Logistics Situation and
Challenges in Cambodia
-Key findings from “The data collection survey on
international logistics in the kingdom of Cambodia-
27 July 2016
JICA Cambodia Office
Contents
1. Overview of Transport and Logistics
2. Characteristics of four major corridors
1) Thailand – Phnom Penh route (Road)
2) Vietnam – Phnom Penh route (Road)
3) Vietnam – Phnom Penh route (Inland waterway)
4) Sihanoukville – Phnom Penh route (Road & Rail)
3. Issues
1. Overview of Transport and Logistics
Population and industries are concentrated along the Southern
Economic Corridor. Thus strengthening it, as well as connecting all
regions to it, are vital for Cambodia’s future development.
The logistics situation in Cambodia has steadily improved in the last 6
years, approaching to Thailand and Vietnam.
GMS Population in 2010
COUNTRI
ES
2016 (OF
160)
2014 (OF
160)
2012 (OF
155)
2010 (OF
155)
CHANGE
(2010-
2016)
Thailand 45 35 38 35 -10
Vietnam 64 48 53 53 12
Cambodia 73 83 101 129 59
Lao PDR 152 131 109 118 -34
Myanmar 113 145 129 133 20
Source: World Bank
Logistics Performance Index 2010 – 2016 (rank)
-3-
Contents
Overview of Transportation
History of JICA’s Cooperation
JICA’s Current Projects
Strategies for future assistance
-4-
Sihanoukville
Im: 167,125
Ex: 121,463 Inland waterway
Im: 45,741
Ex: 58,756
Bavet
Im: 70,212 (bulk truck: 1,794)
Ex: 24,384 (bulk truck: 224)
Phnom Penh – Poi pet Border: New border facility to be constructed (Thai) Road: (NR5) 2-lane, to be widened into 4-lane by
2020 (JICA)
Phnom Penh – Sihanoukville Port: Multi-purpose terminal under construction, new
terminal construction under study (JICA) Road: (NR4) 2-lane (partly 4 lane)
(Expressway) under study (China) Railway: 2-3 operations/day (rehabilitated by ADB)
Phnom Penh – Vietnam (inland waterway)
Port: Container Yard to be expanded (PPAP) Road: Ring Road 3 to be constructed (China)
Phnom Penh – Bavet Border: New border under consideration
Road: (NR1) 2-lane (rehabilitated by ADB + JICA) (Expressway) under study (JICA)
Unit: TEU/truck number per year in 2015
(exc. empty) .
*TEU.at Poipet is calculated by multiplying
container numbers by 1.85.
Source: GDCE, PAS, PPAP, MPWT(map)
Poipet:
Im: 9,751* (bulk truck: 66,972)
Ex: 1,846* (bulk truck: 144)
1. Overview of transport and logistics (major corridor)
Bangkok
Warehouse in Poipet
SEZ in Poipet
Phnom Penh (SEZ, etc.)
Aranyaprathet
Poipet
Ex/importer in Poipet
Lat Krabang ICD
LCM Port LCM: Laem Chabang
ICD: Inland Container Depot
2. Characteristics of each corridor
1) Thailand – Phnom Penh route (Road)
Major import cargoes are portland
cement and motorcycles. Major
export cargoes are vehicles.
The import volume widely exceeds
the export volume and most of the
import cargoes are carried by bulk
trucks.
Traffic congestion at the Thai
border is severe only in the
morning.
New border facilities are to be
constructed . NR5 is to be widened
into 4-lane.
5
6
Dry Port in Bavet
SEZ in Bavet
Phnom Penh (SEZ, etc.)
Moc Bai
Bavet
Ex/importer in Bavet
HCM city Cat Lai Port Cai Mep Port
2. Characteristics of each corridor
2) Vietnam – Phnom Penh route (Road)
Major import cargoes are fabrics.
Major export cargoes are
household articles and shirts.
The import volume exceeds the
export volume by around three
times. Most cargoes are carried by
containers. SEZ and Dry ports are
much utilized.
Traffic congestion in Vietnam is
more severe than in Cambodia.
Expressway is under study both in
Cambodia and Vietnam.
Phnom Pen Port
7
2. Characteristics of each corridor
3) Vietnam – Phnom Penh route (Inland waterway)
Phnom Penh (SEZ, etc.)
Cat Lai Port Cai Mep Port Major import cargoes are cement
and fabrics. Major export cargoes
are rice.
The export volume slightly
exceeds the import volume.
Large vessels cannot pass a canal
and low bridges in Vietnam. Border
procedures are longer than other
checkpoints.
Phnom Penh Port Authority is
expanding the container yard. Ring
road 3 (connect the port with NR3
and NR4) is under study.
50-80 km
2.5-3 hour
Cost Transport Charge $150
Distance
Time
Sihanoukville Port
Rail
SEZ/Dry port in Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh Railway ICD
Truck
8
2. Characteristics of each corridor
4) Sihanoukville – Phnom Penh route (Road & Rail)
Major import cargoes are fabrics.
Major export cargoes are rice.
The import volume slightly
exceeds the export volume.
Traffic accidents happen frequently
along NR4. Traffic congestion at
the gate of the port and near
Phnom Penh is severe.
Multi-purpose terminal is under
construction. New container
terminal and expressway is under
study.
Overall Issues PP –Thailand
route
(road)
PP – Vietnam route
(road)
PP – Vietnam route
(inland waterway)
PP – Sihanoukville
route (road and
railway)
H
A
R
D
Transport
facility
Narrow damaged
NR5 (Expansion is
planned)
Congested and
damaged NR1
(Expressway is
planned)
Shallow and narrow
river channel in Vietnam
Congested and
dangerous NR4
(Expressway is
planned)
Congested port gate
Slow railway transport
Logistics
facility
Lack of development of
transport nodes (ICD etc.)
Limited capacity of
the border (new
border is planned)
Limited capacity of the
border
Limited port capacity
(expansion in progress)
Insufficient ICD
capacity
Limited port capacity
and access (expansion
in progress)
S
O
F
T
Law/Policy/
Regulation
Lack of Forwarding
Business Act
Negative impact of track
ban
Negative impact of
overloading
Limited CBTA
registered vehicle
Limited CBTA
registered vehicle
Mater plan/
Strategic plan
Lack of logistics master
plan
Organizational
structure
Lack of coordination
mechanism
Unclear demarcation
among ministries
Operation/
Procedure/
Information
Limited harmonization
between custom and port
system
Limited operation
hours of border (only
daytime)
Limited operation hours
of border (only daytime)
Lack of Port EDI
Limited operation hours
of border (only daytime)
Redundant
documentation
Lack of Port EDI
Lack of shipping lines’
services to
receive/deliver the
laden containers at ICD
Charge/Tariff Lack of
minimum/maximum
charge system
High forwarding
charge
High forwarding charge High forwarding charge High forwarding charge
High port charge
(LOLO)
Human
Resource
Development
Lack of human resources
in logistics/statistics
sectors
Limited driver skill Limited driver skill
Limited driver skill
(dangerous driving),
3. Summary of issues on each corridor
10
Institutional Responsibility
in Management of Logistics
Infrastructure
Rural Roads
National, Provincial Roads ASEAN Highways Expressways (Planning) River Port, Sea Port Waterways/Ferries Railways
Dryports/ICD
SEZs
Private Ports/Warehouse
Airports
MPWT
SSCA
MRD
MEF/Customs
CDC
Local Gov’t…?
PP City Roads MPP
3. Issues
1) Lack of coordination mechanism
Infrastructure progressing well but the coordination among stakeholders is
limited and overall strategic plan does not exist.
Formulate a national committee/council for logistics improvement with
attention to both top-down and bottom-up approaches.
Utilize the committee/council to develop, implement and monitor an action
plan.
11
3. Issues
2) High Forwarding charges While transportation charges are competitive compared with the neighboring
countries, forwarding charges are significantly higher.
Develop forwarding business act including minimum/maximum charge system
and licensing of forwarder business
Rationalize and computerize import/export procedures.
Logistics Cost
Forwarding Charges
Transportation Charges(by truck)
Forwarding Charges ($/TEU)
Thailand 200
Vietnam 250
Cambodia 540 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
truck Cam
truck Thai
Turck Viet $/Km/TEU Vietnam
Thailand
Cambodia
* Forwarding Charges consist of import permit process fee, declaration process fee, Customs process/
scanning fee, Camcontrol fee. Container transshipment fee (100-150$) is additionally necessary.
12
3. Issues
3) One-way-cargo
A lot of one-way-cargo due to under-developed export industries, which increase
logistics cost
Consolidate cargoes among ICD/Dryport/SEZ
Increase number of double-license vehicles and simplify the procedure
ICD: Inland Container Depot
13
Example of Fatal Accident in NR.4 Trailer Queue inside SHV city
3. Issues
4) Insufficient road development
Severe traffic congestion especially at the gate of SHV port and inside Phnom
Penh.
Poor road network and condition increase transportation time and hinder
business opportunity
Further develop road network especially widening NR4 and enhancing
expressway development
Develop bypass roads to SHV port and ring roads of Phnom Penh
Strictly regulate overloaded trucks and improve asset management
14
3. Issues
5) Insufficient rail-ICD and railway capacity
Rail-ICD at PP only serves a role of transport mode changes between truck and
rail
Railway usage is limited
Improve rail track
Develop a functional ICD and introduce carriers haulage
15
0 20 40 60 80
PHN Im
SHV Im
LCB Im
Exp
Imp
$/20 F
LOLO charge as of Jan. 2016 Source; PAS, PPAP, LCB
Service Group
Major Examples
Navigation Port Dues, Pilotage, Tug, Mooring
Berth Berth hire, Wharfage
Cargo Operation
Stevedorage, Wharf handling incl. LOLO, Storage
Lease Rental Charge
Formality Service Charge (KAMSAB)
General Structure of Port Charges
3. Issues
6) High port charges
LO/LO charges in Cambodia are more expensive than in Laem Chabang Port.
Various charges are required
Rationalize port charge system and set competitive charges
Improve the efficiency of cargo handling
Current State
16
Hand writings
Original docs & signatures required
Similar docs for different parties
Unique formats
Port EDI
One-time input electronically assisted
EDI data & Electronic signatures
Single database shared by parties
International standard formats
(EDI: Electronic Data Interchange)
3. Issues
7) Lack of port EDI
Procedures at ports are redundant and time consuming, creating unofficial cost.
Rationalize, computerize and harmonize port procedures
Integrate port EDI into National Single Window