn-nxko-votdlh lj tfn lgmORHtrnhkf dh tfn flpn tl jdhm slan hnw jrobanhts lj @or`nm

Rdrn plttnry ohm tl mlkuanht tfndr strotdbropfdkog plsdtdlh ohm tfus uhrovng tfnaluhms motdhb ohm strotdbropfy. l okklapgdsf tfds, o saogg quomroht nhkla-

00 ^hjlrtuhotngy, wn fovn hlt `nnh o`gn tl rntrdnvn tfnsn jdhms ohm wn fovn tl òsn lursngvns lhrnaorcs aomn lh tfn gdsts dh tfn jdhm mlkuanhtotdlh.

0; fds wos opprlvnm lj `y tfn PL@(hlw PKN).0= Zoh nht ?442. Zoh nht stotns tfot tfn sfnrms jluhm `nglhb tl ot gnost jlur mdjjnrnht plts, ùtZoh nht ?442. Zoh nht stotns tfot tfn sfnrms jluhm `nglhb tl ot gnost jlur mdjjnrnht plts, ùtnht stotns tfot tfn sfnrms jluhm `nglhb tl ot gnost jlur mdjjnrnht plts, ùt

lur stumy lj tfn jdhm sflws tfot tfds ds dhklrrnkt (snn ogsl Orkfds-hua`nr =;>>9).

0> fn sfnrms ohm jdhm mlkuanhtotdlh wnrn cdhmgy aomn ovodgo`gn tl us `y mrs. @nrt Fudscns(Ausnua t Plhmnng, Pfnhnh).


35/184

;; ^

possdhb tfn ORH trnhkf wos pgohhnm (Jdb. 0.;). Ogtflubf tfn nxokt plsdtdlh ljtfn ORH trnhkf wos uhchlwh (dt wos lhgy dhmdkotnm lh o scntkf lj tfn aluhm(Jdb. 0.0) ohm dt wos hlt glkotnm dh tfn Hotdlhog kllrmdhotn brdm), tfn jdgg lj tfnjlranr trnhkf wos nosdgy vdsd`gn mun tl tfn jokt tfot dts vnbntotdlh wos mdjjnrnhtgyklglurnm.

Rfy mdm wn kfllsn tl nxkovotn o saogg quomroht< fn alst l`vdlus ohm nosdnstwoy tl krnotn o prljdgn wlugm snna tl `n `y sdapgy mdbbdhb o saogg trnhkf ot tfnjllt lj tfn aluhm, gdcn wos mlhn dh ?42?. Rn woht tl orbun, flwnvnr, tfot tfdskoh formgy `n nxpnktnm tl `n fngpjug dh uhrovnggdhb tfn aluhms strotdbropfy os owflgn. Ot tfn jllt lj tfn aluhm, dt aoy `n nxpnktnm tfot mdjjnrnht klhstruktdlhgoynrs orn rngotdvngy tfdh. Ogsl, tfn njjnkts lj snklhmory plmzlgdsotdlh aoy l`skurnsu`tgn mdjjnrnhkns dh tfn aluhms strotdbropfy. Ot tfn aluhms jllt, tfrnn pnml-glbdkog pfnhlanho orn rngnvoht. Jdrst, tfnrn ds tfn lrdbdhog sldg `urdnm uhmnrhnotftfn aluhm. Hnxt, tfnrn ds tfn sldg wfdkf jlranm dh tfn tlp lj tfn aluhm. Dtsflugm `n napfosdznm tfot dts `-flrdzlh aoy `n slan ?9 ka uhmnrhnotf tfn tlpdtsngj, fnhkn dt adbft anrbn wdtf tfn sldg flrdzlh wfdkf ds `urdnm uhmnrhnotf tfnaluhm. fdrm, orluhm tfn jllt lj tfn aluhm, sldg jlraotdlh wdgg `n oapgdjdnm

`y tfn ommdtdlhog jglw lj fuaus jrla mlwhsglpn tfn aluhm (Almmnraoh ?42>,?2). Ot tfn jllt, wfnrn tfn aluhm ds stdgg tfdh, ogg tfnsn pfnhlanho lkkur dh tfnsoan zlhn, aocdhb dt vnry form tl uhrovng tfn mdvnrsn pnmlglbdkog pfnhlanho, gntoglhn tl rnklbhdzn mdjjnrnht aluhm klhstruktdlh pfosns. Dj wn woht tl ml tfot,l`vdlusgy glhbnr prljdgns orn hnnmnm tfot pnhntrotn mnnpnr dh tfn aluhm. Lhnslgutdlh wlugm `n tl sdapgy rn-nxkovotn tfn jdgg lj tfn lrdbdhog trnhkf ohm nxtnhmtfn prljdgn dh slutfnrh plsdtdlh. fds, flwnvnr, wlugm dapgy tfot wn wlugm nx-kovotn o hnw port lj tfn aluhm `y anohs lj o vnry saogg trnhkf. [ukf o trnhkf,flwnvnr, wlugm `n rotfnr uhfngpjug os dts saogg sdzn foapnrs o jugg uhmnrstohmdhblj jnoturns tfot adbft klan up dh dts nxkovotnm surjokn. Bdvnh tfn typn lj sldgprlknssns (tfn flgtplmslgsldgs wfdkf gokc oh nguvdog flrdzlh) ohm gdtflglbdkog aotn-rdog (fntnrlbnhlus, klorsn jguvdotdgn snmdanht) dt aust `n nxpnktnm tfot jnoturnsgdcn sdgflunttns lj klrpsns orn nxtrnangy form tl rnklbhdzn, ohm orn prlhn tl rnaodhuhrnklbhdznm dh sukf o saogg trnhkf.

OK

@

lgm nxkovotdlh trnhkf

Jdb. 0.; Ylsdtdlh lj tfn saogg

quomroht lj tfn 099: nxkovo-

tdlh dh rngotdlh tl tfn plsdtdlh

lj tfn jlranr trnhkf lj tfn

?42? nxkovotdlh. ]fn nxokt gl-

kotdlh wfnrn tfn aluhm ohc

nhms klugm hlt `n nsto`gdsfnm

mun tl tfn mnhsn jlrnstotdlh3

tfn mrowdhb lhgy bdvns o rno-

slho`gn nstdaotdlh lj dts sdzn.

O-K dhmdkotn tfn plsdtdlhs lj

tfn prlgn mrowdhbs.


36/184

;=

Jlr tfot rnoslh, wn oòhmlhnm tfn trnhkf lptdlh ohm mnkdmnm tl nxkovotn osaogg quomroht lj :.> `y 2.> a ot dts gorbnst orluhm tfn jdgg lj tfn ORH-trnhkf(Jdb. 0.;). fds wlugm prlvdmn us wdtf twl glhb prljdgns, ohm nhlubf flrdzlhtogspokn tl rnklbhdzn rngnvoht sldg jnoturns ohm tl gdhc tfnsn tl strotdbropfy l`snrvnmdh tfn aluhm. Rn rnjrodhnm, flwnvnr, jrla pnhntrotdhb dhtl tfn knhtrn lj tfnaluhm, wfnrn tfn knhtrog dhtnranht koh `n nxpnktnm. Ogtflubf tfn knhtrog ùrdogwlugm prlvdmn us wdtf tfn `nst plssd`gn anohs lj motdhb tfn aluhm, dt wlugmrnqudrn o aukf alrn nhklapossdhb nxkovotdlh tfoh wn pgohhnm jlr. Rn kornjuggymnkdmnm tl stoy lut lj tfds port, os ommdtdlhog ohm prlpnrgy glkotnm jdhms dh tfnsngnktnm quomroht dtsngj wlugm sujjdkn tl ohswnr lur aodh qunstdlhs.

0.>.0 Pnoslhs jlr nxkovotdhb dh or`dtrory flrdzlhtog gnvngs

@njlrn wn stortnm lur nxkovotdlh, tfnrn wos hl kgnor vdnw lh wfot wlugm `n tfn`nst woy tl nxkovotn aluhms gdcn tfds. Ogtflubf slan 699 aluhms fovn `nnhnxkovotnm dh tfn Hntfnrgohms, tfds foppnhnm o glhb tdan obl. Rdtf tfn nxknptdlhlj tfn lutgdhn lj tfn quomroht antflm `y Zoh Bdjjnhs (?4;9, 2), tfnrn orn hl mn-todgnm `nst proktdkn okkluhts lh flw aluhms wnrn nxkovotnm0:. fn qunstdlh flwtl nxkovotn òrrlws rnvdvnm wdtf tfn jdrst òrrlw nxkovotdlh sdhkn tfn ?469s5 tfn099= koapodbh ot Lss-Unvnh`nrbnh(Jlccnhs nt og. 099:). Fnrn, tfn Unvnh`nrbnhtnoa nxpnrdanhtnm wdtf mdjjnrnht antflms, wdtf vorydhb rnsugts (jlr o mdskussdlhsnn Jlccnhs nt og. 099:). fny trdnm tl nxkovotn strotdbropfdkog gy, wfdkf anoht tfotgoynrs `nglhbdhb tl lhn ohm tfn soan aluhm pnrdlm wnrn jlgglwnm5 tfn lrdbdhogsglpn lj tfn aluhm ohm goynrs wos jlgglwnm. Ogtflubf tfds antflm wos wlrco`gn,dt wos vnry tdan-klhsuadhb ohm krnotnm snvnrog prl`gnas. Lhn ds tfot dt oppnornmtl `n vnry form tl mntnkt tfn prlpnr strotdbropfy dh omvohkn, wdtflut omnquotntnst trnhkfns. Dt wos portdkugorgy mdjjdkugt tl uhmnrstohm su`tgn huohkns dh wfotorn pnmlglbdkog rotfnr tfoh kfrlhlstrotdbropfdkog lr gdtflstrotdbropfdkog uhdts, ohmpnmlglbdkog uhdts orn hlt dh tfnasngvns rngnvoht uhdts jlr jdhm klggnktdlhs os tfny

rnprnsnht o prlknss wfdkf wlrcs tfn snmdanht ojtnr pnlpgn pgoknm dt dh oh ortdjdkdogaluhm. Lh tlp lj tfot, dh tfnUnvnh`nrbnhkosn wn orn mnogdhb wdtf sldg typns wdtfaukf kgnornr mdsklglrotdlhs tfoh fnrn ot Ngst (Fuaus Ylmzlg sldgs wdtf o kgnornguvdog (N) flrdzlh dhstnom lj tfn Almnr Ylmslg sldgs lj ^hdtos ?). Gnorhdhb jrlatfnUnvnh`nrbnh nxpnrdnhkns, ohm dh ohtdkdpotdlh lj jnoturns tfot klugm `n nxpnktnmtl `n nvnh alrn mdjjdkugt tl rnom tfoh dh tfn kosn lj tfn Unvnh`nrbnh(mun tl tfnjokt tfot wn wnrn fnrn mnogdhb wdtf Almnr rotfnr tfoh wdtf tfn alrn lutsplcnhFuaus Ylmzlg sldgs), wn mnkdmnm tl nxkovotn dh ortdjdkdog, flrdzlhtog gnvngs.

Lhn quomroht wos anosurnm lut (rnklrmnm os trnhkf, Mutkfput?)02, ohm ojtnrtfn tlpsldg wos rnalvnm, stortdhb jrla tfn tlp lj tfn aluhm, tfrnn gnvngs wnrnsflvnggnm kgnoh `y fohm, wdtf mdstohkns dh `ntwnnh lj k. ?9-09 ka, rdbft mlwh

tl tfn gnvng lj tfn lgm surjokn. fds woy lj wlrcdhb dapgdns tfot tfn glwnr nokfgnvng ds, tfn gorbnr dts surjokn. fn jdrst gnvng anosurnm ; a `y ; a, gnvng 0 wos 2 a`y 2 a, ohm gnvng ; wos 2.> a `y :.> a (Jdb.0.6-0.?9). rnns aomn dt daplssd`gntl nxpohm tfn quomroht os o squorn ot gnvng ;, bdvdhb tfn trnhkf oh drrnbugor lut-gdhn (Jdb. 0.4-0.?9). fn nhtdrn nxkovotdlh wos mlhn `y fohm, ohm nokf prnpornmgnvng wos systnaotdkoggy kfnkcnm wdtf o antog mntnktlr `y Ar Ohmr Aohmnrs,lur scdggnm antog mntnktlrdst. Nokf gnvng wos pfltlbropfnm ohm mrowh. Jdb. 0.=ohm Jdb. 0.2 bdvn oh daprnssdlh lj tfds woy lj wlrcdhb (rnspnktdvngy sflwdhbgnvng ? ohm gnvng ;). Murdhb tfn mdbbdhb ohm sflvngdhb, ogg alvnm nortf wos ogsl

0: [nn Zoh mnr Znnh/Gohtdhb ?44?, ?40 jlr oh okkluht lj lgm òrrlw nxkovotdlh proktdkns.02 Os tfn hdtos ? ohm Mngjdh ?49 nxkovotdlhs tllc pgokn sdaugtohnlusgy, wn usnm lhn systna jlr

tfn omadhdstrotdlh lj trnhkfns5 trnhkf ? ds tfn nxkovotdlh dh ^hdtos ? ohm trnhkf 0 ds tfn nxkovo-tdlh trnhkf dh tfn Mngjdh ?49 aluhm.


37/184

;> ^

dhspnktnm wdtf o antog mntnktlr. Dh ommdtdlh, jlr o snktdlh lj > a `y >9 ka poroggng

tl tfn hlrtf-slutf prljdgn, ogg rnalvnm snmdanht wos sdnvnm (ansf wdmtf = aa3snn snktdlh 0.>.;). [dnvdhb wos usnm os o klrrnktdlh jlr tfn aohuog mdbbdhb, tlsnn wfntfnr saogg jdhms wnrn adssnm. O klapordslh sflws tfot hua`nr ohm sdznlj jdhms mlhn murdhb sdnvdhb ds klaporo`gn tl wfot wos jluhm murdhb aohuogmdbbdhb. Dh ltfnr wlrms5 dt sflugm hlt `n nxpnktnm tfot jdhms blt glst wfnh tfnbrluhm wos hlt sdnvnm. fn nxokt jdhm splt lj nokf ortnjokt wos anosurnm dh tfrnnmdanhsdlhs dh tfn hotdlhog kllrmdhotn systna usdhb tfn [lcdo = @ ltog [totdlh[lcdo = @ ltog [totdlh(anosurnanht nrrlr > 1 ?.> ablh).

O jlurtf gnvng, uhmnrhnotf tfn lrdbdhog surjokn wos lhgy portdoggy mub. Dt ds o>9 ka wdmn trnhkf dh jrlht lj `ltf prljdgns. Dt wos hnknssory tl bl `nhnotf tfnlrdbdhog surjokn dh lrmnr tl jokdgdtotn soapgdhb lj plggnh prnsnrvnm uhmnrhnotf

tfn lrdbdhog surjokn. fds trnhkf wos nxtnhmnm dh lhn pgokn tl tfn knhtrn lj tfnquomroht, tl dhvnstdbotn trokns lj o mdtkf jdgg (jnoturn ([ jrla tfn Mutkf [pllr)[?43 mnpdktnm ot Jdb. 0.??), wfdkf wos lhgy vdsd`gn ot tfds gnvng (snn `nglw). Ohnvnh mnnpnr, jdjtf gnvng wos ogsl lhgy portgy mub, dh lrmnr tl dhspnkt jnoturn [0?(snn `nglw). Gnvng ? tl = wnrn ogg mrowh ot o ?509 skogn, ohm sl wnrn `ltf prljdgnsnktdlhs. Gnvng > wos pfltlbropfnm `ut hlt mrowh os dt oppnornm tl sflw hoturogvordotdlhs dh snmdanht lhgy. [nktdlhs aomn tfrlubf jnoturns, gdcn tfn mdtkf [?4 lrtfn plst rlw wnrn ogsl mrowh (?5?9).

Jdb. 0.= Zdnw jrla tfn hlrtf

lh gnvng ? murdhb tfn nxkovo-tdlh. Nxkovotdhb dh flrdzlhtog

gnvngs anohs tfot ylu wdgg

fovn tl stort ot tfn fdbfnst

ports lj tfn aluhm, wdtf

o saogg squorn trnhkf gdcn

sflwh fnrn, ohm nhm up wdtf

o sdzno`gn lhn rohbdhb jrla

knhtrn tl ohc. Hltn tfn mnhsn

jlrnstotdlh daanmdotngy tl tfn

slutf lj tfn aluhm. @njlrn

tfnsn wnrn pgohtnm, oaotnurs

jluhm mlznhs lj Gotn Drlh Obn

sfnrms ot tfds sdtn `nylhm tfnaluhm. Yfltlbropf `y M.

Jlhtdeh.


38/184

;:

0.>.; [dnvdhb lj aluhm klhstruktdlh aotnrdog

@njlrn tfn nxkovotdlh dt wos mnkdmnm tfot o pdglt wdtf sdnvdhb wlugm ogsl `n korrdnmlut ot tfds sdtn. Lhn trnhkf lj jdjty knhtdantrns wdmn oglhb tfn hlrtf-slutf prljdgnwos bldhb tl `n soapgnm jlr sdnvdhb. Dh snktdlhs lj >9 `y >9 ka, tnh gdtrns lj sldgwlugm `n sdnvnm lvnr o = `y = aa sdnvn.

fn rnsugts lj tfn sdnvdhb wnrn adhdaog. Jlur tdhy sfnrms, oglhb wdtf tfrnnjgdht jgocns wnrn jluhm. Lhgy lhn jgocn wos oh ortnjokt, tfn ltfnr twl wnrn jrlst-krokcnm pdnkns (snn Kfoptnr =), wfdgn tfn sfnrms wnrn tdhy, ohm saoggnr tfoh lhnknhtdantrn. Lhgy lhn gorbnr sfnrm lj klorsn-tnapnrnm plttnry wos jluhm. Hl md-obhlstdk plttnry wos jluhm.

Rfnh klhtrostdhb tfds tl tfn oaluht lj lènkts jluhm wfdgn sflvnggdhb, tfnommnm vogun lj sdnvdhb tfn sldg ds gdadtnm. Lhgy tfn sfnrm lj klorsn tnapnrnm plttnryklugm `n usnm dh ohy woy, tfn saogg jrobanhts ml hlt tngg us aukf. Jurtfnralrn dtds vnry gdcngy tfot tfn gorbnr jrobanht wlugm ogsl fovn `nnh mdsklvnrnm wfdgn sflv-nggdhb. Os o aottnr lj jokt, nquoggy saogg sfnrm jrobanhts wnrn jluhm `y sflvnggdhbos wngg. fn tltog wndbft lj tfn sfnrms mdsklvnrnm wfdgn sdnvdhb mlns hlt nxknnm>9 b, ohm tfn lhn mdobhlstdk klorsn-tnapnrnm sfnrm ds rnsplhsd`gn jlr tfn ùgc ljtfot (wndbfdhb ;9 b). Ogg ltfnr sfnrms wndbf gnss tfoh 6 b. fn o`slgutn wndbftlj sfnrms mdsklvnrnm wfdgn sflvnggdhb ds =;9 b. O sdadgor trnhkf rlubfgy jdjty knh-tdantrns hnxt tl tfn sdnvdhb trnhkf ydngmnm snvnh sfnrms, wdtf o tltog wndbft lj??2 b, os wngg os o jgdht jgocn. Ogg dh ogg, tfn sdnvdhb nxpnrdanht sflws tfot korn-o jgdht jgocn. Ogg dh ogg, tfn sdnvdhb nxpnrdanht sflws tfot korn-Ogg dh ogg, tfn sdnvdhb nxpnrdanht sflws tfot korn-juggy sflvnggdhb oglhn mlns hlt gnom tl glss lj daplrtoht jdhms. Lj klursn, sdnvdhbadbft `n nxpnktnm tl gnom tl jdhmdhb alrn saoggnr ortnjokts, ùt dh tfn kosn ljplttnry, tfn jrobanhts rnklvnrnm wdgg `n tll saogg jlr motdhb purplsns. Jlr jgdht, dtadbft `n alrn usnjug, ùt dt aust `n hltnm tfot dj tfn slms lj tfn òrrlw klhtodhsaogg jrobanhts lj jgdht, tfny wdgg ogg `n dh snklhmory plsdtdlh. fny orn gdcngy tlrnprnsnht dhkgusdlhs dh tfn sohm wdtf wfdkf tfn aluhm wos ùdgt, ohm tfnrnjlrnrnprnsnht rnpgoknm aotnrdog lhgy. Dh tfn juturn, sdnvdhb koh `nttnr `n rnstrdktnm tl

tfn gnvngs `nglw tfn òrrlw wfdkf pltnhtdoggy rnprnsnht oh lrdbdhog prnfdstlrdksurjokn, dhstnom lj sdnvdhb nhtdrn aluhms.

0.: Aluhm strotdbropfy

l aocn tfn mnskrdptdlh lj tfn snvnrog jnoturns uhmnrstohmo`gn, wn wdgg hlw jdrstbdvn oh lvnrvdnw lj tfn bnhnrog strotdbropfy lj tfn aluhm jrla tfn fdbfnst tltfn glwnst gnvngs, os klugm `n rnom ljj jrla tfn prljdgns wn prnpornm (Jdb. 0.>).fn aluhm strotdbropfy klugm ljklursn lhgy `n dhtnrprntnm rngdo`gy wfnh tfnklapgntn prljdgn wos prnpornm murdhb tfn gost moys lj tfn nxkovotdlh06.

Dt oppnors os dj tfn òrrlw wos nrnktnm dh lhn sdhbgn npdslmn. fn tlp lj tfnòrrlw ds klvnrnm wdtf o flgtplmslgsldg (?), tfn `lttla port lj wfdkf sflws fnovy`dlturòtdlh `y `nntgns (0). fn aluhm aotnrdog dtsngj ds vnry flalbnhlus ohmsflws hl trokns lj slms lr ltfnr strukturog ngnanhts ohm fos o gdbft-`rlwh fun(;). Dt ds uhkgnor wfntfnr slms wnrn usnm dh tfn klhstruktdlh lj tfds òrrlw. fndrtrokns adbft fovn `nnh nrosnm `y sldg-jlraotdlh prlknssns. fn aluhm dtsngj klh-sdsts lj klorsn sohm, wfdkf ds ogsl prnsnht dh tfn vdkdhdty, ùt dhtnradxnm wdtfrngotdvngy jnw pn``gns.

06 fds aotkfns tfn rnsugts lj tfn prlspnktdlh wdtf tfn fohm oubnr y tfn PKN mnskrd`nm dh snktdlh2.=.?. fndr su`mdvdsdlh lj tfn O flrdzlh (dh Of ohm/lr Ooh) ds ogsl dhmdkotnm lh lur prljdgn

mrowdhbs, ùt wn mdm hlt usn tfds tnradhlglby jlr tfn jdhnr su`-mdvdsdlh lj tfn tlp sldg dh lurnxkovotdlh.


39/184

;2 ^

fn lgm surjokn klvnrnm `y tfn aluhm wos vnry form tl mdstdhbudsf. Dt klugmlhgy `n vdsuogdsnm `y o rnmmdsf-`rlwh fun ohm o rotfnr o`rupt trohsdtdlh jrla tfnaluhm wdtf lhgy o jnw pn``gns dhtnradxnm tl o goynr lj klorsn sohm, dhtnradxnmwdtf aohy pn``gns (=). Dh o jnw pgokns saogg sldg jd`rnswnrn l`snrvnm eust lh tfntrohsdtdlh jrla tfn aluhm tl tfn lgm surjokn dhmdkotdhb rnahohts lj o trohsdtdlhlj O-, @- tl o K flrdzlh. Dh o jnw pgokns tfn mdstdhktdlh `ntwnnh tfn lgm surjoknohm tfn aluhm aotnrdog klugm hlt `n aomn, ohm lhgy tfn trohsdtdlh `ntwnnh tfn`lttla lj tfn Almnr Ylmzlg sldg (trohsdtdlh @- tl K flrdzlh) uhmnr tfn `orrlwohm tfn uhpnrtur`nm aotrdx klugm `n l`snrvnm. fn aotrdx klhsdstnm lj klorsnsohm dhtnradxnm wdtf aohy pn``gns, glkoggy klhsdstdhb lj pn``gns lhgy ohm hlsohm (>). fds fntnrlbnhndty ohm tfn prnsnhkn lj gorbn pn``gns ds typdkog jlr tfnsnmdanhts lj tfn dkn-pusfnm rdmbns (snn Kfoptnr ?). fn jokt tfot o mdstdhktdlh`ntwnnh aluhm aotnrdog ohm tfn tlp lj tfn lrdbdhog surjokn wos sl form tl snn,

rngotns tl tfn o`snhkn lj tfn lrdbdhog O flrdzlh. fds dhmdkotns tfot tfn lrdbdhogsurjokn wos prl`o`gy truhkotnm `njlrn tfn aluhm wos nrnktnm.

Jdb. 0.> Yfltlbropf lj tfn

hlrtf-slutf prlgn ot tfn klr-

hnr lj tfn quomroht, snnh jrla

tfn nost. ?5 tlp lj tfn aluhm3

05 sldg jlraotdlh dh tfn tlp lj

tfn aluhm, hltn tfn trokns lj

`dloktdvdty (yngglw spnkcs)3 ;5

tfn aluhm3 =5 tfn (truhkotnm)

prnfdstlrdk sldg uhmnrhnotf tfn

aluhm3 >5 tfn su`-sldg `nhnotf

tfn aluhm. Yfltlbropf `y _.

@lurbnlds.

0

;

?

=

>


40/184

;6

0.2 Jnoturns ohm osslkdotnm jdhms

Rn wdgg hlw mdskuss tfn l`snrvnm ohtfrlplbnhdk jnoturns, jrla tlp tl `lttla ohmanhtdlh jdhms osslkdotnm wdtf tfna. fn jdhms tfnasngvns ohm orbuanhts jlr tfndrmotdhb ohm juhktdlh orn mdskussnm dh mntodg dh kfoptnr =. Jdb. 0.6 tl 0.?0 bdvn ohlvnrvdnw lj ogg rnklbhdznm jnoturns.

0.2.? Bnhnrog5 rnomo`dgdty lj jnoturns

Ohtfrlplbnhdk prnfdstlrdk jnoturns wnrn vnry form tl rnklbhdzn dh tfds aluhm.Eust gdcn dh tfn kosn lj lur nxkovotdlh lj Mngjdh ?49 hnor`y tfot wdgg `n mdskussnmdh tfn hnxt kfoptnr, tfds ds mun tl tfn flgtplmzlgsldg wfdkf mnvnglpnm dh tfds typnlj snmdanht, os wngg os mun tl tfn rotfnr fntnrlbnhnlus dkn-pusfnm jguvdotdgn snmd-anht lj wfdkf tfn aluhm wos aomn. [nn jlr nxoapgn tfn vobun trokns lj tfn jdgglj tfn mdtkf [?4 dh tfn H-[ prljdgn (Jdb. 0.:). Flwnvnr, jnoturns wnrn nvnh formnrtl mntnkt dh tfds aluhm tfoh dh Mngjdh ?49. Os wos mnskrd`nm o`lvn (snn snktdlh0.:), tfn sldg ùrdnm uhmnrhnotf tfds aluhm wos nvnh formgy vdsd`gn ot ogg. Dt dshltnwlrtfy tfot Admmgn @rlhzn Obn pdt trokns uhmnrhnotf Mngjdh ?49 klhtrostnm

qudtn kgnorgy wdtf tfn sldg dh wfdkf tfny wnrn mub, wfnrnos o sdzno`gn ohm aukfyluhbnr (!) Drlh Obn mdtkf dh ^hdtos ? ([?4 snktdlh 0.2.;), mub dhtl tfn aluhmjrla o`lvn, prlvnm tl `n vnry mdjjdkugt tl l`snrvn. fds ds hlt nosdgy nxpgodhnm,ùt lhn joktlr foapnrdhb rnomo`dgdty lj jnoturns dh ^hdtos ? ds tfn jokt tfot tfnaotrdx dh wfdkf jnoturns wnrn vdsd`gn, wos rotfnr fntnrlbnhlus ohm nxdsts jlr ohdaplrtoht port lj klorsn brovng ohm kl``gns ot tfn prnfdstlrdk surjokn. fds ds dhaorcnm klhtrost tl tfn jdhn sohm goynrs uhmnrhnotf Mngjdh ?49.

0.2.0 ]rokns lj tfn ORH-nxkovotdlh trnhkf ohm o rnknht mdtkf

Rdtf tfn tlpsldg rnalvnm, tfn jdgg lj tfn ORHtrnhkf ([?) wos nosy tl rnklbhdzn,ohm rnaodhnm sl dh ogg gnvngs (Jdb. 0.6-0.?9 ohm Jdb. 0.?;). [nvnrog gorbn sfnrmswnrn jluhm dh tfn òkcjdgg lj tfn trnhkf (=.?.=). Ot gnvng ;, kldhkdmdhb wdtf tfnlrdbdhog prnfdstlrdk surjokn uhmnrhnotf tfn aluhm, tfn trnhkf oppnornm tl fovn`nnh mub slan 09 ka mnnpnr5 dt wos tfnrnjlrn hlt plssd`gn tl kfnkc tfn lrdbdhogsurjokn jlr plssd`gn jnoturns tfot adbft fovn blhn uhmntnktnm murdhb tfn ?42? nx-kovotdlh. Ohltfnr rnknht jnoturn ds tfn jdgg lj o mdtkf ruhhdhb hlrtf-slutf tfrlubftfn tlp lj tfn aluhm ([09, snn Jdb. 0.?0 ohm Jdb. 0.4 ohm 0.?9).

Jdb. 0.: Yfltlbropf lj tfn

hlrtf-slutf prlgn, sflw-

dhb tfn vobun trokns lj tfn

Gotn Drlh Obn mdtkf [?4.

Yfltlbropf `y _. @lurbnlds.

[ ?4


41/184

;4 ^

Jdb. 0.2 ]fn prnporotdlh lj

gnvng ;, os snnh jrla tfn hlrtf.Yfltlbropf `y P.[. Clc.

Jdb. 0.6 Jnoturns rnklbhdznm

ot gnvng ?. ]fds gnvng ds stdgg

sdtuotnm dh tfn tlp sldg lj tfn

aluhm. ]fn gg lj tfn nxkovo-

tdlh trnhkf jrla ?42? ([?) ds

kgnorgy vdsd`gn. ;4.?

;4.0

;4.;

;4.=

;4.>

;4.:

;4.2

;4.6

;4.4

=9

=9.?

=9.0

=9.;

=9.=

=9.>

a HOY

==>?6>

==>?49

==>?4>

?:;=:> ?:;=29 ?:;=2>

0a9

^hdtos ?

[?


42/184

=9

0.2.; Drlh Obn mdtkf ([?4)

Ogrnomy ot tfn snklhm gnvng, tfrnn Drlh Obn sfnrms wnrn jluhm. wl wnrn jluhmdh tfn `okc-jdgg lj tfn ORH-mdtkf ohm lhn wos jluhm dh o sdnvdhb snbanht. @ytfnh, dt wos hlt plssd`gn tl rngotn tfnsn jdhms tl oh ohtfrlplbnhdk jnoturn dh tfnaluhm. fds wos lhgy plssd`gn wfnh tnh alrn Drlh Obn sfnrms wnrn jluhm ot tfdssoan pgokn ot gnvng ;, alrn lr gnss kldhkdmdhb wdtf tfn lrdbdhog surjokn. Ogg tfnsn

sfnrms koh `n motnm tl tfn (gotn) Drlh Obn lr Plaoh Ynrdlm (snn snktdlh =.? ohm=.0). fds ds nxoktgy tfn sdtuotdlh tfot tfn ORH rnklrmnm dh ?42?. Obodhst tfn

Jdb. 0.4 Jnoturns rnklbhdznm

ot gnvng 0. Oport jrla tfn

`okcgg lj tfn ?42? nxkovotdlh

trnhkf, o rlw lj saogg plsts ds

vdsd`gn ([=-[?;). ]l tfn nost

lj tfn lgm nxkovotdlh trnhkf,

fnovy plmzlgdzotdlh aoy fovn

l`skurnm ogg plst trokns. Ogg

ltfnr jnoturns, gdcn tfn mdtkf[?2, orn rnknht.

Jdb. 0.?9 Gnvng ;. ]fds gnvng

kldhkdmns wdtf tfn prnfds-

tlrdk surjokn uhmnrhnotf tfn

aluhm. Dt wos fnrn tfot tfn

@or`nm Rdrn sfnrm wos jluhm

(Z?04). ]fn @or`nm Rdrn

sfnrms jluhm `y tfn ORH orn

dhmdkotnm os ^HD/; ntk. (kj.

Jdb. =.0). ]fn morcnr sfomns ot

tfn rda lj tfn quomroht rnsugt

jrla sldg jlraotdlh. ]fn ltfnrnhm lj tfn rnknht mdtkf [?2 ds

vdsd`gn dh tfds plmslgdznm orno.

;4.?

;4.0

;4.;

;4.=

;4.>

;4.:

;4.2

;4.6

;4.4

=9

=9.?

=9.0

=9.;

=9.=

=9.>

a HOY

==>?6>

==>?49

==>?4>

?:;=:> ?:;=29 ?:;=2>

0a9

^hdtos ?

[= t/a [6

[4 t/a [?;

[?[;

[?:

[?=

[?>

[?2

[?6

;4.?

;4.0

;4.;

;4.=

;4.>

;4.:

;4.2

;4.6

;4.4

=9

=9.?

=9.0

=9.;

=9.=

=9.>

a HOY

?

0

Z?04

^hD/;^hD/2

^hD/:

^hD/>

=

=>?6>

==>?49

==>?4>

?:;=:> ?:;=29 ?:;=2>

0a9

^hdtos ?

[?

[09

[?2


43/184

=? ^

klhtrostdhb `okcbrluhm lj tfn lrdbdhog sldg, wn klugm hlw l`snrvn tfn jdgg lj omdtkf3 tfn wdmtf ot gnvng = wos lhgy 29 ka (Jdb. 0.??). Rdtf tfds dh adhm ohm wdtfslan mdjjdkugtdns, tfn snktdlh lj tfn mdtkf klugm hlw ogsl `n mntnktnm fdbfnr updh tfn hnor`y H-[ prljdgn (Jdb. 0.: ohm 0.?0). Rn oppnornm tl `n mnogdhb wdtf ohnost-wnst lrdnhtnm mdtkf, wfdkf aust fovn `nnh mub jrla tfn tlp lj tfn aluhmogg tfn woy mlwh tl tfn lrdbdhog prnfdstlrdk surjokn. ^-sfopnm dh snktdlh, dt wosjdggnm wdtf gdbft-`rlwh snmdanht tfot formgy mdjjnrnm jrla tfn aotnrdog lj wfdkf

tfn aluhm wos klhstruktnm. fds nxpgodhs wfy dt wos sl mdjjdkugt tl mntnkt. fndrkllrmdhotns sflw tfot tfn jnw Drlh Obn sfnrms jluhm ot fdbfnr gnvngs aust ogg fovn`nnh dh tfn jdgg lj tfds mdtkf (snn =.? ohm =.0). Ot tfn `lttla lj tfn mdtkf jdgg, alrnsfnrms wnrn jluhm, dhkgumdhb o jrobanht lj o tnpfrdtn qunrh (snn =.0). Dh lrmnr tlmlkuanht tfn mdtkf, dt wos mnkdmnm tl mdb mlwh tl o mnnpnr gnvng ot tfds pgokn ohmaocn oh ommdtdlhog H-[ snktdlh tfrlubf tfn mdtkf. fn mdtkf wos ogsl l`snrvnm ottfds gnvng `y tfnORHnxkovotdlh ohm `ltf l`snrvotdlhs aotkf.

Ohltfnr mdtkf ([00), mub jrla tfn tlp lj tfn aluhm, wos l`snrvnm dh tfnnostnrhalst port lj tfn nost-wnst prljdgn. Dt fom tfn soan gdbft jdgg os [?4 ohm wosogsl vnry mdjjdkugt tl mntnkt obodhst tfn gdbft aotrdx. Gokc lj tdan ohm tfn prnsnhknlj trnns prnvnhtnm us jrla jlgglwdhb tfds jnoturn (Jdb 0.?0). Dt aoy wngg `n tfot`ltf jnoturns rnprnsnht lhn ohm tfn soan mdtkf, wfdkf mngdhnotnm tfn jgohc lj tfn

aluhm. Os [?4 ds dh o strodbft gdhn, tfds mdtkf mdm hlt jlgglw tfn klhtlurs lj tfn

Jdb. 0.?? Jnoturns ot gnvng =.

Ojtnr tfn mdsklvnry lj tfn mdtkf

jnoturn [?4 dh tfn H-[ prlgn,gnvng ; wos mnnpnhnm glkoggy.

Fnrn, ot gost, tfn mdtkf gg

`nkoan ogsl vdsd`gn.

Jdb. 0.?0 H-[ (@-K) nh R-N

(K-O) prlgn snktdlh wdtf

rnklbhdznm jnoturns. Jlr sldg

mnskrdptdlh, snn Jdb. 0.>. Jlr

lrdnhtotdlh lj tfn snktdlh snn

Jdb. 0.;.

;4.?

;4.0

;4.;

;4.=

;4.>

;4.:

;4.2

;4.6

;4.4

=9

=9.?

=9.0

=9.;

=9.=

=9.>

a HOY

?

0

==>?6

>

==>?49

==>?4>

?:;=:> ?:;=29 ?:;=2>

0a9

^hdtos ?

[?4

O K @

?a

[00

[0? [09

[?4


44/184

=0


45/184

=; ^

aluhm. Dj [?4 ohm [00 dhmnnm rnprnsnht lhn ohm tfn soan mdtkf, wn orn mnogdhbwdtf o rnktohbugor lr squorn mdtkf tfrlubf o aluhm os ds chlwh jrla slan ltfnròrrlws (kj. nxng3 Rlgtnrdhb ?44=, Jdb. 6.;). Jdb. 0.?? prnsnhts o rnklhstruktdlhlj flw [?4 ohm [00 adbft fovn `nnh sdtuotnm. Rfot ds rnaorco`gn, flwnvnr, dstfot tfn Drlh Obn mdtkf wos mub tfrlubftfn aluhm, rotfnr tfoh orluhmdt. Rn wdggklan òkc tl tfds dh snktdlh 0.6.

0.2.= ]rokns lj o plst ogdbhanht

Gdhdhb tfn mdtkf jnoturn lh tfn hlrtfnrh sdmn wnrn snvnrog trokns (?9 dh tltog) ljvnry saogg plsts lr stocns (M1 ?9 ka3 mnptf > tl ?9 ka), tfny wnrn lhgy vdsd`gnlh tfn snklhm gnvng (Jdb. 0.4 ohm Jdb. 0.?=). fny klhtrostnm qudtn kgnorgy dh tfnaotrdx, `nkousn lj tfndr morc-`rlwh fun. fn rlw lj plsts klugm `n jlgglwnm rdbftup tdgg tfn `luhmory lj tfn jlranrORH-trnhkf. Fnrn flwnvnr tfn ORH-trnhkfkut tfrlubf tfn rlw. fny wnrn oppornhtgy hlt l`snrvnm murdhb tfn ORH-nxkovo-tdlh. fny klugm ogsl hl glhbnr `n jlgglwnm lh tfn nostnrh sdmn lj tfn ORH-trnhkf, portgy mun tl tfn mnnpnr sldg jlraotdlh prlknssns ot tfn jllt lj tfn òrrlw,wfdkf nrosnm alst lj tfn jnoturns fnrn04, ohm plssd`gy `nkousn o port wos sflvnggnmowoy tll rlubfgy. [lan jnoturns rnklbhdznm fnrn gllc gdcn tfn plst trokns. Dt dsrotfnr gdcngy tfot tfn mnvnglpanht lj tfn Ylmzlg lh tlp lj tfn òrrlw nrosnm tfnsnjnoturns ohm tfot tfny `nkoan aukf formnr tl mntnkt lh tfn nost-sdmn lj tfnORH-trnhkf (Jdb. 0.4). Fnrn tfn klglur lj tfn gnvng wos aukf morcnr ohm rnsna`gnm tfnklglur lj tfn plstflgns, tfus rnhmnrdhb ohy trokn dhvdsd`gn. fn lrdnhtotdlh lj tfnplsts ds sdadgor tl tfot lj tfn mdtkf ùt tfn plsts snna tl `n snt dhtl tfn jgohc ljtfn mdtkf5 tfny aust fovn `nnh pgoknm dhtl tfn mdtkf ojtnr dt wos jdggnm up ( kj. Jdb.0.4 ohm Jdb. 0.??). Dt ds tfnrnjlrn gdcngy tfot tfny wnrn port lj tfn Drlh Obn mdtkf`luhmory wfdkf wos kut tfrlubf tfn òrrlw.

0.2.> Aluhm klhstruktdlh

fn snktdlh lj tfn aluhm dtsngj gllcs vnry flalbnhlus dh klglur sfomns ohmsflws hl trokns lj slms lr ltfnr strukturog ngnanhts. Dt ds uhkgnor wfntfnr slmswnrn usnm dh tfn klhstruktdlh lj tfds òrrlw, tfndr trokns adbft fovn `nnh nrosnm`y sldg-jlraotdlh prlknssns. fn aluhm dtsngj klhsdsts lj klorsn sohm, wfdkf dsogsl prnsnht dh tfn vdkdhdty, ùt dt klhtodhs gnss stlhns tfoh tfn su`sldg uhmnrhnotfohm orluhm tfn aluhm. fn aotnrdog wdtf wfdkf tfn aluhm ds ùdgt ds tfnrnjlrngdcngy tl fovn `nnh okqudrnm jrla tfn tlp lj tfn lgm surjokn lhgy, lr jrla oh ornojurtfnr owoy jrla tfn aluhm wfnrn tfn su`sldg klhtodhnm gnss pn``gns. Ogtflubfo mntodgnm aop lj glkog vordotdlh dh su`sldg gdtflglby ds hlt ovodgo`gn, sukf o pn`-`gn-pllr orno ds hnor`y. fn su`sldg lj tfn Mngjdh ?49 aluhm, jlr nxoapgn, klh-todhs aukf gnss pn``gns tfoh tfn daanmdotn nhvdrlhanht lj tfn ^hdtos ? aluhm

(snn Kfoptnr ;). fn ^hdtos ? aluhm adbft tfnrnjlrn fovn `nnh ùdgt wdtf slmsklggnktnm ot tfn orno wfnrn gotnr tfn Mngjdh ?49 aluhm wlugm `n ùdgt.

Ohltfnr rngnvoht l`snrvotdlh, ogrnomy rnjnrrnm tl o`lvn, ds tfot tfn surjoknklvnrnm `y tfn aluhm gokcs oh O flrdzlh. fds adbft dhmdkotn tfot tfn O flrdzlhwos truhkotnm `njlrn tfn nrnktdlh lj tfn òrrlw, ohm tfot o hnw O flrdzlh mdm hltfovn tdan tl mnvnglp. [dadgorgy tfn o`rupt sfdjt jrla o brovnggy su`-sldg tl o aukfgnss brovnggy aluhm dhmdkotns tfot tfn O flrdzlh klugm fovn `nnh rnalvnm prdlrtl aluhm klhstruktdlh (snn o`lvn), tfus kgnohdhb tfn orno wfnrn tfn òrrlw wostl `n nrnktnm

04 kjtfn prlknssns mnskrd`nm `y Almmnraoh ?42>, ?2.

Jdb. 0.?; Gnvng ?. Zdnw tl tfn

hlrtfnost. Zdsd`gn ds tfn gg lj

tfn trnhkf lj tfn ORH nxkovo-

tdlh dh ?42?. Yfltlbropf `y

_. @lurbnlds.


46/184

==


47/184

=> ^

0.2.: Dapgdkotdlhs lj tfn jdhm lj @or`nm Rdrn plttnry

Os ogrnomy anhtdlhnm `njlrn, tfn jdhms lj jrobanhts lj o @or`nm Rdrn @nocnr`rlubft us tl sngnktdhb tfds aluhm. fn prl`gna wos, flwnvnr, tfot lj tfn jlursfnrms jluhm `y tfn ORH, tfrnn orn rnplrtnm os gydhb lh tfn lgm surjokn klvnrnm`y tfn aluhm, wfdgst o jlurtf lhn snnas tl `n glkotnm dh tfn glwnr ports lj tfn

aluhm dtsngj (Jdb. =.0). Os orbunm o`lvn (snktdlh 0.=.?) wn orn lj tfn lpdhdlhtfot hlt tll aukf wndbft sflugm `n bdvnh tl tfds nxknptdlh. Nvnh dh aukf `nttnrl`snrvotdlh kdrkuastohkns, wn jluhm dt form tl mdstdhbudsf `ntwnnh tfn lrdbdhogsurjokn ohm tfn `lttla lj tfn aluhm. fnsn prl`gnas aust fovn `nnh aukfgorbnr dh tfn ?42? nxkovotdlh, wfnrn lhgy o saogg prljdgn lj o tdhy trnhkf wosovodgo`gn, ohm wfnrn tfn nxkovotlrs, os nvdmnhknm `y tfn prljdgn mrowdhb, fom brnotmdjjdkugty dh uhmnrstohmdhb wfot tfny wnrn mdbbdhb dhtl. Alrnlvnr, tfn plsdtdlh ljtfn sfnrm wos hlt rnplrtnm dh sdtu. Lhgy dts fndbft wos rnklrmnm, ohm gotnr lh, tfnsfnrms plsdtdlh wos prlenktnm lhtl tfn lhgy mrowh prljdgn snktdlh. Jlr tfds rnoslh,hlt tll aukf sflugm `n aomn lut lj tfds slgn nxknptdlh.

Jlrtuhotngy, wn jluhm ohltfnr sfnrm lj @or`nm Rdrn plttnry murdhb lur nx-kovotdlh wfdkf aust fovn `nnh port lj tfn soan `nocnr (snktdlh =.;3 Jdb. =.0).fds sfnrm wos jluhm wfdgn kgnohdhb tfn gnvng ;. fds gnvng wos plsdtdlhnm otopprlxdaotngy tfn soan fndbft os tfn lgm surjokn;9. Lh tfn òsds lj tfn dh sdtul`snrvotdlhs, tfn hnw @or`nm Rdrn plttnry jdhm koh sojngy `n glkotnm ot lr eust`nglw tfn lgm surjokn, aotkfdhb tfn l`snrvotdlhs lh tfn plsdtdlh lj tfrnn lut ljjlur lj tfn @or`nm Rdrn sfnrms jluhm dh ?42? (Jdb. 0.?9). fn òrrlw wos tfusùdgt lh tlp lj tfds sfnrm. fn sfnrm wos jluhm fogj o antrn tl tfn slutf-nost ljtfn klhknhtrotdlh lj @or`nm Rdrn sfnrms jluhm murdhb tfn ORH-nxkovotdlh.

fn skottnr lj sfnrms dhmdkotns tfot o @or`nm Rdrn @nocnr `rlcn lr wos mngd`-nrotngy `rlcnh `njlrn tfn òrrlw wos nrnktnm. Nvnh wdtf lur su`stohtdoggy nhgorbnmnxkovotdlh surjokn (os klapornm tl tfnORH trnhkf) ohm o kornjug woy lj mdbbdhb,dh wfdkf nvnh vnry saogg sfnrms wnrn jluhm, hl alrn wos jluhm tfoh jdvn sfnrms.

Dt ds dhtnrnstdhb tl hltn tfot lhn lj tfn sfnrms sflwnm sdbhs lj snklhmory ùrhdhbwfdgn tfn ltfnrs mdm hlt. fds sfnrm aust tfus fovn godh hnor lr dh o jdrn `njlrntfny blt koubft uhmnrhnotf tfn òrrlw, wfdgn tfn ltfnrs oppornhtgy mdm hlt. fdsohm tfn dhklapgntnhnss lj tfn `nocnr subbnsts tfot wn orn mnogdhb wdtf mdspgoknmaotnrdog tfot wos `rlcnh ngsnwfnrn, rotfnr tfoh wdtf o `nocnr tfot wos `rlcnh lhtfn splt wfnrn dt wos jluhm.

fn @or`nm Rdrn @nocnr typn ds slantfdhb spnkdog dh tfn @rlhzn Obn ùrdogrdtuog. Dt rorngy oppnors dh tfn brovn dtsngj (Glflj ?44?, :6-293 fnuhdssnh ?444,>2) ohm alstgy tfny orn jluhm ot tfn jllt lj tfn òrrlw. [lan twnhty òrrlwsorn chlwh tl fovn tfds typn lj plttnry osslkdotnm wdtf tfna. Lj tfnsn, lhgy twlòrrlws fom o @or`nm Rdrn @nocnr pgoknm mdrnktgy dh tfn brovn ;?. Dh slan kosnstfn pgokdhb lj tfn `nocnrs tllc pgokn ojtnr tfn òrrlw wos ùdgt. Jlr nxoapgn, ottfn Brlnvnh`nncskfn Fndmn twl saogg @or`nm Rdrn @nocnrs wnrn pgoknm dh o pdtmub dhtl tfn òrrlw (Almmnraoh ?4>43 Almmnraoh ?42=). Dh ltfnr kosns, tfnplttnry wos pgoknm lh tlp lj oh lgmnr òrrlw ohm klvnrnm `y o yluhbnr aluhm-pnrdlm, sukf os otOhhnr lg(uaugus DDD) jlr nxoapgn (@utgnr, Gohtdhb & Zoh mnr

Roogs ?420). Tnt ohltfnr nxoapgn sflws tfot o @or`nm Rdrn @nocnr wos pgoknm lhtfn lgm surjokn, slantdans dh `rlcnh klhmdtdlh. Ot Bormnrnh (òrrlw :, @urskf?4;;, 2>-2:), dh `ntwnnh tfn twl prdaory brovns, nxoktgy dh tfn knhtrn lj tfn

;9 Dt wos jdrst mntnktnm wdtf o antog mntnktlr wfnh gnvng ; wos kgnohnm. Gnvng ; ds opprlxdaotngysdtuotnm orluhm tfn prnfdstlrdk surjokn. Dt wos gotnr mub lut. fn sfnrm wos tfus jluhm o jnw ka`nglw tfds gnvng, aocdhb dt alrn gdcngy tfot dt wos dhmnnm gydhb ot tfn lgm surjokn ohm hlt dh tfnaluhm klhstruktdlh aotnrdog lh tlp lj dt.

;? Ot Bostnrnh (Zoh Bdjjnh ?4=;3 Gohtdhb ?42;) ohm ot Naanrflut uaugus DDD (Gohtdhb ?4:43?42;).

Jdb. 0.?= Gnvng 0. Zdnw tl tfn

nost. Zdsd`gn orn tfn trokns lj

tfn plst ogdbhanht ohm, dh

tfn òkc, tfn gg lj tfn ORH

trnhkf. Yfltlbropf `y _.

@lurbnlds.


48/184

=:

aluhm, o saogg @or`nm Rdrn @nocnr wos pgoknm (@urskf ?4;;, .DZ, hr.4). O òr-rlw ot Oogmnh(Glflj ?44?, :63 Almmnraoh ?4>2) fom fogj lj o saogg saosfnmup `nocnr mnplsdtnm lh tfn lgm surjokn uhmnr tfn aluhm, wfdgn tfn ltfnr fogjlj tfn `nocnr wos jluhm dh tfn brovn. Fnrn wn fovn oh nxoapgn wfnrn o `nocnrwos saosfnm ohm wfnrn port lj dts sfnrms wnrn mnplsdtnm ngsnwfnrn. fn ^hdtos ?sfnrms ogsl snna tl rnprnsnht o sdtuotdlh wfnrn tfn sfnrms jluhm wnrn prlò`gy hltlj o plt tfot wos `rlcnh lh tfn splt.

[uaadhb up, sfnrms lj @or`nm Rdrn @nocnrs orn dhmnnm chlwh tl `n rnbu-gorgy osslkdotnm wdtf tfn brovn rdtuog ùt wnrn ljtnh hltpgoknm dh tfn brovn. fnsaosfdhb up lj tfn `nocnr ohm tfn aohdpugotdlh lj tfn sfnrms dh o vordnty ljwoys snnas tl fovn `nnh oh dhtnbrog port lj tfn juhnrog rdtuog. fn ^hdtos ?@or`nm Rdrn sfnrms orn alst gdcngy tl rnprnsnht tfn sdtuotdlh wfnrn o `nocnr wos`rlcnh ngsnwfnrn ohm port lj dts sfnrms nhmnm up lr rotfnr wnrn mnplsdtnm, ottfn juturn sdtn lj o òrrlw. Lhgy hnw nxkovotdlhs tfot dhkgumn tfn knhtrog brovnwdgg tngg dj wn adbft fovn o sdtuotdlh sdadgor tlOogmnh, wfnrn sfnrms lj lhn ohm tfnsoan `nocnr snna tl fovn `nnh mdvdmnm `ntwnnh tfn brovn ohm tfn orno tfot wlugmdh o gotnr stobn lj tfn juhnrog `n klvnrnm wdtf o aluhm.

0.2.2 Dapgdkotdlhs lj tfn jdhm lj twl Ylt @nocnr sfnrms

@ltf dh tfn ?42? ORH trnhkf ohm dh lur lwh nxkovotdlh, o sfnrm lj o Ylt @nocnrwos jluhm. [nktdlh =.=.0 wdgg mnskrd`n tfnsn jdhms dh alrn mntodg (snn ogsl Jdb. =.;).Dt oppnors tl `n mdjjdkugt tl motn `ltf sfnrms prnkdsngy. fny adbft `ltf `n lgmnrtfoh tfn @or`nm Rdrn @nocnrs (Gotn Hnlgdtfdk-@ngg @nocnr pfosn), lr klhtnapl-rory5 Norgy @rlhzn Obn. fndr strotdbropfdkog plsdtdlh ds ogsl hlt nhtdrngy kgnor.fny orn rnklrmnm tl fovn `nnh jluhm kglsn tl tfn trohsdtdlh lj tfn aluhm tl tfnlrdbdhog surjokn, lr ot tfn lrdbdhog surjokn. Rn adbft tfus `n mnogdhb wdtf lgmnraotnrdog wfdkf wos ogrnomy gydhb ot tfds sdtn ohm koan tl `n klvnrnm `y tfn aluhm,lr wdtf aotnrdog tfot wos port lj tfn glwnst goynr lj slms wdtf wfdkf tfn aluhm

wos ùdgt. Ogtnrhotdvngy, dt adbft ogsl fovn `nnh dhtnhtdlhoggy mnplsdtnm fnrn, eustgdcn tfn @or`nm Rdrn sfnrms eust mnskrd`nm. fnrn ds nvnh tfn plssd`dgdty tfot tfnsfnrm jluhm murdhb tfn 099: nxkovotdlh wos port lj tfn jdgg lj tfn Drlh Obn mdtkf[?4 (snn jurtfnr snktdlh =.=.0), ohm wdtf rnborm tl tfn jdhm omadhdstrotdlh lj tfn?42? mdb, tfn soan prl`gnas lj uhknrtodhty lh strotdbropfdkog plsdtdlh oppgy tfotwn ogrnomy mdskussnm jlr tfn @or`nm Rdrn @nocnr sfnrms

Date post:	11-Feb-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	sidestone-press
View:	213 times
Download:	0 times

Living Near the Dead. The barrow excavations of Rhenen-Elst: Two millennia of burial and habitation...

Documents