Aquaculture R&D Strategic Plan 2013-2020

Mohammed Suhaimee Abd. ManafFRI Pulau Sayak08500 Kota Kuala MudaJabatan PerikananMalaysia

Makanan Ikan: Pelet Versus Ikan Baja Yang Mana Lebih Mapan?Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryThis template can be used as a starter file to give updates for project milestones.

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1Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPencapaian dan Unjuran Pengeluaran Akuakultur Mengikut Jenis, 2000-2020 (000 Tan Metrik)

Sasaran pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2020: 107,700 Tan MetrikSumber: Dasar Agromakanan Negara (2011-2020), Bab 7, ms. 82What is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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2Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryJenis Makanan Akuakultur Ikan Laut di MalaysiaIkan BajaPelet rumusan lembapPelet rumusan kering

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3Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan IkanHampir 90% ternakan ikan laut diberi makan ikan baja (Che Utama & Ahmad, 2005).Ikan baja - tangkapan sampingan pukat tunda.Lebih 340,000 Tan Metrik (24.8%) dari pendaratan hasil tangkapan Malaysia (Perangkaan Perikanan, 2009).~25% daripada keseluruhan pendaratan ikan.Tahun 2020 sasaran 1.76 juta Tan Metrik pendaratan ikan. 440,000 Tan Metrik ikan baja.

What is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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4Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPencapaian dan Unjuran Pendaratan Laut Pantai dan Laut Dalam, 2000 2020 (Juta Tan Metrik)

Sumber: Dasar Agromakanan Negara (2011-2020), Bab 4, ms. 55.What is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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5Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryAnggaran Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ternakan Ikan Laut (2010)Pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2010: 40,900 Tan Metrik = 36,810 Tan Metrik (90% penternak)Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1Maka anggaran penggunaan ikan baja tahun 2010 = 257,670 Tan Metrik!Anggaran pendaratan ikan tahun 2010 = 1.36 juta Tan Metrik.Anggaran jumlah ikan baja = 340,000 Tan Metrik (25% dari jumlah pendaratan ikan).Sumber: Unjuran Dasar Agromakanan Negara (2011-2020), DOFWhat is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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6Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryAnggaran Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ternakan Ikan Laut (2015)Pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2015: 61,100 Tan Metrik = 54,990 Tan Metrik (90% penternak)Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1Maka anggaran penggunaan ikan baja tahun 2015 = 384,930 Tan Metrik!Anggaran pendaratan ikan tahun 2015 = 1.52 juta Tan Metrik.Anggaran jumlah ikan baja = 380,000 Tan Metrik (25% dari jumlah pendaratan ikan).Sumber: Unjuran Dasar Agromakanan Negara (2011-2020), DOFWhat is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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7Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPencapaian dan Unjuran Pengeluaran Akuakultur Mengikut Jenis, 2000-2020 (000 Tan Metrik)

Sasaran pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2020: 107,700 Tan Metrik (96,930 Tan Metrik)Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1Maka keperluan ikan baja tahun 2020 = 678,510 Tan Metrik!Unjuran 2020 hanya dapat 440,000 Tan Metrik ikan baja.Sumber: Dasar Agromakanan Negara (2011-2020), Bab 7, ms. 82What is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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8Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan IkanKelebihan ikan baja:Harga murah (RM1.00-1.50/kg).Bekalan senang dapat.Pemerhatian penternak:- - ikan lebih selera makan - ikan lebih cepat besar - ikan lebih sedap rasanya

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9Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan IkanMasalah Ikan Baja:Bekalan tidak menentu - musim tengkujuh.Jangka hayat yang pendek - perlu disejukbekukan (kos penyimpanan) Sejukbeku - kandungan zat berkurangan dalam masa hanya 14 hari.

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10Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan IkanMasalah Ikan Baja:Ikan baja biasanya mudah hancur dalam mulut ikan - 30-50% akan hilang semasa makan. FCR tinggi 7:1 (siakap), 6:1 (kerapu).Sisa ikan baja yang tidak ditelan akan menjadi reput di dasar sangkar atau kolam - kualiti air merosot menyebabkan pencemaran.

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11Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan IkanMasalah Ikan Baja:Pemindahan penyakit dan parasit. Sejukbeku mungkin membunuh sebahagian parasit.Kebanyakan bakteria dan virus penyebab penyakit akan bertahan.Berpotensi untuk menjangkiti ikan ternakan.

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12Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan IkanMasalah Ikan Baja:Kehadiran enzim thiaminase yang memusnahkan vitamin B, thiamina - perlu buang isiperutTidak mapan - sebahagian spesis ikan baja perlu dibiarkan hidup dan menyumbang kepada perikanan tangkapanHalangan perdagangan untuk ikan yang dihasilkan menggunakan ikan baja.

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Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan IkanKelebihan penggunaan pelet:Makanan rumusan mengandungi zat yang sempurna berbanding ikan baja.Bekalan berterusan dan mudah didapati sepanjang tahun.Jangka hayat yang lebih panjang - boleh disimpan lebih lama tanpa rosak (perlu ruang simpan yang baik).

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14Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan IkanKelebihan penggunaan pelet:Lebih mudah digunakanTidak perlu tenaga kerja yang ramaiBekalan berterusanPenggunaan semakin meluasTidak perlu disejukbeku.

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15Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan IkanMasalah Penggunaan Pelet:Harga pelet komersial mahal dan semakin meningkat (~RM4.50/kg)Masalah ikan yang diternak lambat besar zat yang tidak seimbangMasalah ikan yang diternak mempunyai rasa off-flavour (bau lumpur) tiada teknik purgingMasalah pengetahuan teknikal penternak untuk menyediakan makanan rumusan peringkat ladang perlu latihan dan kemahiran.

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16Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan IkanIsu penggunaan pelet rumusan:Ramai penternak yang tersalah anggap dengan membandingkan harga secara kasar berdasarkan kos sekilogram (ikan baja: RM1.50/kg).Pelet rumusan mengandungi hanya 10% kelembapan berbanding 75% kelembapan dalam ikan baja.Hanya perbandingan berdasarkan nisbah pertukaran makanan (FCR) sahaja sudah boleh digunakan untuk menilai.

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17Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPelet vs Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan IkanApa yang berlaku bila ikan makan?

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Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPelet vs Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan IkanApa yang berlaku bila ikan makan?Harga protein paling mahalHarga protein ikan baja (RM1.50/kg) RM0.02/kgHarga protein pelet (RM4.50/kg) RM0.10/kgKeperluan optimum protein ikan laut 45.0/g (45.0%)

PerkaraIkan BajaPeletProtein (%)68.045.0Lemak (%)10.010.0Karbohidrat (%)22.045.0Tenaga (kcal/g)450450Protein terbuang ke laut (%)23.0naKerugian (RM/kg)2.30naWhat is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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19Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Pelet Sebagai Makanan IkanChina: Siakap Merah (Lutjanus erythopterus) dan Kerapu Hijau (Epinephelus coioides)Indonesia: Kerapu Harimau (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus).Thailand: Siakap Putih (Lates calcarifer) dan Kerapu Harimau.Vietnam: Bawal Mas (Trachinotus blochii) and Siakap Merah.

Kajian Perbandingan (NACA, 2010):What is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryPenggunaan Pelet Sebagai Makanan IkanKajian FRI, DOF & WWF-Malaysia (2012) Ternakan Kerapu Harimau dalam tangki guna pelet kering:

Courtesy: WWF-Malaysia/Nadiah Rosli.What is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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21Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryIsu penggunaan pelet rumusan keringHarga tepung ikan yang semakin meningkat

2002: ~RM2.60/kg2012: ~RM5.70/kgSumber: indexmundi.comWhat is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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22Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryIsu penggunaan pelet rumusan keringPengeluaran tepung ikan tempatan yang statik ~ 40,000 Tan Metrik

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23Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryIsu penggunaan pelet rumusan keringLebih 85% tepung ikan digunakan dalam akuakultur di Asia (IFFO, 2012)

Prof. Ronald W. Hardy (Idaho Univ.)Tahun 2008: > 45% tepung ikan untuk akuakultur100% tepung ikan untuk akuakultur (5-10 tahun lagi) tidak mapanWhat is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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24Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryAmalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapanHanan et. al. (2008) potensi guna 100% tepung CIM ganti tepung ikan dalam diet ikan keli Afrika.Saadiah et. al. (2008) potensi guna 60% PBM (poultry by-product meal) ganti tepung ikan dalam diet cobia (aruan tasik).Mohammed Suhaimee et. al (2011) potensi guna 30% protein liqueur dari fermentasi sisa kepala udang ganti tepung ikan dalam diet siakap.Isu halal MBM, Tepung darah, Tepung bulu dsb. Malaysia sebagai Halal-HubKajian penggantian tepung ikan oleh FRI, DOF

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25Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryAmalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan Terdapat 3 langkah:- Alat penghancur: menghaluskan ramuan-ramuan untuk pencampuran yang sempurna, Alat pengadun: membentuk adunan yang sekata, Alat pembentuk: membentuk adunan kepada saiz dan bentuk yang sesuai dengan ikan.Penyediaan makanan rumusan peringkat ladang:

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26Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryAmalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan Bantuan khidmat kepakaran formulasi makanan rumusan lembap menggunakan kemudahan mesin in situ yang dibeli penternak:Formulasi dengan ikan baja:*Kos ramuan setiap kg.: RM1.82

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27Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryAmalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan

Bantuan khidmat kepakaran pemprosesan makanan rumusan kering menggunakan kemudahan FRI Pulau Sayak:Kemudahan: Bengkel pemprosesan makanan rumusanJenis pengeluaran: Pelet tenggelam (kering)Kapasiti pengeluaran: 1 tan/hariLatihan pemprosesan membuat pelet.

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28Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture IndustryAmalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan *Kos ramuan setiap kg.: RM2.69

Formulasi dengan bahan ramuan yang boleh didapati di pasaran.What is the project about?Define the goal of this projectIs it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?Define the scope of this projectIs it an independent project or is it related to other projects?

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29Thank You

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