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1© 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
• Texture: surface quality (actual or visual; implied)• Impasto• Pattern (regular repetition)
• Space: 2- & 3-dimensional (height, width &/or depth)(actual or implied)
• Positive/negative; figure/ground• Overlapping; foreground/background• Position • Linear & isometric perspective• Atmospheric perspective & chiaroscuro• Foreshortening
• Time & motion: elapsed, implied, kinetic
Chapter Four, Part B
The Visual Elements
2
Texture
Surface quality (can be actual or implied)
Actual texture: a tactile experience
Visual or implied texture: an illusionary experience
4
Texture
Visual or implied texture: an illusionary experience
Impasto: thickly applied paint that creates visual texture.
6
Space
Three dimensional space has height, width, and depth. There exists both negative and positive space.
Figure 4.40 Giacometti, The Nose, 1947.
Figure 4.41 Do Ho Suh, Reflection, 2004.
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Space
Three dimensional space has height, width, and depth. There exists both negative and positive space.
Figure 4.40 Giacometti, The Nose, 1947.
Figure 4.41 Do Ho Suh, Reflection, 2004.
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Implied Space
© 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Two dimensional space has only height and width. There exists the picture plane and the illusion of the negative and
positive space.
Figure 4.42 Maharana Amar Singh II, Prince Sangram Singh…c. 1705-08.
1. Overlapping
2. Position (foreground, middle-ground, background)
3. Linear perspective or isometric perspective
4. Atmospheric perspective
5. Foreshortening
13
Implied SpaceIllusion of Space
© 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Figure 4.43 Basic principles of linear perspective.
Linear Perspective
1. Overlapping
2. Position (foreground, middle-ground, background)
3. Linear perspective or isometric perspective
4. Atmospheric perspective
5. Foreshortening
14
Implied SpaceIllusion of Space
Linear Perspective
Forms seem to diminish in size as they recede from us.
• Parallel lines receding into the distance seem to converge, until they meet at a point on the horizon line where they disappear. (known as the Vanishing Point)
15
Figure 4.45 Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-97.
Linear Perspective…and symbolism
Implied SpaceIllusion of Space
16
Figure 4.48 Bierstadt, The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak, 1863.
Figure 4.49 Detail, Gongwang, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, 1530.
1. Overlapping
2. Position (foreground, middle-ground, background)
3. Linear perspective or isometric perspective
4. Atmospheric perspective
5. Foreshortening
Atmospheric Perspective
Implied SpaceIllusion of Space
17
Figure 4.48 Bierstadt, The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak,
1863.
Atmospheric Perspective: is based on the observation that distant objects appear less distinct.
Implied SpaceIllusion of Space
18
Figure 4.49 Detail, Gongwang, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, 1530.
Atmospheric Perspective
Implied SpaceIllusion of Space
19
Figure 4.46 Hans Baldung Grien, The Groom and the Witch, c.1540.
Figure 4.47 Dürer, Draftsman Drawing a Reclining Nude, c. 1527.
1. Overlapping
2. Position (foreground, middle-ground, background)
3. Linear perspective or isometric perspective
4. Atmospheric perspective
5. Foreshortening
Foreshortening
Implied SpaceIllusion of Space
20Figure 4.46 Hans Baldung Grien, The Groom and the Witch, c.1540.
Figure 4.47 Dürer, Draftsman Drawing a Reclining Nude, c. 1527.
Foreshortening
Implied SpaceIllusion of Space
- Human and animal forms that appear to recede into the distance.
21
Time and Motion
Figure 4.52 Calder, Southern Cross, 1963.
Figure 4.54 Eve Sussman, 89 Seconds at Alcazar, 2003.
Elapsed time · Implied motion · Kinetic art: (actual motion)
24
Time and Motion
Figure 4.55 Steinkamp, Dervish, detail, 2004.
Time and MotionElapsed time · Implied motion · Kinetic art: (actual motion)
25© 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter Four, Part B
The Visual Elements• Texture: surface quality (actual or visual; implied)
• Impasto• Pattern (regular repetition)
• Space: 2- & 3-dimensional (height, width &/or depth)(actual or implied)
• Positive/negative; figure/ground• Overlapping; foreground/background• Position • Linear & isometric perspective• Atmospheric perspective & chiaroscuro• Foreshortening
• Time & motion: elapsed, implied, kinetic