Locomotor system Organs and structures concerning with the animal movements Passive skeletal...

Locomotor systemLocomotor system

Organs and structures concerning with the animal movementsPassive skeletal

structureBones (osteology)Joints (artherolog)

Active skeletal structure

Muscles (myology)

Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008

OsteologyOsteology Def: it is the science deals with

the bonesFunctions of bones1. give the body shape (through skeleton)2. Storage of minerals (calcium)3. Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)4. Blood cell production (red marrow)5. Protection6. Leverage (force of motion)


Classification of Classification of bonesbones

I- according to shape, position and function

1-long or tubular bones•Long, cylindrical with Long, cylindrical with central cavitycentral cavity•have long body, proximal have long body, proximal and distal extremitiesand distal extremities•Present in limbs as Present in limbs as humerus, radius and femur humerus, radius and femur •Act as supporting column Act as supporting column and leversand levers


1-long or tubular bones (cont)

Reduced long bone: have very small have very small central cavity as central cavity as small metatarsal small metatarsal and metacarpal and metacarpal bonebone

elongated bone: have no medullary have no medullary cavity as ribscavity as ribs

Smal

l met

acar

pal

larg

e m

etac

arpa

l

Rib


2- flat bones Is plate likeIs plate like give area for muscles give area for muscles

attachmentsattachments Protect underline vital Protect underline vital

organorgan Scapula, pelvic bone Scapula, pelvic bone

and skulland skull3- short bones Has similar Has similar

dimensionsdimensions diffuse and reduce diffuse and reduce

concussion concussion carpal and tarsal bonecarpal and tarsal bone Carpal bones


4- Irregular bones irregular in shapeirregular in shape single bone & median single bone & median

positionposition As vertebrae As vertebrae 5- sesamoid bones Present between Present between

tendons and joint tendons and joint reduce the frictions reduce the frictions

between tendons and between tendons and bonesbones

As proximal and distal As proximal and distal sesamoid bonessesamoid bones

larg

e m

etac

arpa

l

Prox

imal

ses

amoi

d

vertebra


6- pneumatic bone Have air spaces instead of Have air spaces instead of

central cavitycentral cavity As Para-nasal sinus of As Para-nasal sinus of

mammalmammal the majority of birds skeletonthe majority of birds skeleton


1- compact bone Forming the external dense shell of all bones Its thickness is differ

– thick in the middle and thin at the extremitiesthick in the middle and thin at the extremities

II- according to their structures

Compact bone

Medullary cavity

Periosteum


Haversian system or osteonHaversian system or osteon: is the : is the microscopical structure of bonesmicroscopical structure of bones


2- Spongy bones Delicates bony

spicules and trabeculae

have spongy appearance

Its spaces is filled by bone marrow

The spongy bone (trajectories) fill the short bones

And fill the extremities of long bones

Spongy bone

Bony trabeculae

Compact bone

Marrow space


1- endochondral bones:

from hyaline cartilagefrom hyaline cartilage

All except skull and flat boneAll except skull and flat bone2- intramembranous bones:

From fibrous membranesFrom fibrous membranes

Cranial and flat bonesCranial and flat bones

III- according to their development


1- Axial bones: unpaired, in medain line Skull, vertebrae, sternum

2- Appendicular bones: bone of limbs

3- Splanchnic or visceral bones: within soft tissues os cordis of ruminant, os penis of dog, os diaphragmatic of camel

IV- according to their position


Cross anatomical Cross anatomical components of long components of long

bonebonePeriosteum Compact bone

Endosteum Medullary cavity


1-Periosteum(the outer connective tissue covering), it divided into

– Outer protective layer (more fibers)

– Inner cellular layer (osteogenic )

Its function – Isolate bone from

surrounding tissues– route for circulatory and

nervous supply– bone growth and repair

Outer fibrouslayer

Inner cellularlayer


2- Compact substanceThick at the shaft and thin at extremities

3- Spongy bone at the extremities

4- Medullary cavitycontain the marrow

5- Bone marrowin the central cavity of long bones and in the central cavity of long bones and within the spaces of spongy bonewithin the spaces of spongy bone


types of bone marrow– Red marrow (mainly in young and rich in

blood forming cells)– Yellow marrow( in adult, much amount of

fat cells)– Gelatinous (degenerated yellow marrow in

senile animal or badly nourished animal) 6- Endosteum

– thin fibrous membrane – lined the central cavity and haversian

canals of long bone.– covers the trabeculae of spongy bones


Gross anatomical Gross anatomical regions of long boneregions of long bone

1.Middle body (shaft or diaphysis)

2.Proximal and distal extremities (epiphysis)

3.In young the growth zone (metaphysis) is located between epiphysis and diaphysis)

4. in adult metaphysis become ossify know as epiphyseal lineDr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008

Epiphysis

Epiphyseal line ormetaphysis in young

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Epiphyseal line ormetaphysis in young

Articular cartilage

Spongy bone

Periosteum

Compact bone

Endosteum

Medullary cavity


Gross structures of Gross structures of short, irregular and short, irregular and flat bonesflat bones

In the skull the spongy bones is called diploe, contain diploic veins

Compact layer

Spongy bone (trabeculae, spaces, endosteum and marrow

Compact layer

Periosteum

Periosteum


Chemical composition of Chemical composition of bonesbones

A-organic material (35%)cells, osteoid (ground sulfated mucopolysaccharides) and collagen fibersit provides toughness and elasticity

B- inorganic materials (65%)mostly calcium and phosphorusit provides hardness to bones

The bones are hard structures consists of 5% water and 95% solid materials, that divided

into


Blood and nerve supply of Blood and nerve supply of bonesbones

1- Arterial blood supply

I. medullary or nutrient artery

II. periosteal arteries

III. epiphseal arteries

IV. metaphyseal arteries


2- Venous drainage few accompany arteries but the majoirty not accompany the

arteries, they emerge near the articular surfaces

3- Lymph vessels forming channels within periosteum and

haversian canals larger lymphatic passes with the veins

4- Nerve supplyvasomotor (autonomic) to vesselssensory fibers distributed mainly in the

periosteumDr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008

Skeleton Skeleton

1- Exoskeletonfrom ectodermshells, scales of fish, feather of birds, hair and hoofs of mammals

2- Endoskeletonfrom mesoderm (except notochord from endoderm)bones and cartilages of animal

It is the framework of hard structures (bones & cartilages) which support the soft tissues,

and is divided into


Classification of Classification of mammalian skeletonmammalian skeleton

1- Axial skeletonskull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

2- Appendicular skeletonbones of limbs

3- Splanchnic or visceral skeletonos penis of dog, os cordis of ruminant, os diaphragmaticus of camel


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