Local Food Production and Gas Drilling: Are they really compatible?

Photo credit: Sue Smith-Heavenrich

A compilation of articles, studies and websites that suggest that agriculture and industrialization due to natural gas drilling can not co-exist

(at least while drilling is in progress, and perhaps beyond) if we want a healthy, sustainable, local food supply.

Prepared by Martha Goodsell February 15, 2011

The Impacts of Natural Gas Drilling on Agriculture

Foodshed concerns Food safety and inspections

Livestock health Animal mortality and disposal

Continuance of toxins through the food chain Fencing (or lack there of) where critical

Chemical contamination and pollution pathways Mud and waste water disposal

Water quality Water quantity Radioactivity

Ozone and VOC impacts Noise impacts

Soils and farmland: contamination, compaction, fragmentation Shared driveways, rights of ways, pipeline crossings

Reclamation, drainage and contouring Erosion and total dissolved solids

Invasive species Landowner liability

Legal fees and testing costs Insurance premium increases (if even available)

Hauling fee increases Farm income (or loss) and property value decline

Lost crops, markets and business opportunities Mortgages and loan hold ups

Big rigs on public roads and municipal road use agreements Organic certification at risk

Taxpayer investments in infrastructure Costs to the community

FOODSHEDS Fairfield, Hannah. The Hot Spots for Organic Food. New York Times. May 3, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2009/05/03/business/03metrics.graf01.ready.html?ref=business Heller, Marc. Study May Shift Where Foods Grow. Watertown Daily Times. September 27, 2009. http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090927/NEWS02/309279956 Local Foodshed Mapping Tool for New York State. Cornell University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. http://www.cals.cornell.edu/cals/css/extension/foodshed-mapping.cfm Piestrak, Jeff; Local and Regional Food Systems: Initiatives and Resources. Albert R. Mann Library at Cornell University. Updated November 16, 2010. http://guides.library.cornell.edu/print_content.php?pid=84833&sid=632227 Peters, C.J., Bills, N.L., Lembo, A.J., Wilkins, J.L., and Fick, G.W. Mapping potential foodsheds in New York State: A spatial model for evaluating the capacity to localize food production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24(1);72-84. October 15, 2008. http://www.regionalpartnerships.umn.edu/public/Peters%20Mapping%20Foodsheds%20in%20New%20York.pdf Peters, C.J., Bills, N.L., Wilkins, J.L., and Fick, G.W. Foodshed analysis and its relevance to sustainability. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems (2009), 24: 1-7 Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press 08 Dec 200 http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4290516&fulltextType=AC&fileId=S1742170508002433 Peters, C.J., J.L. Wilkins, and G.W. Fick. 2007. Testing a complete-diet model for estimating the land resource requirements of food consumption and agricultural carrying capacity: The New York State example. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22(2): 145-153. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1091328&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S1742170507001767 Peters, C.J., J.L. Wilkins, and G.W. Fick. 2008. Land and diet: What’s the most land efficient diet for New York State. Rural New York Minute. Issue 19 (July 2008). http://devsoc.cals.cornell.edu/cals/devsoc/outreach/cardi/publications/upload/07-2008-RNYM.pdf Stagnaro, Melissa. Blue Ribbon Task Force Formed on Future of New York Farming. Evening Sun. October 12, 2010. http://www.evesun.com/news/stories/2010-10-12/10662/Blue-ribbon-task-force-formed-on-future-of-NY-farming/ Syrov, Viktoriya. Mapping the NYC Regional Food System. Food Systems Network NYC. January 5, 2011. http://www.foodsystemsnyc.org/articles/udl-nyc-foodshed-initiative FARM AND BUSINESS STATEMENTS ---, “Farmers Speak Out About Natural Gas Drilling Via Hydro Fracking.” Ithaca Food Web Blog. November 21, 2009. http://ithacasfoodweb.blogspot.com/2009/11/farmers-speak-out-about-natural-gas.html Bartlett, Tim. Lexington Co-operative Market Concerned about Hydrofracking. Received via email Feb 10, 2011. http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/NYFoodshed/message/95 Bennett, Larry. Brewery Ommegang Statement on Hydrofracking for Shale Gas. Ommegang press release. November 19, 2010. Found at: http://gdacc.wordpress.com/2010/11/20/brewery-ommegang-calls-for-ban-on-hydrofracking/ Blacklock, Colleen. Presentation to the NYS Council on Food Policy October 21, 2010. Email to BuyLocalNY list. Message # 1097. October 25, 2010. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/BuyLocalNY/message/1097

Blacklock, Colleen. “Potential Impacts of Gas Drilling on Agriculture.” Comments on the dSGEIS. December 11, 2008. http://www.occainfo.org/documents/PotentialImpactsofGasDrillingonAgriculture_001.pdf Burnett, Bonnie. Her Experience. Email sent via T-ROUSE 12/21/10. Goodsell, Martha. Sheldrake and Red Newt Opposition to the dSGEIS. Email to Regional Community Food Project. Message #649. December 9, 2009. http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/RCFP/message/649 Goodsell, Martha. Retaining our farmers and farmland after fracking. Email. Sent Feb 15, 2011. http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/NYFoodshed/message/102 Holtz. Joe. PURCHASES FROM NY STATE FARMS THREATENED BY POLLUTION FROM HYDROFRACKING, AND BUYERS CONCERNS ABOUT FOOD TAINTED BY GAS DRILLING ACTIVITIES. Park Slope Food Coop Statement. December 8, 2010. Email on NYFoodShed list. December 10, 2010. 8:29 AM. http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/NYFoodshed/message/29 Jaffee, Ken. “..large regional supermarket chain, avoiding purchases of meat from northern PA where there is hydrofracking”. Email November 21, 2010. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Shaleshock/message/6614 FARMING AND NATURAL GAS IN THE NEWS --- , “Another Marcellus ‘Fracking’ Mess” American Agriculturalist. November 23, 2010. http://www.americanagriculturist.com/story.aspx/another/marcellus/fracking/mess/happens/9/44071 Belander, Don, et al. “Remembering Rumsey Ranch: A Case Study of the Pollution of a Cattle Ranch in the Alberta Foothills” Carleton University, Canada. London Journal of Canadian Studies. 1997 Vol 13. http://www.canadian-studies.net/lccs/LJCS/Vol_13/Belanger_et_al.pdf Cleghorn, Stephen. Paradise Lost as the Great Marcellus Gas Rush Hits Home. Post Gazette Opinion. October 10, 2010. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10283/1093640-109.stm Duncan, Byard. Fracking with Food: How the Natural Gas Industry Poisons Cows with Crops. Alternet. July 30, 2010. http://www.alternet.org/story/147634/ Haggerty, James. “Natural Gas Drilling Leases Saving Farms.” Times-Tribune. May 10, 2010. http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/natural-gas-drilling-leases-saving-farms-1.776312 Hammil, Jim. Couple Regrets Gas Well Lease. WNEP News. Oct 28, 2010. http://www.wnep.com/wnep-brad-gas-well-regret-water-contamination,0,3331396.story Head, Justin. “Area Farms Hurting From Marcellus Shale Boom.” November 18, 2010. Evening Tribune. http://www.eveningtribune.com/news/x151217655/Area-farms-hurting-from-Marcellus-Shale-boom Hurdle, Jon. “Pennsylvania Lawsuit Says Drilling Polluted Water.” Reuters. November 9, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5A80PP20091109 Kobell, Rona. Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Drilling: Pipe Dreams in Pennsylvania. Chesapeake Bay Journal. Volume 20 - Number 8 November 2010. http://www.paenvironmentdigest.com/newsletter/default.asp?NewsletterArticleID=14190 Legere, Laura. Western PA Communities Changed by Natural Gas Drilling. Times Tribune. June 23, 2010. http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/western-pa-communities-changed-by-natural-gas-drilling-offer-local-lessons-1.860440 Malone, Samantha. “Forced Polling Versus Organic Farming.” October 29, 2010. http://www.fractracker.org/2010/10/forced-pooling-vs-organic-farming.html

Mingis, Candace. Farm Family’s Nightmare: “Gas Drillers Cut Corners From Day One”. September 27, 2009. http://splashdownpa.blogspot.com/2009/09/farm-familys-nightmare-gas-drillers-cut.html Smith-Heavenrich, Sue. Impacts of Drilling on Agriculture Part 1: Protecting Farmland Through Leases and Agricultural Districts. Country Folks. February 2, 2009. http://www.countryfolks.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=Features&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&id=A2A0FD61AC584819821EC3A073B27C2E&tier=4 Smith-Heavenrich. Sue. Impacts of Drilling on Agriculture Part 2: Protecting Forested Land. Country Folks. February 9, 2009. http://www.countryfolks.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=Features&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&id=2BC67A97B39B4CFBA0CB147D4AD8B13B&tier=4 Smith-Heavenrich, Sue. Impacts of Drilling on Agriculture Part 3: Country Folks. February 16, 2009. http://www.countryfolks.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=Features&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&id=F6F2008223DE49F6B03A377AF5126112&tier=4 Steingraber, Sandra. Fracking and Environmental Human Rights. Chris McConkey Video. Feb 18 2011. Posted on Shaleshock at http://shaleshockmedia.org/2010/12/18/fracking-and-environmental-human-rights-sandra-steingraber/ Torres, Chis. “Hope, Fear Reign in Marcellus Country.” Lancaster Farming. September 25, 2010. http://lancasterfarming.com/news/Hope--Fear-Reign-in-Marcellus-Country Townsend, Ian. “Farmers Fuming Over Natural Gas Rush.” ABC news. January 18, 2010. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/18/2931187.htm Velez, Adriana; New York Governor's Fracking Loophole Could Kill Small Farmers. FoodChange.org December 16, 2010 http://food.change.org/blog/view/new_york_governors_fracking_loophole_could_kill_small_farmers Vogel, John. “Gas Drilling Raises Water Well Concerns.” American Agriculturalist. August 14, 2008. Wolf, Isaac. Rural Residents Say Natural Gas Drilling Has Tainted Their Drinking Water. Milford Daily News. November 23, 2010. http://www.milforddailynews.com/lifestyle/health/x1485353677/Rural-residents-say-natural-gas-drilling-has-tainted-their-drinking-water Wolin, Toby. Where Food and Natural Gas Collide. Fire Dog Lake News. July 5, 2010 http://my.firedoglake.com/tobywollin/2010/07/05/where-food-and-natural-gas-collide/ Wright, Tina. “Dairies Face Drilling Concerns.” Tompkins Weekly. December 15, 2009. Zook, Wendy. Locals hope to inform others of Clearville natural gas project: Contamination a concern for some. The Altoona Mirror. March 22, 2010 http://www.altoonamirror.com/page/content.detail/id/528108.html?nav=742 FOOD SAFETY and LIVESTOCK HEALTH --- , “Are Gas and Oil Operations Harming Livestock?” Opposing Views. Natural Resources Defense Council. May 6, 2009. http://www.opposingviews.com/i/are-gas-oil-operations-harming-livestock/follow_ups ---. “Lack of Regulation Allows Sale of Tainted Meat.” News Inferno Blog. April 14, 2010. http://www.newsinferno.com/food-poisoning/lack-of-regulation-allows-sale-of-tainted-meat/ GAO. Food Safety: USDA's Role Under the National Residue Program Should Be Reevaluated. RCED-94-158 September 26, 1994 http://www.gao.gov/products/RCED-94-158

Gertsberg, Deniza. National Meat Residue Inspection Program Fails An Audit. GMO Journal: Food Safety Politics. September 15th, 2010 http://gmo-journal.com/index.php/2010/09/15/national-meat-residue-inspection-program-fails-an-audit/ Hamilton, C. R., et al. “The Rendering Industry’s Bio Security Contributions to Public and Animal Health” http://assets.nationalrenderers.org/essential_rendering_biosecurity_contribution.pdf Jaffee, Ken. “So when cattle drink contaminated water, the USDA will act to protect the food supply, but when farmers’ drink contaminated water the EPA does nothing.” Email. Lustgarten, Abrahm. “16 Cattle Drop Dead Near Mysterious Fluid at Gas Drilling Site.” ProPublica, April 30, 2009. http://www.propublica.org/article/16-cattle-drop-dead-near-mysterious-fluid-at-gas-drilling-site-430 *- Mall, Amy. “Oil and Gas Impacts on Livestock Health?” Switchboard: Natural Resources Defense Council Staff Blog. May 5, 2009. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/amall/oil_and_gas_impacts_on_livesto.html Noell, Nastassaja. Natural Gas Compressor Station Coats Farmland in Used Gear Oil. Philly IMC. February 2, 2010. http://www.phillyimc.org/en/natural-gas-compressor-station-coats-farmland-used-gear-oil Storey, David, editor. “Pennsylvania Quarantine Cattle Over Gas Drilling.” Reuters. July 1, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66058L20100701 Vogel, John. “Natural Gas Wastewater Puts Cattle At Risk.” American Agriculturalist. July 8, 2010. http://www.americanagriculturist.com/story.aspx/natural/gas/wastewater/puts/cattle/at/risk/9/39892 Zerbe, Leah. “How Slop From Natural Gas Fracking Could End Up in Your Food.” Sewage sludge a common farm fertilizer could be laced with toxic chemicals from natural gas drilling. Rodale. September 27, 2010. http://www.rodale.com/fracking

SHOW ME THE SCIENCE… Adler, R. Toxicosis of Sheep Following Ingestion of Natural Gas Condensate. Department of Toxicology, Marion Merrell Dow, Inc., PO Box 68470, Indianapolis, IN 46268-0470 (USA). Veterinary Pathology January 1992 vol. 29 no. 1 11-20 http://vet.sagepub.com/content/29/1/11.refs Coppock RW, Mostrom MS, Khan AA, Semalulu SS. Toxicology of oil field pollutants in cattle: a review. Environmental Toxicology Research, Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Canada. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1995 Dec;37(6):569-76. Review.PMID: 8588300 Related citations http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8588300 Coppock RW, Mostrom MS, Stair EL, Semalulu SS. Toxicopathology of oilfield poisoning in cattle: a review. Environmental Toxicology Research, Alberta Environmental Centre, Canada. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1996 Feb;38(1):36-42. Review.PMID: 8825749 Related citations http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8825749 Cottle MK, Guidotti TL. Process chemicals in the oil and gas industry: potential occupational hazards. Toxicol Ind Health. 1990 Jan;6(1):41-56. Review.PMID: 2190356 Related citations Dorman DC. Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Petroleum distillates and turpentine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1990 Mar;20(2):505-13. Review.PMID: 2180192 Related citations Edwards WC, Zinn LL. Diagnosis of petroleum hydrocarbon poisoning in cattle. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1979 Oct;74(10):1516-8. No abstract available. PMID: 261009 Related citations Edwards WC, Gregory DG. Livestock poisoning from oil field drilling fluids, muds and additives. Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1991 Oct;33(5):502-4. 1746149 Related citations http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1746149

Edwards WC. Toxicology of oil field wastes. Hazards to livestock associated with the petroleum industry. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1989 Jul;5(2):363-74. Review.PMID: 2667711Related citations http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2667711 Edwards VC, Coppock RW, Zinn LL.. Toxicoses related to the petroleum industry. Vet Hum Toxicol.1979 Oct;21(5):328-37. .PMID: 516361 Related citations http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/516361 GERARDE HW. Toxicologiccal studies on hydrocarbons. IX. The aspiration hazard and toxicity of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures. Arch Environ Health. 1963 Mar;6:329-41. PMID: 13947290 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13947290 Kerr LA, Edwards WC. Chromate poisoning in livestock from oil field wastes. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1981 Dec;23(6):401-2. PMID: 7336559 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7336559 Linden CH. Volatile substances of abuse. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1990 Aug;8(3):559-78. Review.PMID: 2201521 Related citations MacFarland HN Toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons. State Art Rev Occup Med 3: 445–454, 1988 McCann PM, Cockran M. Characterization of heavy components in natural gas liquids and natural gas. In: Proceedings of the Sixty-fourth Annual Convention of the Gas Processors Assoc, Houston, TX, 18-20 March, pp. 99–105, 1985 Meadows DL, Waltner-Toews D. Toxicosis in dairy cattle: was it crude-oil poisoning? Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1979 Apr;74(4):545-6. No abstract available. PMID: 256379 Related citations Põllumaa L, Maloveryan A, Trapido M, Sillak H, Kahru A. Study of the environmental hazard caused by the oil shale industry solid waste. Altern Lab Anim. 2001 May-Jun;29(3):259-67.PMID: 11387023]Related citations Ranger SF. A case of diesel oil poisoning in a ewe. Vet Rec. 1976 Dec 18-25;99(25-26):508-9. No abstract available. PMID: 1014309 Related citations http://vet.sagepub.com/content/29/1/11.refs?related-urls=yes&legid=spvet;29/1/11 Ritter L, Solomon K, Sibley P, Hall K, Keen P, Mattu G, Linton B. Sources, pathways, and relative risks of contaminants in surface water and groundwater: a perspective prepared for the Walkerton inquiry. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002 Jan 11;65(1):1-142. Review.PMID: 11809004 Related citations Seymour FK, Henry JA. Assessment and management of acute poisoning by petroleum products. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2001 Nov;20(11):551-62. Review.PMID: 11926609Related citations Veldre IA, Jänes HJ. Toxicological studies of shale oils, some of their components, and commercial products. Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Jun;30:141-6.PMID: 571802Free text Related citations Waldner, C. L. and C. S. Ribble, E. D. Janzen, and J. R. Campbell. Associations between oil- and gas-well sites, processing facilities, flaring, and beef cattle reproduction and calf mortality in western Canada. Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 5B4. Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1 Received 6 September 2000; accepted 24 April 2001 Available online 5 July 2001. Wernersson AS. Predicting petroleum phototoxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2003 Mar;54(3):355-65.PMID: 12651192 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations Winkler JK, Gibbons WJ. Petroleum poisoning in cattle. Mod Vet Pract, pp. 45–46, November 1973

Yamada M, Takada H, Toyoda K, Yoshida A, Shibata A, Nomura H, Wada M, Nishimura M, Okamoto K, Ohwada K. Study on the fate of petroleum-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the effect of chemical dispersant using an enclosed ecosystem, mesocosm. Mar Pollut Bull. 2003;47(1-6):105-13.PMID: 12787605 Related citations FENCING REQUIREMENTS (OR LACK THEREOF) Comparison of Oil and Gas Regulations for Safety and Security in the Intermountain West http://www.oilandgasbmps.org/docs/Public%20Safety%20Comparison.pdf ANIMAL MORTALITY and DISPOSAL RISKS --- Gas Well Ruptures in State Forest. WJACTV.com June 4, 2010 http://www.wjactv.com/news/23792353/detail.html Allen, Donald. Fracking: Let’s Get Real. Press Connects. November 21, 2010. Accessible at: http://www.theithacajournal.com/article/20101121/VIEWPOINTS02/11210317/Fracking-Let-039-s-Get-Real&template=artsemantics&server=MOC-WN0280 Cabot Oil and Gas Corporation. Form 10-K For the Fiscal Year December 31, 2009. EATON, Leslie and WOMACK, Jason. Gas Blast Rocks Texan Town: Explosion Kills One, Injures Eight, Fuels Debate Over Natural-Gas Production. Wall Street Journal. June 8, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703303904575293042591061542.html OConnor, Brendon. Comments responding to, “Fracking Lets Get Real” Email sent November 21, 2010. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Shaleshock/message/6629 PODGORNEY, Robert. POTENTIAL FOR AIR QUALITY TO LIMIT OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES Idaho National Laboratory Arthur Rood, Idaho Falls. 2009. www.oilshalesymposium.com/fileadmin/user_upload/.../PODGORNEY.pdf SMITH, Vicki. 7 burned in W.Va. gas well blast likely to survive. KIDK June 7, 2010. http://www.kidk.com/news/national/95803344.html SOKMAN, Kalmer THE INFLUENCE OF OIL SHALE MINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE COUNTY IDAVIRUMAA, ESTONIA. Estonian Oil Shale Company, Director of Developing, Jaama 10, 41533, Jõhvi, Estonia. 2009. www.oilshalesymposium.com/fileadmin/user_upload/.../SOKMAN.pdf Milburn, Jan. Comments to Pennsylvania Environmental Quality Board. Aug 6, 2010. http://www.irrc.state.pa.us/Documents/SRCDocuments/Regulations/2857/COMMENTS_PUBLIC/Document-19441.PDF SOILS and FARMLAND: Contamination, Compaction, Fragmentation Akpojivi, R.E., SPE, and P.E. Akumagba. Title Impact of Gas Flaring on Soil Fertility. Society of Petroleum Engineers. SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, Mar 12 - 15, 2005 2005, Kingdom of Bahrain. 2005. http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-93666-MS&soc=SPE

Cornell University. “New Test Assesses Gas Drilling Effects on Soils.” April 1, 2010. www.Physorg.com Gilpin, R. K., Wagel, D. J. and Solch, J. G. (2005) Production, Distribution, and Fate of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Related Organohalogens in the Environment, Dioxins and Health, Second Edition (eds A. Schecter and T. A. Gasiewicz), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/0471722014.ch2 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471722014.ch2/summary Gottlieb, Jeff. Toxic Soil Lurks Beneath Carson Neighborhood. Los Angeles Times. April 27, 2010. http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-carousel-shell-20100427,0,588699.story Hoeks, J. Changes in Composition of Soil Air Near Leaks in Natural Gas Mains: The study of influence of natural gas on plantations. Soil Science: January 1972 - Volume 113 - Issue 1 - ppg 46-54 http://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Citation/1972/01000/Changes_in_Composition_of_Soil_Air_Near_Leaks_in.9.aspx Lacey, John. Email regarding farm fragmentation impacts. October 13, 2010. Archived at: http://www.mail-archive.com/sustainable_tompkins-l@list.cornell.edu/msg00440.html Land Trust Alliance. Energy Development Threats to Conservation. http://www.landtrustalliance.org/policy/emerging-issues/energy-development/energy-development Mortensen, David A., et al. Forest Roads Facilitate the Spread of Invasive Plants. Invasive Plant Science and Management 2009 2:191–199 http://www2.allenpress.com/pdf/ipsm-02-03-191-199.pdf New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. Guidelines for Construction and Restoration at Natural Gas Well Drilling Sites in Agricultural Areas. Reilly, Conor. Metal Contamination of Food: Its Significance for Food Quality and Human Health, Third Edition. Published Online: 16 NOV 2007 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470995105.fmatter/pdf Smith-Heavenrich, Sue. After the Drilling Comes the Pipeline. Broader View Weekly, October 24, 2008. http://www.tiogagaslease.org/images/BVW_10_24_08.pdf WATER QUANTITY FERGUSON, Ian M., and MAXWELL, Reed M. HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: COMPARING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND LOCAL WATER MANAGEMENT. Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO 80401. Geology and Geologic Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 42, No. 5, p. 40 GAO. ENERGY-WATER NEXUS A Better and Coordinated Understanding of Water Resources Could Help Mitigate the Impacts of Potential Oil Shale Development GAO-11-35 October 2010 http://www.gao.gov/mobile/products/GAO-11-35 HUNT, Randall J., et al, TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY: SIMULATING HYDROLOGIC AND BIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO LAND USE AND CLIMATE CHANGE Wisconsin Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Reaseach Way, Middleton, WI 53562 Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 42, No. 5, p. 145 Legere, Laura. “Study: Dense Drilling Impacting Watersheds.” Standard Speaker. October 17, 2010. http://standardspeaker.com/news/study-dense-drilling-impacting-watersheds-1.1050047 Parsons, Jim. Pa. Streams Drained Dry By Drillers Western Pa. Streams Emptied By Natural Gas Drilling. WTAE ABC Channel 4 The Pittsburgh Channel.com November 13, 2008. http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/r/17973811/detail.html

CONSUMPTIVE WATER USAGE CHEMICALS USED ---. Fracking Chemicals To be Used in NY. Email from Elaine Perkus to NYRAD. October 5, 2010. Long, Sandy. “What’s in that Fracking Fluid” River Reporter. December 4-10, 2008. http://www.riverreporter.com/issues/08-12-04/news-fracking.html and http://www.riverreporter.com/issues/08-12-04/fracking.pdf Colborn, Thoe. "Chemicals in Natural Gas Operations"- VIDEO. Available at: http://www.endocrinedisruption.com/chemicals.videoplayer.php POLLUTION AND PATHWAYS ---. EPA, Powell Barnett Newsletter Agree: Hydraulic fracturing causes gas to penetrate water zone. Dec 21, 2010. http://txsharon.blogspot.com/2010/12/epa-powell-barnett-newsletter-agree.html Biello, David. What the Frack? Natural Gas from Subterranean Shale Promises U.S. Energy Independence--With Environmental Costs. Scientific American. March 30, 2010 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shale-gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing Cornell University Cooperative Extension. Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Drilling and Water Quality Issues. Website. Retrieved November 27, 2010. http://waterquality.cce.cornell.edu/naturalgasdrilling.htm Damascus Citizens. Toxic Chemicals Released During Oil and Gas Operations. Handout. http://www.damascuscitizens.org/images/TOXIC_CHEMICALS.pdf Dasseault, Maurice, et al. “Why Oil Wells Leak: Cement Behavior and Long Term Consequences.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2000. http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00064733&soc=SPE DEP Bureau of Oil & Gas Management. “Stray Natural Gas Migration Associated with Oil and Gas Wells.” http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/subject/advcoun/oil_gas/2009/Stray%20Gas%20Migration%20Cases.pdf Gashler, Krisy. Experts Question Treated Gas Drilling Fluid. Press Connects. July 9, 2009. Langham, Jay. Supermister: Marcellus Gas Well Activity in Washington County, PA. October 5, 2010. Accessed at: http://un-naturalgas.org/The%20Super%20Mister.pdf Legre, Laura. Hazards Posed by Natural Gas Are Not Limited to Below Ground. Republican Herald. June 21, 2010. http://republicanherald.com/news/hazards-posed-by-natural-gas-drilling-are-not-limited-to-below-ground-1.857445 Mall, Amy. EPA Subpoenas Halliburton, And Why It’s Important. Swithboard. NRDC Staff Blog. Posted November 10, 2010. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/amall/epa_subpoenas_halliburton_and.html McLendon, Russell. Big frack attack: Is hydraulic fracturing safe? Mother Earth News. Dec 10 2010 http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/big-frack-attack-is-hydraulic-fracturing-safe?hpt=Sbin Northrup, James L. “POTENTIAL LEAKS FROM HIGH PRESSURE HYDRO-FRACKING OF SHALE”. Otsego 2000. September 8, 2010. http://63.134.196.109/documents/10nov11_edit_NorthrupEPAFinal9-12-10.pdf

Northrup, James L. “The Unique Environmental Impacts of Horizontally Hydrofracking Shale Gas.” http://www.sustainableotsego.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=24:unique-environmental-impacts...&id=7:v.-the-risks-of-fracking&Itemid=77 Oil and Gas Accountability Project. Oil and Gas Pollution. Fact Sheet. EARTHWORKS | 1612 K St., NW, Suite 808 | Washington, D.C., USA 20006 January 16. http://www.earthworksaction.org/pubs/Oilandgaspollution.pdf Oil and Gas Acountability Project. Pathways and Sources of Contamination. EARTHWORKS | 1612 K St., NW, Suite 808 | Washington, D.C., USA 20006 http://www.earthworksaction.org/contaminantpathways.cfm Pittsburg Geological Society. Natural Gas Migration Problems in Western Pennsylvania. http://www.pittsburghgeologicalsociety.org/naturalgas.pdf Rush, Jilda. Gas fracking and cement cracking. Press Connects. April 25, 2010. http://www.pressconnects.com/article/20100425/VIEWPOINTS02/4250308/1120/Gas+fracking+and+cement+cracking US Geological Survey. Contamination in Fractured Rock Aquifers. Fact Sheet 2007-3074. September 2007. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3074/ Wilber, Tom. Pa. seeks stronger drilling rules to combat methane migration: Problem associated with natural gas exploration. Press Connects. May 23, 2010. http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=20105230346 WATER QUALITY Legere, Laura. Private lab finds toxic chemicals in Dimock water. Times Tribune. September 16, 2010 http://thetimes-tribune.com/private-lab-finds-toxic-chemicals-in-dimock-water-1.1014476 LOEWENSTEIN, James. Methane found in well water in Monroe Twp. Daily Review. August 12, 2010. http://thedailyreview.com/news/methane-found-in-well-water-in-monroe-twp-1.942868 Lustgarten, Abraham. Buried Secrets: Is Natural Gas Drilling Endangering US Water Supplies? ProPublica. November 13, 2008. http://www.propublica.org/article/buried-secrets-is-natural-gas-drilling-endangering-us-water-supplies-1113 Mayer, Fritz. Don’t drink the water: Wyoming well contamination confirmed. River Reporter. Oct 9, 2009. http://www.riverreporter.com/issues/10-09-09/news-contamination.html Mall, Amy. Incidents where hydraulic fracturing is a suspected cause of drinking water contamination. NRDC Switchboard. December 22, 2010. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/amall/incidents_where_hydraulic_frac.html Meeks, Louis. Gas drilling has blighted my life We need energy -- but not at the cost of clean water. October 12. http://www.hcn.org/hcn/wotr/gas-drilling-has-blighted-my-life Penningroth, Stephen Ph.D.. “Documenting Contamination of Private Water Supplies by Gas Well Drilling in New York State.” Community Science Institute. April 2009. http://communityscience.org/documents/Gas%20wells%20and%20water%20FAQ%20sheet%20-%20Documenting%20Contamination.pdf Scott, Michael. Oil and gas drilling's threat to our drinking water is local, national debate. Cleveland.com. February 15, 2010. http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/02/oil_and_gas_drillings_threat_t.html Sumi, Lisa. “Drinking Water at Risk.” Earthworks Oil and Gas Accountability Project. April 2005. http://www.earthworksaction.org/pubs/DrinkingWaterAtRisk.pdf BIRKHOLZER, Jens T., ZHENG, Liange, SPYCHER, Nicolas, VARADHARAJAN, Charuleka, and NICO, Peter S., . GROUNDWATER QUALITY CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO CO2 LEAKAGE FROM DEEP GEOLOGICAL STORAGE. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 42, No. 5, p. 45 Earth Sciences Division,

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720, JTBirkholzer@lbl.gov WASTE WATER DISPOSAL Gashler, Krisy. “Experts Question Treated Gas Drilling Fluid.” Press Connects. July 9, 2009. Kasey, Pam. State Needs to Plan for Gas Well Drilling Brine. The State Journal. November 26, 2008. http://www.statejournal.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=47274 Kasey, Pam. Pa. Sewage Plants Ordered to Refuse Gas Well Drilling Water. The State Journal. November 13, 2008. http://www.statejournal.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=46862 Keister, Timothy Marcellus Hydrofracture Flowback and Production Wastewater Treatment, Recycle, and Disposal Technologies ProChemTech International, Inc.Brockway, PA Presentation at The Science of Marcellus Shale January 29, 2010Hosted by Lycoming College in Williamsport, PA. http://www.prochemtech.com/Literature/Technical/The_Science_of_Marcellus_Shale_Wastewater.pdf Legere, Laura. Gas drillers face tough regulations for treating wastewater. Times Tribune. July 13, 2009. http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/gas-drillers-face-tough-regulations-for-treating-wastewater-1.113286 Parsons, Jim. Toxic Roads? Pittsburgh Channel.com November 15, 2010. http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/r/5334068/detail.html Our look at GAS DRILLING WASTEWATER: Flowback and Brine Treatment in Pennsylvania. Website: Marcellus-Shale.us Accessed Dec 3, 2010. http://www.marcellus-shale.us/drilling_wastewater.htm

Joaquin Sapien, Joaquin and Shankman, Sabrina. Drilling Wastewater Disposal Options in N.Y. Report Have Problems of Their Own. ProPublica Dec. 29, 2009. http://www.propublica.org/article/drill-wastewater-disposal-options-in-ny-report-have-problems-1229

SLUDGE and DRILLING MUDS ---. Exploration and Production Waste Management Guidelines. The E & P Forum. September 1993. http://www.deq.state.la.us/portal/Portals/0/permits/sw/ePwaste%20magt%20gdlns%201993.pdf --- “Farm Risks”. United Sludge Free Alliance. Website accessed November 30, 2010. http://www.usludgefree.org/risk.html ---. Land Application: Land Farming. Drilling Waste Management Information Systems. http://web.ead.anl.gov/dwm/techdesc/land/index.cfm ---. “radionuclides and metals oxidizing and mobilizing in the black shale cuttings will be a potentially much bigger problem than radionuclides in flowback”. Email from geologist forwarded on MarcellusGasInfo list. December 17, 2010. 7:14 pm. Associated Press. “Oklahomans Object to Soil Farm.” Texarkana Gazette. Feb 22, 2010. http://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/WireHeadlines/2010/02/22/oklahomans-object-to-soil-farm-46.php Bansal, K.M., and Sugiarto, 1999, "Exploration and Production Operations - Waste Management A Comparative Overview: U.S. and Indonesia Cases," SPE 54345, SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference, Jakarta, Indonesia, April 20-22. http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00054345&soc=SPE

Barton, Robert. HVSWHF (High Volume Slick Water Hydraulic Fracturing) waste products. Email correspondence. December 8, 2010. Callahan, M.A., A.J. Stewart, C. Alarcon, and S.J. McMillen, 2002, "Effects of Earthworm (Eisenia Fetida) and Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Straw Additions on Selected Properties of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 1658-1663. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620210817/abstract Cao H, Ikeda S. Exposure assessment of heavy metals resulting from farmland application of wastewater sludge in Tianjin, China: the examination of two existing national standards for soil and farmland-used sludge. University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. cao@ecopolis.sk.tsukuba.ac.jp Risk Anal. 2000 Oct;20(5):613-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11110209 or http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0272-4332.205056/abstract

Cole, E., and S. Mark, 2000, "E&P Waste: Manage It Cost Effectively through Land Farming," World Oil, August Vol. 221, No. 8 http://www.worldoil.com/magazine/magazine_detail.asp?ART_ID=1145#EandP

Harkinson, Josh. Sludge Happens. Recycling sewage into fertilizer might be making us sick. Why doesn't the EPA give a crap? Mother Jones. May/June 2009. http://motherjones.com/environment/2009/05/sludge-happens Hawkes, Alison. Test results of city sludge don’t satisfy critics. Way Out West, Bay Area Green News. August 18, 2010 http://www.wayoutwestnews.com/2010/08/18/test-results-of-city-sludge-dont-satisfy-critics/ HYLTON, Susan. “Drilling waste feud” Tulsa World. March 21, 2010. http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20100321_12_A11_Claudi614404 Marks, Jay. Oil companies dispose of drilling mud in soil farms. NewsOK. December 10, 2010. http://newsok.com/oil-companies-dispose-of-drilling-mud-in-soil-farms/article/3522455#ixzz17jnmqZ1q McPherson, Barbara. Sewage Sludge On Farmland Can Make You Sick. Now Public. September 11, 2008. http://www.nowpublic.com/environment/sewage-sludge-farmland-can-make-you-sick Smith-Heavenrich, Sue. Sludge Report. A publication of the Northeast Organic Farming Association of New York. 1998. Tioga Gas Watch. Marcellus Shale & Sewage Sludge: Same Sh*t, Different Day. Blog Post Feb 19, 2010. http://tiogagaswatch.blogspot.com/2010/02/marcellus-shale-sewage-sludge-same-sht.html Wilbur, Tom. Questions Raised As Landfill Seeks to Increase Intake of Marcellus Drilling Waste. Star Gazette. March 31, 2010. http://www.stargazette.com/article/20100331/NEWS01/3310383/Questions-raised-as-landfill-seeks-to-increase-intake-of-Marcellus-drilling-waste Zerbe, Lea. How Slop from Natural Gas Fracking Could End Up in Your Food. Rodale Press. Sept 27, 2010. http://www.rodale.com/fracking HEAVY METALS ---, Absorbing Possibilities: Phytoremediation. INNOVATION. Volume 103, Number 12 December 1995 Environmental Health Perspectives http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519251/pdf/envhper00360-0038-color.pdf C. Facemire, T. Augspurger, D. Bateman, M. Brim, P. Conzelmann, S. Delchamps, E. Douglas, L. Inmon, K. Looney and F. Lopez, et al. Impacts of mercury contamination in the southeastern United States Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Volume 80, Numbers 1-4, 923-926, DOI: 10.1007/BF01189745 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r01621391jp35460/ K. Fytianos, E. Charantoni and E. Voudrias. Leaching of heavy metals from municipal sewage sludge. Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Thessaloniki, 540 06,Thessaloniki, Greece. Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 671 00, Xanthi, Greece Environment International Volume 24, Issue 4, May 1998, Pages 467-475

HuYuan Zhang, Bao Wang, XingLing Dong, Lei Feng and ZhiMing Fan Leachability of heavy metals from solidified sludge From the issue entitled "Special Topic on Intelligent Manufacturing"Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences Volume 52, Number 7, 1906-1912, DOI: 10.1007/s11431-009-0124-2 Kovalick, Walter W. Jr., Ph.D.In Situ Remediation Technology:Electrokinetics. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office. EPA542-K-94-007 April 1995 http://www.epa.gov/tio/download/remed/electro.pdf Pierzynski, G. M. , Schwab, Arthur Paul . Reducing Heavy Metal Availability to Perennial Grasses and Row-Crops Grown on Contaminated Soils and Mine Spoils Kansas State University EPA Grant Number: R825549C029 EPA Project Officer: Manty, Dale. Center: HSRC (1989) - Great Plains/Rocky Mountain HSRC; Center Director: Erickson, Larry E. October 22, 1990 through February 21, 1993. main center abstract USDA NRCS. Heavy Metal Soil Contamination. Soil Quality Urban Technical Note #3. September 2000. http://mail.ilconservation.com/IUMPDF/appendix/u03.pdf RADIOACTIVITY Goodsell, Martha. Gas Drilling: NY State DEC Meets With Concerned Landowners: Many Questions Remain. Broader View Weekly. July 25, 2008. http://www.tiogagaslease.org/images/BVW_07_25_08.pdf Gray, Peter. NORM Contamination in the Petroleum Industry. SPE, Peter Gray & Assocs. Journal of Petroleum Technology Volume 45, Number 1. January 1993 Pages12-16 Copyright 1993. Society of Petroleum Engineers Language. Pg. 22880-PA DOI 10.2118/22880-PA. http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00022880&soc=SPE Lustgarten, Abrahm. Natural Gas Drilling Produces Radioactive Wastewater. November 9, 2010. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=marcellus-shale-natural-gas-drilling-radioactive-wastewater MALIZIA, Tracy et al. URANIUM GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE MARCELLUS SHALE: EFFECTS on METAL MOBILIZATION BANK. Geology, SUNY at Buffalo, 411 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, tlbank@buffalo.edu, Department of Geography, Geology, and the Environment, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 42, No. 5, p. 502 OSHA. Ionizing Radiation. http://www.osha.SLTC/radiationionizing/index.html OSHA. Occupational Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Code of Federal Register 29CFR Part 1910. Docket No. H-016 RIN 1218-AC11. http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=18341 OSHA. Radiation Associated with Oil and Natural Gas Production and Processing Facilities. New Orleans Independent Media Center. June 20, 2010. http://neworleans.indymedia.org/news/2010/06/15125.php Patel AA, Prasad SR. Decontamination of radioactive milk--a review. Institut für Lebensmittelverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität München, Germany. Int J Radiat Biol. 1993 Mar;63(3):405-12. PMID: 8095292 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8095292 Resnikoff, Marvin. “Radioactivity in Marcellus Shale.” Radioactivity Waste Management Association. May 19, 2010. Smith-Heavenrich, Sue. Radioactivity Present in Marcellus Waste. Broader View Weekly, November 26, 2009. http://www.tiogagaslease.org/images/BVW_11_26_09_2.pdf University at Buffalo. “Uranium in groundwater? 'Fracking' mobilizes uranium in Marcellus shale.” Science Daily. October 27, 2010. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101025172926.htm

US EPA. “Exemption of Oil and Gas Exploration and Productions Wastes from Federal Hazardous Waste Regulations.” http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/special/oil/oil-gas.pdf US EPA – Radiation Protection “Oil and Gas Production Wastes.” Website. http://www.epa.gov/radtown/drilling-waste.html US EPA. “Radioactive Waste From Oil and Gas Drilling.” Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (6608J) EPA 402-F-06-038 | April 2006 http://www.epa.gov/radtown/docs/drilling-waste.pdf US Geological Service. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Produced Water and Oil-Field Equipment— An Issue for the Energy Industry. USGS Fact Sheet FS–142–99. September 1999 Van der Heijde HB, Beens H, de Monchy AR. The occurrence of radioactive elements in natural gas. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1977 Jun;1(1):49-87. PMID: 617086 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/617086 Wilbur, Tom. Tests Show High Concentration of Radioactive Waste in Marcellus. Press Connects. December 6, 2009. http://www.theithacajournal.com/article/20091206/NEWS01/912060349/Tests-show-high-concentration-of-radioactive-waste-in-Marcellus RADON and DRINKING WATER ---. States Taking Action on Radon Limits in Drinking Water. The Ground Water Protection Council Newsletter. December 23, 2010. http://www.gwpc.org/communique/archive/Communique%2012-23-2010.pdf CDC. Radon and Drinking Water from Private Wells. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Last updated May 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/wells/disease/radon.html Commission on Life Sciences. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Committee on Risk Assessment of Exposure to Radon in Drinking Water. Board on Radiation Effects Research National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1999 http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=6287 EPA. Proposed Radon in Drinking Water Regulation. Safe Water Drinking Act- Radon. Updated June 4, 2010. http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/radon/regulations.cfm EPA. Radon in Drinking Water. http://www.epa.gov/radon/rnwater.html Greenblatt, Mark. City of Houston shuts down two radioactive water wells. 11 News I-TEAM (KHOU.com) December 23, 2010. http://www.khou.com/news/investigative/I-TEAM-City-of-Houston-shuts-down-two-radioactive-water-wells-112364389.html VAIDYANATHAN, GAYATHRI States Pursue Radon Limits in Drinking Water as EPA Action Lags. Greenwire. December 7, 2010 http://carbonwaters.org/2010/12/states-pursue-radon-limits-in-drinking-water-as-epa-action-lags/ Also at: http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/12/07/07greenwire-states-pursue-radon-limits-in-drinking-water-a-78542.html RADIOACTIVITY AND THE FOOD CHAIN Al-Kharouf SJ, Al-Hamarneh IF, Dababneh M. Natural radioactivity, dose assessment and uranium uptake by agricultural crops at Khan Al-Zabeeb, Jordan. Royal Scientific Society, Amman 11941, Jordan. J Environ Radioact. 2008 Jul;99(7):1192-9. Epub 2008 Mar 24. PMID: 18359539 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359539 Blanco RP, Vera TF, Lozano JC. About the assumption of linearity in soil-to-plant transfer factors for uranium and thorium isotopes and 226Ra. Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.

Sci Total Environ. 2002 Feb 4;284(1-3):167-75. PMID: 11846161 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11846161 Fisenne IM, Perry PM, Decker KM, Keller HW. The daily intake of 234,235,238U, 228,230,232Th and 226,228Ra by New York City residents. Environmental Measurements Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, New York, NY 10014. Health Phys. 1987 Oct;53(4):357-63. PMID: 3654223 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3654223 Forte M, Rusconi R, Margini C, Abbate G, Maltese S, Badalamenti P, Bellinzona S. Determination of uranium isotopes in food and environmental samples by different techniques: a comparison. ARPA Lombardia, Division of Radiological Protection Milan, Italy. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2001;97(4):325-8. PMID: 11878412 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11878412 Hamilton EI. The concentration of uranium in man and his diet. Health Phys. 1972 Feb;22(2):149-53. PMID: 5067039 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5067039 Harley NH, Fisenne IM. Distribution and alpha radiation dose from naturally occurring U, Th, and Ra in the human skeleton. New York University Medical Center, NY 10016. Health Phys. 1990 Apr;58(4):515-8. PMID: 2323933 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2323933 Hattemer-Frey HA, Travis CC, Land ML. Benzene: environmental partitioning and human exposure. Lee Wan and Associates, Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830. Environ Res. 1990 Dec;53(2):221-32. PMID: 2253601 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2253601 Isam Salih MM, Pettersson HB, Lund E. Uranium and thorium series radionuclides in drinking water from drilled bedrock wells: correlation to geology and bedrock radioactivity and dose estimation. Department of Radiation Physics, IMV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden. isam.salih@imv.liu.se Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2002;102(3):249-58. PMID: 12430963 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12430963 Izak-Biran T, Schlesinger T, Weingarten R, Even O, Shamai Y, Israeli M. Concentrations of U and Po in animal feed supplements, in poultry meat and in eggs. Radiation Safety Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, Israel. Health Phys. 1989 Mar;56(3):315-9. PMID: 2917860 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2917860 Johnson JE, Ward GM, Ennis ME Jr, Boamah KN. Transfer coefficients of selected radionuclides to animal products. I. Comparison of milk and meat from dairy cows and goats. Department of Radiology and Radiation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523. Health Phys. 1988 Feb;54(2):161-6. PMID: 3338913 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3338913 Mordberg EL, Aleksandruk VM, Kovygin GF, Sheuchenko II, Bliumshteĭn VM. Passage of uranium-radium series isotopes into the grain of some agricultural crops. Gig Sanit. 1976 Feb;0(2):58-61. PMID: 964626 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/964626 Mullen AL, Stanley RE, Moghissi AA. Absorption, distribution and milk secretion of radionuclides by the dairy cow. II. Radiorubidium. Health Phys. 1973 Apr;24(4):417-27. PMID: 4698184 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Mullen AL, Bretthauer EW, Stanley RE. Absorption, distribution and milk secretion of radionuclides by the dairy cow--V. Radiotungsten. Health Phys. 1976 Nov;31(5):417-24. PMID: 1002478 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1002478 Pulhani VA, Dafauti S, Hegde AG, Sharma RM, Mishra UC. Uptake and distribution of natural radioactivity in wheat plants from soil. Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India. vanpulh@magnum.barc.ernet.inJ Environ Radioact. 2005;79(3):331-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15607519 Rajaretnam G, Spitz HB. Effect of leachability on environmental risk assessment for naturally occurring radioactive materials in petroleum oil fields. University of Cincinnati, Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Nuclear

Engineering, OH 45221-0072, USA. Health Phys. 2000 Feb;78(2):191-8. PMID: 10647985 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647985 Rayno DR. Estimated dose to man from uranium milling via the beef/milk food-chain pathway. PMID: 6362004 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Sci Total Environ. 1983 Dec 1;31(3):219-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6362004 Rope SK, Whicker FW. A field study of Ra accumulation in trout with assessment of radiation dose to man. Health Phys. 1985 Aug;49(2):247-57. PMID: 4019196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4019196 Vandenhove H, Olyslaegers G, Sanzharova N, Shubina O, Reed E, Shang Z, Velasco H. Proposal for new best estimates of the soil-to-plant transfer factor of U, Th, Ra, Pb and Po. Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Biosphere Impact Studies, Mol, Belgium. hvandenh@sckcen.be J Environ Radioact. 2009 Sep;100(9):721-32. Epub 2008 Dec 5. PMID: 19058886 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19058886 Vera Tome F, Blanco Rodríguez MP, Lozano JC. Soil-to-plant transfer factors for natural radionuclides and stable elements in a Mediterranean area. Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071- Badajoz, Spain. fvt@unex.es J Environ Radioact. 2003;65(2):161-75. PMID: 12527233 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12527233 * Askinazi EI. [Evaluation of magnesium, calcium and 226Ra uptake from soils into agricultural plants] [Article in Russian] Gig Sanit 1988 Jan;(1):37-9. PMID: 3350364 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3350364 * Belova RS, Lun'kina ZP. [Radium and uranium levels in food products and the accumulation of these elements in the teeth of humans] [Article in Russian] Gig Sanit. 1967 Jun;32(6):48-51. PMID: 4236781 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4236781 * Frindik O. Thorium amd uranium in food of animal origin. [Article in German] Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung, Zentrallaboratorium für Isotopentechnik, Karlsruhe, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1992 Apr;194(4):377-80. PMID: 1598792 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1598792 * Kirchmann R, Lafontaine A, van den Hoek J, Koch G. [Comparison of the level of transfer to cow's milk of Ra-226 from drinking water and of Ra-226 incorporated in hay] [Article in French] C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1972;166(11):1557-62.PMID: 4667375 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] * Kuroda K. [Distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides belonging to the uranium decay series. 4. RA226 content of food] [Article in Japanese] Igaku To Seibutsugaku. 1968 Jan 10;76(1):31-3. PMID: 5692193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5692193 * Popović V. [Study of radioactive contamination of the environment with special reference to the effect of food on carrying radioactive material into the body] [Article in Croatian] Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1968;19(3):359-71. PMID: 5200051 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5200051 * Vasilenko IIa. [Food products--sources of radionuclide uptake into the human body] [Article in Russian] Vopr Pitan. 1986 Mar-Apr;(2):3-8. PMID: 3518240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3518240 ** – The abstracts of these studies support the concern about radioactivity in the foodshed; however, the entire paper is not written in a language I can read and understand. OZONE AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS California EPA. Ozone and Health: Overview of the harmful health effects of ground level ozone. SACRAMENTO CA DSLPMM-01 REVISED May 30, 2008. http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/aaqs/caaqs/ozone/ozone-fs.pdf

Crane, Stephen. County to receive big EPA bucks. Pinedale Roundup. July 9, 2009. http://www.pinedaleroundup.com/V2_news_articles.php?heading=0&story_id=1164&page=72 Eisenfeld, Mike et al. Toxic Soup of Harmful Chemicals Found in the Air Near Schools and Homes in the Four Corners. Global Community Monitor. November 4, 2010. http://www.gcmonitor.org/article.php?id=1109 EPA. “EPA Finalizes Greenhouse Gas Reporting Requirements for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry” November 9, 2010 Press Release available at: .http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/6427a6b7538955c585257359003f0230/8518e9bdc820460a852577d600591852!OpenDocument Requirements at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ghgrulemaking.html Evans, Brandon. Flight for survival Toxic emissions force family to leave home. Wise County Messenger. September 23, 2010 http://www.wcmessenger.com/news/content/EklVEZEyuVBmtmajzo.php Falchek, David. As water worries mount, researcher says Marcellus Shale poses risk to air. Times Tribune. July 31, 2010 http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/as-water-worries-mount-researcher-says-marcellus-shale-poses-risk-to-air-1.912761 Farr, Derek. Ultra cited for air-quality violations. Sublette Examiner. June, 29, 2009. http://www.subletteexaminer.com/V2_news_articles.php?heading=0&story_id=1210&page=72 Milbourn, Cathy. EPA Finalizes Greenhouse Gas Reporting Requirements for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry/Reporting targets methane, a potent greenhouse gas and valuable fuel. US EPA Press Release. November 9, 2010. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/6427a6b7538955c585257359003f0230/8518e9bdc820460a852577d600591852!OpenDocument Nichols, Jeremy. “Citizen Petition to Designate the Sublette County Area of Wyoming as Nonattainment for the 8-Hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard.”, Rocky Mountain Clean Air Action, on behalf of a number of organizations and citizens. June 14, 2008. http://www.wyomingoutdoorcouncil.org/html/what_we_do/air_quality/pdfs/Wyoming%20Nonattainment%20Petition.pdf NOx 2008 emission link: http://www.ahs2.dep.state.pa.us/eFACTSWeb/criteria_facilityemissions.aspx United States Government Accountability Office. FEDERAL OIL AND GAS LEASES: Opportunities Exist to Capture Vented and Flared Natural Gas, Which Would Increase Royalty Payments and Reduce Greenhouse Gases. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-11-34. October 2010. http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d1134high.pdf Weiss, Jim. Components of Natural Gas and their density. Email to the NYGCG yahoo group. Thursday, September 23, 2010 10:21 PM. http://groups.google.com/group/nygcg---new-york-gas-coordination-group/browse_thread/thread/9e93b8d94c21a614/b4e63c1da337357f?hl=en&lnk=gst&q=September+23#b4e63c1da337357f USDA ARS. Effects of Ozone Air Pollution on Plants. Website. Accessed December 2, 2010. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=12462 . Available as a pdf at: http://www.rst2.edu/ties/ozone/university/ozonepdfs/1g27.pdf

Show me the science…

Booker, Fitzgerald and Russell Muntifering, Margaret McGrath, Kent Burkey, Dennis Decoteau, Edwin Fiscus, William Manning, Sagar Krupa, Arthur Chappelka, and David Grantz. “The Ozone Component of Global Change: Potential Effects on Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Yield, Product Quality, and Interactions with Invasive Species.” Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 51(4): 337–351. 2009. http://www.cals.cornell.edu/cals/plpath/upload/plpa_Booker-etal_O3review-JIPB09.pdf

Cornell University. “Effects of Ozone Pollution Threatens Ag Production on Long Island.” Science Daily. August 22, 2000. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/08/000816073609.htm Fiscus, EL, FL Booker, KO Burkey. 2005. Crop responses to ozone: uptake, modes of action, carbon assimilation and partitioning. Plant, Cell and Environment 28:997-1011. http://fnicsearch.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/35187/1/IND43733887.pdf Fishman, J, JK Creilson, PA Parker, EA Ainsworth, GG Vining, J Szarka, FL Booker and X Xu. 2010. An investigation of widespread ozone damage to the soybean crop in the upper Midwest determined from ground-based and satellite measurements. Atmospheric Environment 44:2248-2256. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ad_hoc/66452500Publications/Booker/FishmanBookerSoybeanMidwestO3AtmosEnviron10.pdf Grantz, David. “Ozone Reduces Crop Yields and Alters Competition with Weeds.” California Agriculture UC Riverside. April – June 2005. http://www.ncsu.edu/project/usda-ne-1013/GrantzAnilCalifAg05.pdf Heagle, AS. 1989. Ozone and crop yield. Annual Review of Phytopathology 27:397-423. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.002145 Heck, WW, AS Heagle, DS Shriner. 1986. Effects on Vegetation: Native, Crops, Forests. In: Air Pollution. 3rd Ed., Vol. VI. Supplement to Air Pollutants, Their Transformation, Transport and Effects. AC Stern, ed., pp. 248-333. Academic Press, New York, NY. Howarth, Robert W “DRAFT Preliminary Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Natural Gas obtained by Hydraulic Fracturing.” Cornell University. April 2010. http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/energy/files/39646/GHG.emissions.from.Marcellus.Shale.April12010%20draft.pdf Howarth, Robert W. Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Natural Gas from Shale Formations Obtained by High-Volume, Slick-Water Hydraulic Fracturing. Cornell University Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. November15, 2010 http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/GHG%20emissions%20from%20Marcellus%20--%20November%202010.pdf Howitt, Richard E., Thomas W. Gossard, and Richard M. Adams. “The economic effects of air pollution on annual crops.” California Agriculture. 1985. http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca3903p22-62857.pdf Jürg Fuhrer. Ozone risk for crops and pastures in present and future climates. Air Pollution/Climate Group, Agroscope Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland November 2008. http://kfrserver.natur.cuni.cz/global/pdf/3_B_FUHRER_ozone_crops_climate.pdf Krupa, S, MT McGrath, C Andersen, FL Booker, KO Burkey, A Chappelka, B Chevone, E Pell, B Zilinskas. 2001. Ambient ozone and plant health. Plant Disease 85:4-17. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.1.4 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS: Anway, Matthew D. et al. Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors and Male Fertility Science 3 June 2005: Vol. 308 no. 5727 pp. 1466-1469 DOI: 10.1126/science.1108190 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/308/5727/1466.abstract Colborn, Theo, PhD. "What You Need to Know About Natural Gas Production" TEDX Vidoe. http://www.endocrinedisruption.com/chemicals.videoplayer.php Jones, Ervin PhD, MD, FACOG. Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Function - Is Your Water Bottle Making You Infertile? Fertility Bits. March 16, 2010. http://www.givf.com/blog/2010/03/endocrine-disruptors-and-reproductive.html

National Institute of Environmental Health Services (NIEHS). Endocrine Disruptors. US Department of Health and Human Services. June 2006. http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/docs/endocrine.pdf Petteway, Latisha. EPA to Expand Chemicals Testing for Endocrine Disruption. EPA Press Release. November 16, 2010 http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/0/5F77E9903C4E2E48852577DD005BC7CE Werner Kloas, Werner, Et al. Amphibians as a model to study endocrine disruptors: II. Estrogenic activity of environmental chemicals in vitro and in vivo. The Science of The Total Environment Volume 225, Issues 1-2, 12 January 1999, Pages 59-68Department of Zoology II, University of Karlsruhe, Germany September 5 2003. SILICA SAND AND DUST MSDS Sheet. Canadian Sand and Proppants MSDS for Silica Sand Date Prepared Aug 2009 NOISE Noise Pollution Clearinghouse. http://www.nonoise.org/epa/index.htm Earthworks. Noise Resources. http://www.earthworksaction.org/noiseresources.cfm --- “What Does Noise Affect?” Noisequest. Accessed October 30, 2010. http://www.noisequest.psu.edu/pmwiki.php?n=NoiseAffect.Domestic

Algers, B., I. Ekesbo, and S. Stromberg. 1978. The impact of continuous noise on animal health. Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl. 67. 26 pp.

Ames, D.R. 1978. Physiological responses to auditory stimuli. Pages 23-45 in J.L. Fletcher and R. G. Busnel, eds. Effects of noise on wildlife. Academic Press, New York.

Ames, D. R.and L. A. Arehart. Physiological Response of Lambs to Auditory Stimuli. Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502 J. Anim Sci. 1972. 34:994-998. © 1972 American Society of Animal Science http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/34/6/994?maxtoshow=&hits=40&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexacttitle=and&titleabstract=noise%3B+sound&andorexacttitleabs=or&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&fdate=//&resourcetype=HWCIT

Ames, D.R. 1971. Thyroid responses to sound stress. J. Anim. Sci. 33:247.

Arehart, L. A.and D. R. Ames. Performance of Early-Weaned Lambs as Affected by Sound Type and Intensity. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 J. Anim Sci. 1972. 35:481-485. 1972 American Society of Animal Science http://jas.fass.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/481?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=noise&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT

Anthony, A., and E. Ackerman. 1957. Biological effects of noise in vertebrate animals. Tech. Rep. 57-647. Wright Air Develop. Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 98 pp.

Bond, J., T.S. Rumsey, J.R. Menear, L.I. Colber, D. Kern, and B.T. Weinland. 1974. Effects of simulated sonic booms on eating patterns, feed intake, and behavioral activity of ponies and beef cattle. Pages 170-175 in Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Symposium, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.

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Ewbank, R. 1977. The effects of sonic booms on farm animals. Vet. Annual 17:296-306.

Fell, R.D., C.J. Ellis, and D.R. Griffith. 1976. Thyroid responses to acoustic stimulation. Environ. Res. 12:208-213.

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Hanson, Carl E.. High-Speed Train Noise Effects on Livestock and Wildlife. Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc. Burlington, MA http://www.itre.ncsu.edu/adc10/PDFs/2007_Winter_Conference/session507/High-Speed_Train_Noise_Effects_on_Livestock_and_Wildlife.pdf

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Kovalcik, K., and J. Sottnik. 1971. The effect of noise on the milk efficiency of cows. Zivocisna Vyroba 16:795-804.

Nayfield, K.C. and E.L. Besch. 1981. Comparative response of rabbits and rats to elevated noise. Lab. Anim. Sci. 31(4):386-390.

Peterson, E.A., J.S. Augenstein, D.C. Tanis, and D.G. Augenstein. 1981. Noise raises blood pressure without impairing auditory sensitivity. Sci. 211:1450-1452.

Rennison, D.C., and A.K. Wallace. 1976. The extent of acoustic influence of off-road vehicles in wilderness areas. Pages 169-183 in J.P. Wood and R.W. Robertson, eds. Off-road vehicles: some policy, planning, and management considerations. Proc. Natl. Symposium on Off-road Vehicles in Australia, Australian Inst. of Parks and Recreation, Northcote, Victory, Australia.

Sackler, A.M., A.S. Weltman, M. Bradshaw, and P. Jurtshuk, Jr.1959. Endocrine changes due to auditory stress. Acta Endocrin. 31:405-418.

Shepherd, J.G., and J.W. Horwood. 1979. The sensitivity of exploited populations to environmental "noise", and the implications for management. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 38:318-323.

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Stadelman, W.J. 1958. The effect of sounds of varying intensity on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poult. Sci. 37:166-169.

BATS, SONG BIRDS and BENEFICIAL INSECTS

Future of PA Songbirds. Email thread. SusquehannaCoGasForum. Dec 20, 2010.

Indiana Bat an Endangered Species Threatened by Natural Gas Drilling. Email thread. SusquehannaCoGasForum. Feb 16, 2011. Baker, Robert. Williams Energy Sets Up Shop. Susquehanna Independent. Feb 15, 2011. http://independentweekender.com/index.php/2011/02/15/williams-energy-sets-up-shop/

Gunn, W.W.H., and J.A. Livingston, eds. 1974. Disturbance to birds by gas compressor noise simulators, aircraft, and human activity in the Mackenzie Valley and the North Slope, 1972. Arct. Gas Biol. Rep. Ser. 14. 280 pp.

--- Protecting Natural Resources From Expanded Natural Gas Drilling in the Marcellus Shale and Utica Shale Fields. Audubon New York. Comments to the DEC on the dSGEIS. Online at: http://ny.audubon.org/IssuesAction_ConservationIssues_NaturalGasDrilling.html Smith, Brian. Oil and gas company sentenced for bird deaths. Craig Daily Press. Sept 2, 2010. http://www.craigdailypress.com/news/2010/sep/02/oil-and-gas-company-sentenced-bird-deaths/ --- Bats Delay Natural Gas Pipeline. United Press International. March 25, 2008. http://politicom.moldova.org/news/bats-delay-natural-gas-pipeline-106410-eng.html

ECONOMIC CONCERNS

Barth, Jannette M. “Unanswered Questions About The Economic Impact of Gas Drilling In the Marcellus Shale: Don’t Jump to Conclusions.” JM Barth & Associates, Inc. March 22, 2010. http://occainfo.org/documents/Economicpaper.pdf Berman, Arthur E. “Shale gas—Abundance or mirage? Why the Marcellus Shale will disappoint expectations.” The Oil Drum. October 28, 2010. http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2010-10-28/shale-gas—abundance-or-mirage-why-marcellus-shale-will-disappoint-expectations Brundage, Tracy L. et al. “Marcellus Shale Workforce Needs Assessment: Southwest Pennsylvania Counties of Beaver, Washington, Greene, Fayette, and Westmoreland.” Marcellus Shale Education & Training Center. June 2010. http://www.msetc.org/docs/NeedsAssessmentwithcoverSW.pdf Coffman, Steve. “QUESTIONS YOU NEED TO ASK ABOUT HYDROFRACKING IN OUR FINGER LAKES.” http://www.preservethefingerlakes.com/id60.html Coffman, Steve. “The Real Cost of Hydrofracking.” http://catskillcitizens.org/learnmore/REALCOST.PDF Cohen, Dave. “Betting the House on Shale Gas. Decline of the Empire Blog. March 28, 2010. http://www.declineoftheempire.com/2010/03/betting-the-house-on-shale-gas.html Cohen, Dave. “Shale Gas Shenanigans.” Decline of the Empire Blog. March 29, 2010. http://www.declineoftheempire.com/2010/03/index.html Cohen, Dave. “The Shale Gas Shell Game. Decline of the Empire Blog. November 16, 2010. http://www.declineoftheempire.com/2010/11/the-shale-gas-shell-game.html Considine, Timothy J. “The Economic Impacts of the Marcellus Shale: Implications for New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.” A Report to The American Petroleum Institute. July 14, 2010. http://www.api.org/policy/exploration/hydraulicfracturing/upload/API%20Economic%20Impacts%20Marcellus%20Shale.pdf Fields, Linda. Houses for Shale. The Pike County Courier. June 3, 2010. http://www.strausnews.com/articles/2010/06/08/pike_county_courier/news/1.txt

Hall CA, Cleveland CJ. Petroleum drilling and production in the United States: yield per effort and net energy analysis. Science. 1981 Feb 6;211(4482):576-9.PMID: 17840957 Related citations Headwaters Economics. “Fossil Fuel Extraction as a County Economic Development Strategy Are Energy-focusing Counties Benefiting?” Energy and the West Series. September, 2008 - Revised July 11, 2009. http://www.headwaterseconomics.org/energy/HeadwatersEconomics_EnergyFocusing.pdf Jacquet, Jeffrey. “Energy Boomtowns & Natural Gas: Implications for Marcellus Shale Local Governments & Rural Communities.” NERCRD (Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development Rural Development) Paper No. 43. January 2009. http://nercrd.psu.edu/Publications/rdppapers/rdp43.pdf Jacquet, Jeffrey. “Community and Economic Impacts Of Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Development.” Cornell Cooperative Extension Department of Natural Resources. Webinar May 12th, 2010 http://cce.cornell.edu/EnergyClimateChange/NaturalGasDev/Documents/PDFs/CCE%20Webinar%20social%20and%20economic%20impacts%20051210.pdf Jacquet, Jeffrey. “Economic Impacts of Natural Gas Development In Wyoming.” 2008 Annual Meeting of Tioga County Cornell Cooperative Extension. Power point presentation December 8th 2008. Jacquet, Jeffrey. “Wyoming Boomtowns: Local Government Impacts & Natural Gas Drilling.” Natural Gas Drilling and Local Government Workshop Penn State University. November 18th 2008. http://catskillcitizens.org/learnmore/SUBLETTEECON.pdf Kelsey, Timothy W. “Potential Economic Impacts of Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania: Reflections on the Perryman Group Analysis from Texas.” Penn State Cooperative Extension. Kosnik, Renee Lewis. The Oil and Gas Industry’s Exclusions and Exemptions to Major Environmental Statutes Earthworks Oil and Gas Accountability Project. Oct 2007. http://www.earthworksaction.org/pubs/PetroleumExemptions1c.pdf Legere, Laura. “Study pegs $18B impact from gas drilling; critics say it ignores environmental costs.” Times Tribune. May 26, 2010. http://thetimes-tribune.com/study-pegs-18b-impact-from-gas-drilling-critics-say-it-ignores-environmental-costs-1.813827 Lowenstein, James. "Bradford County Placing Kids in Foster Care Due to Housing Shortage." The Daily Review (Towanda, PA). July 29, 2010. http://thedailyreview.com/news/bradford-county-placing-kids-in-foster-care-due-to-housing-shortage-1.908485 Nearing, Brian. “Energy Busts Create Mess.” Times Union. November 8, 2010. http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Energy-busts-create-mess-801773.php Skrapits, Elizabeth. “So far, gas jobs mainly in related fields.” The Times Tribune, November 7, 2010. http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/so-far-gas-jobs-mainly-in-related-fields-1.1060490 Slottje, Helen. “We know of no insurance carrier that would provide coverage in this instance.” http://un-naturalgas.org/weblog/2010/03/a-we-know-of-no-insurance-carrier-that-would-provide-coverage-in-this-instance/ Smith-Heavenrich, Sue. “Tabulating True Costs of Gas Drilling.” Tompkins Weekly. April 12, 2010. http://ithaca.wishingwellmagazine.org/blogs/tompkins-weekly/2010/04/tabulating-true-costs-gas-drilling Smith-Heavenrich, Sue. “Three Bedrooms, Two Baths, and a Gas Lease.” Broader View Weekly, March 20, 2009. http://www.tiogagaslease.org/images/BVW_03_20_09.pdf Sweeney, Mary Beth et al. League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania. Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Extraction Study 2009-2010 “Study Guide III: MARCELLUS SHALE NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION: ITS ECONOMIC IMPACT.”

http://palwv.org/issues/MarcellusShale/Marcellus%20Shale%20Study%20Guide%20III%20-%20Economic%20Impact.pdf Swift, Robert (Harrisburg Bureau Chief) State officials cite increased crime, road damage as negative drilling impacts. Times Tribune. May 26, 2010 http://thetimes-tribune.com/state-officials-cite-increased-crime-road-damage-as-negative-drilling-impacts-1.813093 The Perryman Group. “Drilling for Dollars: An Assessment of the Ongoing and Expanding Economic Impact of Activity in the Barnett Shale on Fort Worth and the Surrounding Area.” March 2008. www.bseec.org/images/summaryreport.pdf Toland, Bill. “Where Are All the Marcellus Shale Jobs?” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 09, 2010. http://www.damascuscitizens.org/Economic.html Tompkins County Gas Map. “Economic and Social Costs of Gas Drilling.” May 5. 2010. Wilbur, Tom. “New report shows natural gas economic impact will be minimal.” Press and Sun Bulletin. April 01, 2010. http://www.stargazette.com/article/20100401/NEWS01/4010400/New-report-shows-natural-gas-economic-impact-will-be-minimal

HEALTH IMPACTS

Colborn, Theo, PhD., et al. “Natural Gas Operations from a Public Health Perspective.” International Journal of Human and Ecological Risk Assessment.” Sep 4, 2010. Collaborative on Health and the Environment. Fracking: Implications for Human and Environmental Health. Partnership Call. Nov 9, 2010 http://www.healthandenvironment.org/partnership_calls/8138 Colson, John. Link between man’s cancer, frac’ing fluids questioned Glenwood Springs Post Independent. Sep 2010.http://www.postindependent.com/article/20100925/VALLEYNEWS/100929911/1083&ParentProfile=1074 Earthworks. Health Survey Results of Current and Former DISH/ Clark County Residents. Earthworks Oil and Gas Accountability Project. Earthworks. “Public Health and Toxics” Oil and Gas Accountability Project (OGAP) website. http://www.earthworksaction.org/Health%20and%20Toxics.cfm Evans, Brandon. Toxic emissions force family to leave home. WCMessenger. September 23, 2010 http://www.wcmessenger.com/news/content/EklVEZEyuVBmtmajzo.php HEINKEL-WOLFE, Peggy. Tests detect Barnett Shale emissions toxins in DISH residents' blood, urine. Denton Record-Chronicle April 15, 2010. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/stories/041310dnmetdishtoxins.2437d1dcf.html Hopey, Don and David Templeton. Region at risk: Can higher rates of death be linked to air pollution? Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 12, 2010. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10346/1109168-114.stm#ixzz1AHLcTUBD London, Eric. Electronic letter to EPA “Re: Hydraulic Fracturing Study Comments.” September 27, 2010. Mall, Amy. Protecting Western Communities from the Health and Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Production. Drilling Down. Natural Resource Defense Council. October 2007. http://www.nrdc.org/land/use/down/down.pdf

Macintyre EA, Karr CJ, Koehoorn M, Demers PA, Tamburic L, Lencar C, Brauer M. Residential Air Pollution and Otitis Media During the First Two Years of Life. Epidemiology. 2010 Oct 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030866 Occupational Hazards in Oil and Gas Industry http://www.slideshare.net/mechportal/occupational-hazards Rom WN, Lee JS, Craft BF. Occupational and environmental health problems of the developing oil shale industry. Am J Ind Med. 1981;2(3):247-60. PMID: 6285698 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6285698 Shaw, William PhD The Unique Vulnerability of the Human Brain to Toxic Chemical Exposure and the Importance of Toxic Chemical Evaluation and Treatment in Orthomolecular Psychiatry. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine Vol 25, No 3, 2010. http://www.orthomed.org/jom/jomcurrent.html Volzke, Henry. Occupational Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Is Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol 90 No. 8 4587-4502. 2005. Witter, Roxana MD, MSPH. “Potential Exposure-Related Human Health Effects of Oil and Gas Development.” Colorado School of Public Health University of Colorado Denver. August 1, 2008. http://docs.nrdc.org/health/files/hea_08091702a.pdf GENERAL RESOURCES Arnold, Carl. “No Regulation Can….” Email sent November 15, 2010 Clark, Bryan M. Dirty Drilling: The Threat of Oil and Gas Drilling in Lake Erie. Ohio PIRG Education Fund Policy Paper. January 2002. Food and Water Watch. “Not So Fast Natural Gas: Why Accelerating Risky Drilling Threatens America’s Water.” July 2010. http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/water/report/natural-gas/view-in-full/ Hazen and Sawyer. “DEP Briefing to the NYC Water Board on the Natural Gas Impact Assessment Project.” September 25, 2009. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/natural_gas_drilling/dep_natural_gas_impact_assessment_project_briefing09252009.pdf Hazen and Sawyer. Final Impact Assessment Report: Impact Assessment of Gas of Natural Gas Production in the New York City Water Supply Watershed; December 2009. Hazen and Sawyer. The Threat From HydroFracking. Journal AWWA September 2010. http://www.hazenandsawyer.com/uploads/files/The_Threat_From_Hydrofracking.pdf Horwitt, Dusty. “Drilling Around the Law.” Environmental Working Group. 2009. http://www.ewg.org/files/EWG-2009drillingaroundthelaw.pdf Koop, Will. ENCANA’S CABIN NOT SO HOMEY: CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AN UNFOLDING AND EMERGING CRISIS IN NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA’S SHALE GAS PLAYS AN INTRODUCTORY JOURNEY INTO BC’s DIRTY DOMINO ZONE. B.C. Tap Water Alliance. November 9, 2010. http://www.bctwa.org/FrkBC-EnCanasCabin-Nov9-2010.pdf Lewis, Kevin. “A Broad Look at the Environmental Issues of Natural Gas Drilling.” Meredith Landowner Coalition. Good Times, Bad Times: A Resident’s Guide to Gas Drilling. Issue #1. Spring 2010. http://www.meredith-coalition.org/gas-news-1.pdf Meredith Landowner Coalition. Good Times, Bad Times: A Resident’s Guide to Gas Drilling. Issue #3. Autumn 2010. http://www.meredith-coalition.org/gas-news3-web.pdf

Michaels, Craig; with James L. Simpson and William Wegner. Fractured Communities. Case Studies of the Environmental Impact of Gas Drilling. Riverkeeper. September 2010. http://www.riverkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Fractured-Communities-FINAL-September-2010.pdf Moss, Kerry. “Potential Development of the Natural Gas Resources in the Marcellus Shale New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio.” National Park Service. December 11, 2008. http://fli.hws.edu/marcellus/NatParkService-GRD-M-Shale_12-11-2008_view.pdf Myers, Robert. Environmental Dangers of Hydro-Fracturing the Marcellus Shale. Lockhaven University. Website accessed November 29, 2010. http://www.lhup.edu/rmyers3/marcellus.htm National Geographic Special Report: The Great Shale Rush. Oct 7, 2010. Accessed at: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2010/10/101022-energy-marcellus-shale-gas-rush/ Parfitt, Ben. FRACTURE LINES: Will Canada’s Water be Protected in the Rush to Develop Shale Gas? For the Program on Water Issues. Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto. September 15, 2010 http://beta.images.theglobeandmail.com/archive/00942/Fractured_Lines_942842a.pdf Penningroth, Stephen. Letter to the NYSDEC Division of Mineral Resources Bureau of Oil and Gas Regulation “Subject: Comments on draft scoping document for Draft Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement on Oil and Gas Drilling.” December 9, 2008. http://communityscience.org/documents/Gas%20Wells%20-%20Comments%20on%20scoping%20document%20for%20dSGEIS,%20Dec.pdf

Riverkeeper, Inc. Industrial Gas Drilling Reporter - Vol. 1. June 15, 2009. http://www.cwconline.org/news/riverkeeper_gas_report_1.pdf

Sportsmen for Responsible Energy Development. “Recommendations for Responsible Oil and Gas Development.” 2008. http://www.sportsmen4responsibleenergy.org/images/stories/S4RED_Recommendations_Final-3.pdf Steingraber, Sandra. The Whole Fracking Enchilada: Violating the bedrock, the atmosphere, and everything in between. Orion magazine September/October 2010 issue. http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/5839 Sullivan County Gas Drilling Research Task Force; PREPARING FOR NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENT: UNDERSTANDING IMPACTS AND PROTECTING PUBLIC ASSETS; February 13, 2009 Sumi, Lisa. “Oil and Gas at Your Door? A landowner's guide to oil and gas development.” Earthworks Oil and Gas Accountability Project. Jan 2006. http://www.earthworksaction.org/publications.cfm?pubID=91 Sumi, Lisa. “Shale Gas: Focus on the Marcellus Shale” Earthworks Oil and Gas Accountability Project. May 2008. http://www.earthworksaction.org/pubs/OGAPMarcellusShaleReport-6-12-08.pdf Weidenhof, Emily (editor). Hancock and the Marcellus Shale. Columbia University Urban Design Research Seminar. Spring 2009. http://www.urbandesignlab.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/HancockAndTheMarcellusShale.pdf Wilderness Society. Not at any cost: Government policies to make natural gas drilling safer for people and the environment. Science and Policy Brief. September 2010. Wiseman, Hahhan. Untested Waters. The Rise of Hydaulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit Regulation. 20 Fordham Environmental Law Review. Rev.115. 2009. WATER WARS Svadlenka, Robert. The Corporate Exploitation of the World's Freshwater Supply. World Hunger Year. Accessed at: http://www.whyhunger.org/news-and-alerts/why-speaks/497.html