The University of MelbourneEnvironments & Design Student CentreGround Floor of the Baldwin Spencer Building

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Subject Code: ENVS10003_2014_SM1 Subject Name: ConstructingEnvironments

Student ID Number: 692108 Student Name: Wei He

Tutorial: T18

Assignment Name: A01 LOGBOOK FINAL SUBMISSION (all studio sessions)

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Week1%

Mass%construction%tower%

% %%

%

%

We% chose% to% build% this% mass% construction%

tower%in%a%shape%of%cylinder%because%according%

to% its% base,% compared% with% a% triangle% or% a%

square% or% a% triangle% or% a% regular% or% irregular%

polygon,% the% circular% base% saves% the%materials%

to% build% the% tower.% During% building% this%

cylinder% tower,% we% also% take% another% way% to%

save% the%wood%bricks,%which% is%setting% aside% a%

certain%amount%of%space%which%is% less%than%the%

length% of% a% piece% of% wood% brick% between% two%

pieces%of%wood%bricks.% %

Materials:%wood%bricks%

Efficiency:%Astrength:%strong%compression%

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % weak%tension%

% % % % % % % % % % Astiffness:%stiff%

% % % % % % % % % % Ashape:%volumetric%

% % % % % % % % % % Aeconomy:%economical%

% % % % % % % % % % Amaterial%behavior:%isotropic%

%

%%%%%%%%%%%%

From%this%load%path,%we%can%

clearly%see%how%the%loads%

transfer%down.%Each%one%of%the%

forces%of%wood%bricks%transfer%

down%to%the%beam,%which%is%

consist%of%two%wood%bricks.%In%

terms%of%this,%all%terms%of%loads%

go%down%to%the%ground.%They%

are%supported%by%the%ground.%

%

When% time% is%over,% the% two%mass% construction%towers%are%what%we%done%and%what%my% friends’%group% done.% It% can% be% clearly% seen% that% we% built% much% taller% than% what% they% did.% Because% of%different%methods,% there% came% two%different% types% of% towers.% Although% our% tower% seems%much%taller% than% the% other% groups% in% the% class,% there% are% some% serious% problems% existing.% Compared%with% the% rightAhand%side% tower,% the% stability%of%our% tower% is%weaker% for% its% enclosure%system% is%consisting%of%double%layers%of%wood%bricks.%However,%even%though%their%enclosure%system%makes%the%tower%more%stable% than%ours,% it%cost% lots%of%materials.% In% the%consideration%of%economy,%our%tower%is%more%welcomed.%On%the%way,%to%build%up%a%tower,%it%saves%more%time%if%trying%to%build%a%tower%like%ours.%

%

%

%

%

Opening%

During% building% this%

tower,%the%procedure%of%

setting% up% an% opening%

is% the% most% difficult%

problem% though%all% the%

procedures.% The% wood%

bricks% around% the%

opening%need%to%rely%on%

the%forces�% which%are%

transferred% by% the%

wood% bricks% above%

them.%We%need%to%build%

up%the%other%sides%first,%

and% then% we% can% seal%

the%opening.%It%is%tough%

to% create% an% opening%

and% we% failed% many%

times.% It% still% looks%

irregular% even% though%

we% were% successful% to%

finish%this%task.%

Deconstruction%process%

%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

It% is% interesting% to% notice% that% when% we% are% doing% the% deconstruction%

process,%the% tower%would%not%collapse%until%we% take%one%particular%wood%

brick.%From%the%photo,%we%can%see%the%tower%still%stands%there%even%if%my%

partner%is%taking%the%bricks%from%the%tower.%

Knowledge%Map%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Glossary%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Beams%are%rigid%structural%members%designed%to%carry%and%transfer%

transverse%loads%across%space%to%supporting%elements.%The%

nonconcurrent%pattern%of%forces%subjects%a%beam%to%bending%and%

deflection,%which%must%be%resisted%by%internal%strength%of%the%material.%%

Load%

Path%

% % %

%

Week2%

Frame% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%

Material:%balsa%wood%

Efficiency:%Astrength:%strong%

% % % % % % % % % Astiffness:%stiff%

% % % % % % % % % Ashape:%volumetric%

% % % % % % % % % Aeconomy:%economical%

% % % % % % % % % Amaterial:%behavior:%isotropic%

% % % % % % % % % Asustainability:%sustainable%

%

First%of%all,%we%decide%to%build%this%frame%

by% using% the%base% like%what% is% shown% in%

the% graph.% To% make% sure% this% base% is%

stable,%we%add%four%pieces%of%short%balsa%

wood%which%connecting%each%sides%of%the%

base%to%the%main%stanchion%in%the%middle%

because%when%there%have%those%pieces%of%

short%balsa%wood,% the% triangle%will% exist,%

which%in%order%to%make%the%frame%stable,%

for% the% triangular% things% have% the% best%

stability.%

%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%

We% did% not% have% a% clear%

design% of% the% frame,% but%

when% we% were% building% the%

frame,% we% always% try% to%

make% it% with% triangles,% in%

order% to% make% the% frame%

stable.% As% a% result,% we% come%

up%an% idea% to%build%up% like%a%

diamond%shape.%

During% building% this% frame,%

we% try% our% best% to% notice%

every% detail.% Like% what% my%

partner%is%doing%in%the%photo,%

to% ensure% this% frame% has%

enough% stability,% he% adds%

more% triangles% on% this%

diamond%shaped%frame.%

Actually,%it%is%easy%to%find%how%

the% forces% transfer% to% the%

ground.% The% force% spread% out%

to% the% edges% of% the% diamond%

and% the% main% stanchion%

initially.% However,% the% forces%

are% going% to% load% the% middle%

again,% and% then% spread% out%

again,% and% finally,% they% all% go%

down%to%the%ground.%

%

%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The% frame(leftAhand% side)% is% built%

by% another% group% in% the% class.%We%

can% see% it% is% completely% different%

from%our%group’s.% % % % Not%only%the%

appearance,%but%also% the%load%path%

is%quite%different%from%ours.%

%

ConstructionAstressing%process%

%%

%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

When% Candy% cut% the%

outside%frame,%one%of%

the% edges% of% the%

frame,% it% has% a% little%

deformation,% but% we%

can% see% the% frame%

does%not%fall%down%

When% Candy% cut% all%

the% edges% of% the% %

first%diamond% ,% it% has%

deformation% but% the%

frame% still% stands%

there.%

When% the% main%

stanchion% is% cut,% the%

whole% frame% falls%

down.% It% shows% that%

this% frame% relies% on%

the%stanchion.%

%

Knowledge%Map%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

Glossary%

Structural%joints:%

%

%

%

%

Braced%Frame:%

Week3:�

• Moments: Measured by the product of the force magnitude and perpendicular distance between the line of the action of the force and the point.

Distance ! moment arm (It has magnitude & sense)

M = F x d(Force x distance)�

0�

Glossaries: �

Equilibrium:�

Retained Walls:�•  Used when sites are excavated to create basements or where

changes in site levels need to be established. The pressure load of the earth behind the wall needs to be considered to prevent the wall from overturning.�

Pad Footing: �Also called isolated footings, these types of footings help to spread a point load over a wider area of ground. Isolated footings are the individual spread footings supporting freestanding columns and piers.�

Substructure:�

•  The foundations are the substructure of the building and their function is to safely transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground.�

Strip Footing:�Used when loads from a wall or series of columns is spread in a linear manner. A continuous footing is a reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of columns.�

Material Properties�

•  Hardness: Medium-high •  Fragility: Medium •  Ductility: very low ductility •  Flexibility/Plasticity: very low

flexibility & plasticity •  Porosity/permeability: Medium-

high •  Density: Medium •  Conductivity: poor conductivity of

heat & electricity •  Durability/life span: typically very

durable •  Reusability/Recyclability: High,

can be re-used with no chance or crushed to be used as recycled aggregate

•  Cost: Generally cost effective but required labour costs should also be considered

•  Sustainability & carbon footprint: tens to be locally produced (with some transport), the firing process (approx. 1200 degrees)adds to its carbon footprint

•  Hardness: Medium-high, can be scratched with metallic object

•  Fragility: Medium, can be broken with trowel

•  Ductility: very low ductility •  Flexibility/plasticity: very low

flexibility & plasticity •  Porosity/permeability: Medium •  Density: Medium •  Conductivity: poor conductivity

of heat & electricity •  Durability/life span: typically

very durable •  Reusability/Recyclability:

Medium •  Cost: Generally cost effective •  Sustainability & Carbon

footprint: Inclusion of recycled and waste products from other processes is allowing a positive reduction in carbon footprint and increase in sustainability for many concrete products

• Brick-properties� •  Concrete-properties� Stone-properties�•  Hardness: Large range generally

igneous is hardest, then metamorphic and then sedimentary

•  Fragility: Largely geometry dependant

•  Ductility: most stones-very low ductility

•  Flexibility/plasticity: (rigid) very low •  Porosity/permeability: Large range

(pumice is porous, granite is not) •  Density: depending on stone type •  Conductivity: Generally poor

conductivity •  Durability/life span: typically

extremely durable •  Reusability/Recyclability: very high •  Cost: depending on labour •  Sustainability & Carbon footprint:

transport energy is main factor (local stones have low footprints) stone sourcing has a high environmental cost

Generally a horizontal element designed to

carry vertical load using its bending resistance�

Structural Elements�

Strut�

Tie�

Slab/plate�panel�

Beam�

Knowledge map� A slender element designed to carry load parallel to long axis. The load produces

compressions�

A slender element designed to carry load parallel to long axis. The load produces

tension�

A wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in

bending usually supported by beams�

A deep vertical element designed to carry vertical

or horizontal load�

Activity: On site(take one)�Lot 6 cafe�

Structural element-Beam The beam here goes through the building.

Underground carpark�

Concrete framing structural�

Concrete �

Concrete columns�

Load path�

Load path�

The load will not go through here to the ground. The function of the column here is to prevent the stairs from shaking.�

As the sketch shown beside, the loads will transfer to the steel cantilever from the cable and then transfer to the brick wall, finally transfer it to the ground.�

The loads here can be clearly seen that they are transferred to the side columns. �

Steel framing structural system�

These two building looks

similar from this dimension, they

are both using the steel framing on the roof with the steel columns.�

This is mainly a steel framing structure, not just according to the roof at the front, but also the steel frames at the back.�

Week4�Glossaries:�

• Steel decking: Mental decking is corrugated to increase its stiffness and spanning capacity. The floor decks serves as a working platform during construction and as formwork for a sitecast concrete slab.�

Knowledge map�

Activity: Scale, annotation and working drawing conventions & Construction documentation tour�

Legends: The lines crossing make it easier to find out the position that we want to find.�

These types of circles with signs are the references that show us where the particular sections and details are.�

Oval Pavilion: This is the real site of the drawing which is shown before.�

Steel frame columns�

Steel and wood roof with trusses inside�

Complete windows system�

Week5 �Glossaries:�

Structural systems�

Knowledge Maps�

Activity: Structural Concepts �Model of part of Oval Pavilion� processes�

Concrete walls with footings inside�

Concrete framing system�

Two types of stairs�

This is a entrance of the basement.�

Steel column for the roof. We have not done the roof system�

Comparison to other group work �

Different structural system involved.�Column system� Framing system�

Week6 �Glossaries:�

Steel trusses�---Generally fabricated by

welding or bolting structural angles and

tees together to form the triangulated framework.

Because of the slenderness of these

truss members, connections usually

require the use of steel gusset plates. Heavier

steel trusses may utilize wide-range shapes and

structural tubing.�

Truss types:�

Rafter framing�Eave detail�

Two similar type of soffit:�

Sloping soffit�

Knowledge map�

Knowledge map of other group site visit�

Glossaries:�Week7 �

Sealant related�

Knowledge map�

Week8 �

• Moment of inertia is the sum of the products of each

element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation. It is a geometric property that

indicates how the cross-sectional area of a structural member is distributed and

does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a

material.�

Glossaries:�

Moment of inertia�

stress�

• Bending stress is a combination of

compressive and tension stresses

developed at a cross section of a structural

member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value at the

surface furthest from neutral axis.�

Window sash�

• Sash refers to the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set. Its section profile varies with material, manufacturer, and type of operation.�

Door furniture�• Door hinges & Door locksets •  The pin in the knuckle may be removable(loose) so that a door can be

unhung by separating the two leaves or fixed(nonrising). Self-locking pins which cannot be removed when the door is closed at are also available for security.

•  Locksets are manufactured assemblies of parts making up a complete locking system, including knobs, plates, and a locking mechanism. Described below are the major types of locksets: mortise locks, unit and integral locks, and cylinder locks. Consult hardware manufacturer for lockset functions, installation requirements, trim designs, dimensions, and finishes.�

Knowledge map�

Activity �

1:1 Drawing�

Timber strip flooring�

Double glazing�

Fabricated steel frame�

RHS steel frame�

Insulation �

Drawing �Real �

Week9 �Glossaries:�

Bending �

• Bending stress is a combination of

compressive and tension stresses

developed at a cross section of a structural

member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value at the

surface furthest from neutral axis.�

Knowledge map�

Basement: Concrete framing structural�

Activity: off campus�

Concrete columns�

Precast concrete walls connected by steel plate�

Foundation wall�

Wood beams�

Steel framing system�

Posttensioning: put some steel cables into the

concrete slab to make the concrete strong in tension,

in order to reinforce the concrete ground.�

Construction error: Listened from the manager of this construction field, he is

said that there is a constructing error as shown

in the photo. According to the plan, the holes in the

concrete ground should be a straight line, however, the

reality is that these holes are not staying on a line.

Although the architect said it will not influence the

formation of the building, the manager still complained it a

lot.�

Week10 �Glossaries:�

Material Properties�

•  Hardness: Medium-high •  Fragility: Medium •  Ductility: very low ductility •  Flexibility/Plasticity: very low

flexibility & plasticity •  Porosity/permeability: Medium-

high •  Density: Medium •  Conductivity: poor conductivity of

heat & electricity •  Durability/life span: typically very

durable •  Reusability/Recyclability: High,

can be re-used with no chance or crushed to be used as recycled aggregate

•  Cost: Generally cost effective but required labour costs should also be considered

•  Sustainability & carbon footprint: tens to be locally produced (with some transport), the firing process (approx. 1200 degrees)adds to its carbon footprint

•  Hardness: Medium-high, can be scratched with metallic object

•  Fragility: Medium, can be broken with trowel

•  Ductility: very low ductility •  Flexibility/plasticity: very low

flexibility & plasticity •  Porosity/permeability: Medium •  Density: Medium •  Conductivity: poor conductivity

of heat & electricity •  Durability/life span: typically

very durable •  Reusability/Recyclability:

Medium •  Cost: Generally cost effective •  Sustainability & Carbon

footprint: Inclusion of recycled and waste products from other processes is allowing a positive reduction in carbon footprint and increase in sustainability for many concrete products

• Brick-properties� •  Concrete-properties� Stone-properties�•  Hardness: Large range generally

igneous is hardest, then metamorphic and then sedimentary

•  Fragility: Largely geometry dependant

•  Ductility: most stones-very low ductility

•  Flexibility/plasticity: (rigid) very low •  Porosity/permeability: Large range

(pumice is porous, granite is not) •  Density: depending on stone type •  Conductivity: Generally poor

conductivity •  Durability/life span: typically

extremely durable •  Reusability/Recyclability: very high •  Cost: depending on labour •  Sustainability & Carbon footprint:

transport energy is main factor (local stones have low footprints) stone sourcing has a high environmental cost

Knowledge map�

Activity �

Complete drawing�

Economic implications: 1.  Using recycling

materials 2.  Using materials highly

effectively�

Heat insulation�

Waterproofing strategies: Make a steel frame with slope, where make the water flow to the ground. �

Double glazing: A good type of window system, which can not only do the waterproofing, but also can do the sound and heat insulation�

Construction workshop�

Small truss� Materials: 1300x3.2x90mm Ply x1 1200x35x35mm Pine x3 Screws x n Sundry nails x n�

Load path:�

Using nails & screws to connect each timber.�

Failure load: 280kg The truss structure performed well considering it was not positioned in the best way. The major problem of the failure is not because the material we chose is wrong, but because the nails and screws. The nails make open area in the plywood and that leads to be easier to break the plywood. As a result, the plywood can not bear the strength and then failed.�

Comparison �

Reference List�•  Images from E-learning of weekly guide •  Francis, D. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated(4th

ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons, Inc�