LOICZ: Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zoneian.umces.edu/pdfs/loicz_state_dept_2003.pdf ·...

integration application network

LOICZ: LandLOICZ: Land--Ocean Ocean Interactions in the Coastal ZoneInteractions in the Coastal Zone

International International GeosphereGeosphereBiosphere Biosphere ProgrammeProgramme

http://http://ian.umces.eduian.umces.edu

William C. DennisonWilliam C. Dennison


LOICZ is a core project of IGBPLOICZ is a core project of IGBP

•• JGOFSJGOFS Joint Global Ocean Flux StudiesJoint Global Ocean Flux Studies•• IGACIGAC International Global Atmospheric ChemistryInternational Global Atmospheric Chemistry•• GCTEGCTE Global Change and Terrestrial EcosystemsGlobal Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems•• BAHCBAHC BiosphericBiospheric Aspects of the Hydrological CycleAspects of the Hydrological Cycle•• PAGESPAGES Past Global ChangePast Global Change•• LOICZLOICZ LandLand--Ocean Interactions in the Coastal ZoneOcean Interactions in the Coastal Zone•• LUCCLUCC Land Use and Cover ChangeLand Use and Cover Change•• GLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystem DynamicsGLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics

____________________________________________________________________________________________________•• GAIMGAIM Global Analysis, Integration and Global Analysis, Integration and ModellingModelling•• STARTSTART System for Analysis, Research, and TrainingSystem for Analysis, Research, and Training


LandLand--sea interfaces are regions of strong sea interfaces are regions of strong gradients and major human impactsgradients and major human impacts

www.nioz.nl/loiczwww.nioz.nl/loicz//


Primary foci for Primary foci for new new LOICZLOICZGlobal: Direct disturbance (Global: Direct disturbance (egeg. altered hydrology, sea level rise). altered hydrology, sea level rise)Polar: Climate changePolar: Climate changeTropical: Coastal DevelopmentTropical: Coastal DevelopmentTemperate: Temperate: EutrophicationEutrophication

Polar (<4°C)

Temperate (4-24°C)

Tropical (24°C+)


Polar issues: Climate changePolar issues: Climate change


Temperate issues: Temperate issues: EutrophicationEutrophication


Tropical issues: Coastal developmentTropical issues: Coastal development


AtmosphereAtmosphere

James James SyvitskiSyvitski, , INSTAAR, Univ. of ColoradoINSTAAR, Univ. of Colorado


HydrosphereHydrosphere

JefferyJefferyHansonHansonJohnsJohnsHopkins Hopkins UniversityUniversity


BiosphereBiosphere

NASANASASeaWIFSSeaWIFS


AnthroposphereAnthroposphere

Marc Marc ImhoffImhoffBiosphericBiosphericSciences Sciences BranchBranch

NASANASA


LOICZ distributed scientific networkLOICZ distributed scientific network


LOICZ addresses several questionsLOICZ addresses several questions

• What are the mass balances of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus

• How can knowledge of the processes and impacts of biogeochemical and socio-economic changes be applied to improve Integrated environmental and economic Management of the Coastal Areas, ICZM ?

• How do changes in land use, climate and sea level alter the fluxes and retention of water and particulate matter in the coastal zone, and affect coastal morphodynamics?

• How are humans altering these mass balances, and what are the consequences?

• What is the role of the coastal zone in trace gas emissions (e.g., DMS, NOX)?

• Is the coastal zone a sink or source of CO2?


The The newnew LOICZ themesLOICZ themes•• River basins and human River basins and human

dimensionsdimensions

•• Coastal footprint: implications of Coastal footprint: implications of land use changeland use change

•• Fate and transformation of Fate and transformation of materials in coastal and materials in coastal and shelf shelf waterswaters

•• Towards system sustainability Towards system sustainability and resource management and resource management issuesissues

•• Risk and safetyRisk and safety

Soil

River

Estuary

Coast

Atm

osph

ere

Bio

phys

ical

Bas

in-C

oast

Hum

an A

ctiv

ities

Impact -Coastal State Change


River basins and human dimensionsRiver basins and human dimensions

Ranking Coastal Issues and Drivers

Anthropogenic Drivers

Major State Changes and Coastal Impact

Present Pressure Status

Trend Expectations

1 Urbanization Eutrophication Major ⇑

2 Damming/ Diversion Erosion/Sedimentation Major ⇑

3 Industrialisation Pollution Medium ⇑

4 Agriculture Eutrophication/Pollution Medium ⇑

5 Deforestation Erosion/Sedimentation Medium ⇑

6 Aquaculture Eutrophication Low ⇑

7 Navigation Erosion/Sedimentation Low ⇒

8 Fisheries Loss of Biodiversity Low ⇒

9 Tourism Erosion/Eutrophication Low ⇑

10 Mining Erosion/Pollution Low ⇓

••’Hit lists’ (regional drivers & pressures)’Hit lists’ (regional drivers & pressures)

•• Impacts & critical loadsImpacts & critical loads

•• Scenario developmentScenario development

•• Global upscalingGlobal upscaling

•• TypologyTypology

Goal: Assess mGoal: Assess magnitude and variations in landagnitude and variations in land--derived material loadsderived material loadsto the coastal seas and atmosphere, and implications of these flto the coastal seas and atmosphere, and implications of these fluxes and uxes and changes on coastal functioning and human usechanges on coastal functioning and human use


Coastal footprint: implications of land use changeCoastal footprint: implications of land use changeGoal: Determine the temporal and spatial scales of land based coGoal: Determine the temporal and spatial scales of land based coastal astal change change (habitats, biodiversity, ecological economics)(habitats, biodiversity, ecological economics)

The disappearing pristine coast: The disappearing pristine coast: Global typology of low (<10/kmGlobal typology of low (<10/km22) ) population density and low (<5%) cropland use (polar regions cropopulation density and low (<5%) cropland use (polar regions cropped)pped)


Biogeochemical budgets: CNP fluxes & net system metabolismBiogeochemical budgets: CNP fluxes & net system metabolism

Nutrient Budgets

• Calculations based on simple system stoichiometry– Assume Redfield C:N:P ratio (106:16:1)

• (production - respiration) = -106 x ∆DIP• (Nitrogen fixation - denitrification) = ∆DINobs - 16 x ∆DIP

• Nutrient (Y) budgets– Internal dissolved

nutrient net source orsink (∆Y) to conserveY.

ocean system

NUTRIENTS

∆Y = Σoutputs - Σinputs

sediments

Water and Salt Budgets

• Salt budget– Net flows known.– Mixing (VX) conserves

salt content.

• Water budget– Freshwater flows

known.– System residual flow

(VR) conserves volume.oceanSocean

systemVsystem, Ssystem

VR =VE - (VP+VQ+VG+VO)

VPVE

VQ, VG, VO

WATER BUDGET

VPSE= 0

VESE= 0

VQSQ, VGSG, VOSO = 0ocean

Soce an

systemVsystem, Ssystem

SR = (Soce an + Ss y ste m)/2

VRSR

VX = VRSR/(Soc ea n-Ss y ste m) SALT BUDGET

∆DIN = -180

∆DIN = -313

∆DIN = -310

VODINO = 262

VODINO = 262

VODINO = 350

VQDINQ = 4VQDINQ = 8

VQDINQ =128

Ocean

LINGAYEN GULFDIN Budget (fluxes in 106 moles/yr)

Upper Gulf(84%area)

Nearshore(10%area)

Bolinao(6%area)

DIN1B = 3.9µM DIN2 = 0.8µM

DIN1N = 1.7µM

VXDINX = -211

VR DINR= -10

VRDINR = -2

VXDINX = -78

DIN3 = 0.5µMVRDINR = -7 VXDINX = -282

VGDING = 28

VGDING =11

VGDING = 39

LOICZ budget sitesLOICZ budget sites


Fate and transformation of materials in Fate and transformation of materials in coastal and shelf waterscoastal and shelf waters

Goal: Determine fate of landGoal: Determine fate of land--derived and atmospheric loads and ramification derived and atmospheric loads and ramification of load changes in the coastal and continental shelf seas, and iof load changes in the coastal and continental shelf seas, and implications mplications for earth functionfor earth function

•• Shelf processesShelf processes

•• Coastal aquifer systemCoastal aquifer system

•• Open ocean exchangeOpen ocean exchange

•• Submarine groundwater Submarine groundwater

dischargedischarge

•• Pore water reservoirPore water reservoir


Towards system sustainability and Towards system sustainability and resource management issuesresource management issues

Goal: Provide the integrative indicators and scaling tools & devGoal: Provide the integrative indicators and scaling tools & develop elop scenarios of probable and scenarios of probable and ““desirabledesirable”” future response optionsfuture response options


Risk and safetyRisk and safetyGoal: Improve knowledge and understanding ofGoal: Improve knowledge and understanding ofvulnerability of society and ecosystems to globalvulnerability of society and ecosystems to globalchange hazards in the coastal zone.change hazards in the coastal zone.

Global typology of high (>60/kmGlobal typology of high (>60/km22) ) population density and (>10%)population density and (>10%)cropland use (polar regions cropped)cropland use (polar regions cropped)Coastal vulnerability mapsCoastal vulnerability maps


The The newnew LOICZ: A processLOICZ: A process--based common based common approach, not a ‘project’approach, not a ‘project’

new LOICZcoastal

change & the people

Links to: IHDP, OCEANS, LAND, SOLAS, PAGES & joint projects of ESSP


The The newnew LOICZ: Role and users/clientsLOICZ: Role and users/clients

Earth SystemGlobal Drivers/Pressures

Climate change, Population Pressure,International trade

Continental orSubcontinental

Regional & National ScaleIntegrated CoastalZone Management

Global Scienceresults

LOICZLOICZ

RegionalChange

Earth SystemGlobal Drivers/Pressures

Climate change, Population Pressure,International trade

Continental orSubcontinental

Regional & National ScaleIntegrated CoastalZone Management

Global Scienceresults

LOICZLOICZ

RegionalChange

Some Users/Clients

UNESCO-IOC,UNEP, SCOR, IGBP

EU, OSPAR,HELCOM, ICES,ASEAN, SADC,

MERCOSUR

National: CZM-Organizations,

Authorities, RiverCommissions, City

Councils


The The newnew LOICZ: StructureLOICZ: StructureLOICZ Scientific LOICZ Scientific Steering Committee:Steering Committee:

Executive Group, 6 MembersExecutive Group, 6 Members1010--14 Corresponding Members14 Corresponding Members

Sponsors GroupSponsors GroupIGBP/ IHDP...IGBP/ IHDP...

Sponsoring agenciesSponsoring agenciesNational governmentsNational governments

LOICZ distributed International Project Office, IPOLOICZ distributed International Project Office, IPO

IPO Node, central executive functions and IPO Node, central executive functions and Theme ATheme A

IPO Research IPO Research Node, Theme Node, Theme BB

IPO Research IPO Research Node, Theme Node, Theme CC

IPO Research IPO Research Node, Theme Node, Theme NN


LOICZLOICZ

Robert Robert BuddemeierBuddemeierRobert Robert CostanzaCostanzaChris Chris CrosslandCrosslandHartwigHartwig KremerKremerStephen SmithStephen SmithJames James SyvitskiSyvitski

www.nioz.nl/loiczwww.nioz.nl/loicz


Now is the time for a global scientific focus onNow is the time for a global scientific focus onenvironmental problem solvingenvironmental problem solving

GeographyGeography

17501750--18001800

AnthropologyAnthropology

18001800--18501850

EvolutionEvolution

18501850--19001900

PhysicsPhysics

19501950--2000200019001900--19501950

BiologyBiology

20002000--20502050

Environmental Problem Environmental Problem SolvingSolving

•• Paradigm shifts occur when scientific discovery is effectivelParadigm shifts occur when scientific discovery is effectively communicated to society y communicated to society

•• Societal needs provide impetus for discoverySocietal needs provide impetus for discovery

•• The next paradigm shift needed is that we can solve ‘intractaThe next paradigm shift needed is that we can solve ‘intractable’ environmental problems ble’ environmental problems

17001700--17501750 16501650--17001700 16001600--16501650 15501550--16001600 15001500--15501550

GeographyGeographyAstronomyAstronomyPhysicsPhysicsPhysicsPhysicsBiologyBiology


Focus on solving environmental problems Focus on solving environmental problems when importance and uncertainty are highwhen importance and uncertainty are high

UncertaintyUncertainty

Impo

rtanc

eIm

porta

nce

Do somethingDo something

Do nothingDo nothing STUDYSTUDY

SOLVESOLVEResearchResearchMonitoringMonitoring

ManagementManagement


•• SScientific rigorcientific rigor

•• TTotal commitmentotal commitment

•• UUnderstanding complexitynderstanding complexity

•• DDeveloping methodologieseveloping methodologies

•• YYearning for truthearning for truth

Studying environmental problemsStudying environmental problems


•• SShared visionhared vision

•• OOrganized participationrganized participation

•• LLeadershipeadership

•• VVaried communicationaried communication

•• EEffective actionsffective actions

Solving environmental problemsSolving environmental problems

Management

ResearchMonitoring


•• DispassionateDispassionate

•• Embrace complexityEmbrace complexity

•• Publish & funding via Publish & funding via peer reviewpeer review

•• Getting it rightGetting it right

•• PassionatePassionate

•• SimplifySimplify

•• Publish & funding viaPublish & funding viastakeholdersstakeholders

•• Getting it doneGetting it done

STUDYSTUDY SOLVESOLVE

In order to both study and solve problems, credibility, In order to both study and solve problems, credibility, tenacity, creativity and virtue are neededtenacity, creativity and virtue are needed

““Wisdom is knowing what to do next; Wisdom is knowing what to do next; virtue is doing it.”virtue is doing it.”

David S. JordanDavid S. Jordan


Observation RevolutionObservation Revolution

Data gathering capabilities dramatically increasingData gathering capabilities dramatically increasing

Remote sensingRemote sensingIn situIn situ sensingsensing


Information GenerationInformation Generation

Capacity for data analysis increasingCapacity for data analysis increasing

Quantitative modelsQuantitative models Spatial analysisSpatial analysis


Knowledge BuildingKnowledge Building

Synthesis and visualization techniques not utilized enoughSynthesis and visualization techniques not utilized enough


Problem SolvingProblem Solving

Need integrated and applied approachNeed integrated and applied approachManagementManagement

MonitoringMonitoring ResearchResearch

Informed decisions, Informed decisions, not knee jerk reactionsnot knee jerk reactions

Feedback for management actions,Feedback for management actions,not well documented declinesnot well documented declines

Research for problem solving, Research for problem solving, not just curiosity driven researchnot just curiosity driven research


Challenge:Challenge: “It will cost too much”“It will cost too much”Response: Response: Investments in protection & restoration Investments in protection & restoration are cheapest now & can stimulate local economiesare cheapest now & can stimulate local economiesCase Study: Case Study: Mersey Basin CampaignMersey Basin Campaign

6 million people; world’s 6 million people; world’s 11stst industrial regionindustrial region

Negative value landNegative value landturned into 5 star hotelturned into 5 star hotel

25 yr. campaign25 yr. campaign

In 1985 3 raw sewage In 1985 3 raw sewage discharges; now discharges; now swimmableswimmable waterwater

www.merseybasin.org.uk


Challenge:Challenge: “There are too many different “There are too many different jurisdicationsjurisdications & stakeholders with divergent views”& stakeholders with divergent views”Response: Response: A participatory process can create a A participatory process can create a shared vision among a variety of stakeholders.shared vision among a variety of stakeholders.Case Study: Case Study: Mekong River CommissionMekong River Commission

Cambodia, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, VietnamThailand, Vietnam

Large river system (8Large river system (8thth in in volume globally)volume globally)

Major fisheriesMajor fisheries High rice High rice productionproduction

17 million people;17 million people;70 ethnic minorities 70 ethnic minorities

www.mrcmekong.org


Challenge:Challenge: “Population growth counteracts any “Population growth counteracts any progress made with management interventions”progress made with management interventions”Response: Response: A proactive program that accounts for A proactive program that accounts for population growth and new development.population growth and new development.Case Study: Case Study: Healthy Waterways CampaignHealthy Waterways Campaign

www.healthywaterways.orgwww.healthywaterways.org

RankRank Urban RegionUrban Region 1995 1995 PopnPopn((‘‘000s)000s)

Ave Annual Ave Annual Growth Growth 19901990--95 (%)95 (%)

11 Toronto, CanadaToronto, Canada 4,0844,084 3.663.6622 Vancouver, CanadaVancouver, Canada 1,6781,678 3.463.4633 Atlanta, USAAtlanta, USA 3,4323,432 2.882.8844 Brisbane, AustraliaBrisbane, Australia 2,1092,109 2.862.8655 Phoenix, USAPhoenix, USA 2,5642,564 2.682.6866 Denver, USADenver, USA 2,2332,233 2.372.3777 Lisbon, PortugalLisbon, Portugal 1,8631,863 2.332.3377 Orlando, USAOrlando, USA 1,3911,391 2.332.3399 DusseldorfDusseldorf, Germany, Germany 3,0313,031 2.312.311010 Portland, USAPortland, USA 2,0222,022 2.282.28


Human health is linked to ecosystem healthHuman health is linked to ecosystem health

•• Medical geology: humanMedical geology: humandisturbances can acceleratedisturbances can acceleratenatural geological processesnatural geological processes

•• Biodiversity affects ecosystem Biodiversity affects ecosystem function & healthfunction & health

•• Pathogen pollution: unintentionally Pathogen pollution: unintentionally spreading diseasespreading disease

•• EndrocrineEndrocrine disrupters leading to disrupters leading to increased human diseasesincreased human diseases

•• Disease emergence as a function of Disease emergence as a function of ecosystem alterationecosystem alteration

e.g., AIDS, SARSe.g., AIDS, SARS


Social change in S. China has led to ecosystem Social change in S. China has led to ecosystem alternation and disease emergencealternation and disease emergence


Constructed wetlands are Constructed wetlands are used to treat raw sewage used to treat raw sewage

((ShatianShatian,, S. China)S. China)

INPUT (mg/L)INPUT (mg/L)Total N 28.7Total N 28.7Total P 3.9Total P 3.9BODBOD55 36.936.9SuspendedSuspendedSolids 63Solids 63

OUTPUT (mg/L)OUTPUT (mg/L)Total N 9.3Total N 9.3Total P 0.3Total P 0.3BODBOD55 9.69.6SuspendedSuspendedsolids 2solids 2

5,000 5,000 tonnes/dtonnes/d


Constructed wetlands that treat raw sewage are used Constructed wetlands that treat raw sewage are used in conjunction with public parks (in conjunction with public parks (HongkuHongku, , S. China)S. China)

INPUT (mg/L)INPUT (mg/L)Dissolved ODissolved O22 1.61.6Total P 3.1Total P 3.1BODBOD55 38.638.6

OUTPUT (mg/L)OUTPUT (mg/L)Dissolved ODissolved O22 6.86.8Total P 0.4Total P 0.4BODBOD55 5.55.5


Ecosystem health can beEcosystem health can bemeasured and improved measured and improved


Moreton Bay, East coast AustraliaMoreton Bay, East coast Australia

27 S27 S00


Problem:Problem: Sewage nutrientsSewage nutrientsleading to algal bloomsleading to algal blooms

= Sewage N= Sewage N


Research:Research: Sewage plumes assessed & mappedSewage plumes assessed & mapped

MacroalgaeMacroalgae

δδ1515 NN

(Moreton Bay Study, 1999)(Moreton Bay Study, 1999)

4 days4 days

Sewage plume mapSewage plume map ((δδ1515 NN))


Solution:Solution: Sewage treatment upgrades Sewage treatment upgrades (biological nutrient removal)(biological nutrient removal)

Summer, 1998Summer, 1998 Summer, 2001Summer, 2001


Problem:Problem: Fine grained sediments causing Fine grained sediments causing turbidity, killing seagrassturbidity, killing seagrass

Fine grained sediments:Fine grained sediments:Enter the bay are deposited & resuspended, Enter the bay are deposited & resuspended, killing seagrasskilling seagrass

((Moreton Bay StudyMoreton Bay Study, 1999) , 1999)

Sediment mud Sediment mud content (%) content (%)

Red > 90%Red > 90%

Secchi depth (m)Secchi depth (m)

Pink/red < 1 m Pink/red < 1 m

Seagrass area (green)Seagrass area (green)and loss (red)and loss (red)

Suspended sediment Suspended sediment concentration (mg/L)concentration (mg/L)

Red > 100 mg/LRed > 100 mg/L


Research:Research: Sediment comes from channel Sediment comes from channel erosion in agricultural regionserosion in agricultural regions

((Healthy Catchments Healthy Catchments –– Healthy WaterwaysHealthy Waterways, in press), in press)

Evidence for channel erosionEvidence for channel erosion70% of sediment in the Bay 70% of sediment in the Bay

comes from 30% of comes from 30% of catchmentcatchment


Solution: Solution: Rehabilitate channels in eroding Rehabilitate channels in eroding regions (fencing and replanting)regions (fencing and replanting)

channel erosionchannel erosion replantingreplanting


Problem:Problem: Blooms of Blooms of Lyngbya majusculaLyngbya majuscula(cyanobacterium) causing human and ecosystem (cyanobacterium) causing human and ecosystem

health problemshealth problems

40µm


Research findings:Research findings: LyngbyaLyngbya bloom initiation bloom initiation linked to forestry practiceslinked to forestry practices

Photosynthetic pigment concentration (mg/g)

00.5

11.5

22.5

Seawater control

Cleared pine forest

Intact pine forest

Canal development

Mangrove

Melaleuca

Shirley Creek

Sandstone Point

CoffeerockConc

entr

atio

n m

g/g

Phycoerythrin Chlorophyll aPumicestonePumicestone Region watershedRegion watershedplantation plantation ClearfellingClearfelling 19911991--19991999


Solution:Solution: Monitoring & revised forestry practicesMonitoring & revised forestry practices


Management Management objectiveobjective

EcosystemEcosystemhealthhealth

indicatorindicatorReference Reference

valuevalue

•• Clear water Clear water •• Maintain Maintain

seagrass seagrass •• Reduce sewage Reduce sewage

inputsinputs•• ReduceReduce

nutrientsnutrients•• Reduce Reduce

phytoplanktonphytoplankton•• Reduce harmful Reduce harmful

algal bloom

•• Turbidity Turbidity •• Seagrass areaSeagrass area

•• Sewage plume Sewage plume mappingmapping

•• Total Total phosphorusphosphorus

•• Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa

•• Extent of Extent of LyngbyaLyngbya bloombloom

•• Secchi < 1.7 m Secchi < 1.7 m •• Historical Historical

distributiondistribution•• dd1515N < 4 pptN < 4 ppt

•• Total P < 1.6 Total P < 1.6 mMmM

•• Chl a < 1 mg/LChl a < 1 mg/L

•• Historical Historical distributiondistributionalgal bloom


Maps of Maps of ecosystem ecosystem

health indicatorshealth indicators

>2.5 m

1.7-2.5 m

1-1.7 m

0- 1 m

Secchi

%U %U%U

%U

%U

%

%U

%U

%U%U

%

%

%U %U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%%

%

%U

%U

%U%U

%U %U

%U

%U

%U%U

%U

0 -- 0.5 micr/L

0.5 -- 1 micr/L

1 -- 2.5 micr/L

2.5 -- 5 micr/L

5 -- 10 micr/L

Chl a

Compliant

Non-compliant

BrambleBay

South DeceptionBay

North DeceptionBay

Central Bay

Compliant

Non-compliant

BrambleBay

South DeceptionBay

North DeceptionBay

Central Bay

Maps of Maps of reference reference

valuesvalues


Ecosystem health map created by combining Ecosystem health map created by combining reference value maps (areareference value maps (area--weighted averaging)weighted averaging)

Eastern BayEastern Bay 0.890.89Central BayCentral Bay 0.860.86N. Deception BayN. Deception Bay 0.740.74Eastern BanksEastern Banks 0.660.66Southern BaySouthern Bay 0.650.65Waterloo BayWaterloo Bay 0.580.58S. Deception BayS. Deception Bay 0.480.48Bramble BayBramble Bay 0.270.27Moreton BayMoreton Bay 0.740.74

Southern Bay

Sth Deception Bay

Central Bay

Waterloo Bay

Bramble Bay

Nth Deception Bay

Eastern Bay

Eastern Banks

LoganRiver

CabooltureRiver

PineRivers

Brisbane River

BremerRiver

,

,1 1

1

1 1[ . ( ( ( )))]p II

p I

NN

R p I I I pNI pI

pp

EH A T P S IN

A= =

=

= ∑ ∑∑

Ecosystem health index (2001)Ecosystem health index (2001)


Ecosystem health values converted into Ecosystem health values converted into report card values (A report card values (A –– F)F)


Monitoring results and methods Monitoring results and methods synthesized and communicatedsynthesized and communicated

NewslettersNewsletters

VideoVideo

BooksBooks


Net result: Ecosystem health of Net result: Ecosystem health of Moreton Bay improvingMoreton Bay improving

Southern Bay

Sth Deception Bay

Central Bay

Waterloo Bay

Bramble Bay

Nth Deception Bay

Eastern Bay

Eastern Banks

LoganRiver

CabooltureRiver

PineRivers

Brisbane River

BremerRiver

Ecosystem health index change (2001-2002)Ecosystem health index (2002)


Key LessonsKey Lessons

0 2 4 6 8 10 1210

15

20

25

30

35

40

uncultivated

subsoil

cultivated

Brisbane Rsediments

Logan R sediments

Southern Bay

Sth Deception Bay

Central Bay

Waterloo Bay

Bramble Bay

Nth Deception Bay

Eastern Bay

Eastern Banks

LoganRiver

CabooltureRiver

PineRivers

Brisbane River

BremerRiver

•• Tracers Tracers useful in source identificationuseful in source identification

•• Cultural celebrations Cultural celebrations buildbuild awareness & supportawareness & support

•• Environmental report cards Environmental report cards provide focus & feedbackprovide focus & feedback

•• Conceptual diagrams Conceptual diagrams usefuluseful ininstakeholder dialogue stakeholder dialogue

• Communication elicits effective actions


Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Extremely well studied

Intensively managed

Heightened awareness

Well funded

BUT

Continuing to degradeContinuing to degrade


RecommendationsRecommendations•• Ecological economics can provide Ecological economics can provide key indicatorskey indicators for for

assessment and monitoringassessment and monitoring

•• The next major global scientific effort, environmental The next major global scientific effort, environmental problem solving, will require the type of problem solving, will require the type of transdisciplinarytransdisciplinarysciencescience that ecological economics practicesthat ecological economics practices

•• Both human and ecosystem health are rapidly changing Both human and ecosystem health are rapidly changing and and creative solutions are possiblecreative solutions are possible

•• The well resourced countries need to become The well resourced countries need to become world world leadersleaders in environmental problem solvingin environmental problem solving


Salmon are returningSalmon are returningto the Rhine to the Rhine RiverRiver

•• Rhine RiverRhine River

Major European river system; Long history of Major European river system; Long history of human intervention (Roman dykes; currently 50 human intervention (Roman dykes; currently 50 million people in watershed); Navigable & million people in watershed); Navigable & industrialized from North Sea to Switzerland; industrialized from North Sea to Switzerland; Major ecological disaster in 1986 (chemical Major ecological disaster in 1986 (chemical company fire led to 500,000 dead fish); 50 company fire led to 500,000 dead fish); 50 native fish spp.; only 29 spp. in 1975native fish spp.; only 29 spp. in 1975

•• International Commission for theInternational Commission for theProtection of the RhineProtection of the Rhine

5 nations (Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, 5 nations (Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Germany, Netherlands; Pollution reduction Germany, Netherlands; Pollution reduction throughout watershed; Initial goal for Rhine throughout watershed; Initial goal for Rhine Action Plan is return of salmon; Flooding Action Plan is return of salmon; Flooding partially restored; Return of invertebrates,partially restored; Return of invertebrates,algae, bats and salmonalgae, bats and salmon


Problem:Problem: Nutrient overNutrient over--enrichment leading enrichment leading to more extensive hypoxia/anoxiato more extensive hypoxia/anoxia

1998••Volume of Chesapeake Bay Volume of Chesapeake Bay with dissolved oxygen with dissolved oxygen deficiencies (< 2 mg/L)deficiencies (< 2 mg/L)••Walter Boynton dataWalter Boynton data ••Walter Boynton dataWalter Boynton data


Research findings:Research findings: Decomposing phytoplankton in Decomposing phytoplankton in bottom waters leads to oxygen depletionbottom waters leads to oxygen depletion

••Walter Boynton dataWalter Boynton data


Solution:Solution: Nutrient reduction strategies for Nutrient reduction strategies for point and diffuse sourcespoint and diffuse sources

••Walter Boynton dataWalter Boynton data


Problem:Problem: Critical habitat loss Critical habitat loss (oyster reefs and seagrass beds)(oyster reefs and seagrass beds)

Oyster reefsOyster reefs

Oyster catchOyster catch18401840--20002000

SkipjacksSkipjacks

Seagrass Seagrass -- 19331933


Research findings:Research findings: Filtration by oysters and Filtration by oysters and seagrasses historically significant seagrasses historically significant

•• Shallow water volumeShallow water volumefiltration by oysters:filtration by oysters:

PrePre--1870 2.5 d1870 2.5 dCurrent 245 d Current 245 d

(Newell, 1988)(Newell, 1988)

•• DenitrificationDenitrificationenhancement byenhancement byoystersoysters

(Newell et al., 2002)(Newell et al., 2002)

•• Seagrass sediment Seagrass sediment baffling:baffling:

Historic seagrassHistoric seagrasscaptured 125%captured 125%sediment loadsediment load

(Kemp et al., 1988)(Kemp et al., 1988)


Solution:Solution: Oyster restocking and Oyster restocking and seagrass restoration programsseagrass restoration programs

Oyster restockingOyster restocking

Caveats:Caveats:

DiseaseDiseaseHatchery limitationsHatchery limitations(2000 vs. 20 acres)(2000 vs. 20 acres)

Degraded habitatDegraded habitatLocation of food variesLocation of food varies

Oyster hatcheryOyster hatchery

Caveats:Caveats:

Water qualityWater qualityPropagulePropagule limitationslimitationsDegraded habitatDegraded habitat

Seagrass plantingSeagrass planting


Problem:Problem: Dams and riparian degradation leading Dams and riparian degradation leading to less coarse but more fine grained sedimentsto less coarse but more fine grained sediments

ConowingoConowingo DamDamSusquehanna RiverSusquehanna River

RunoffRunoffUpper BayUpper Bay


Research findings:Research findings: Extensive salt marsh Extensive salt marsh and island loss with rising sea leveland island loss with rising sea level

Eroding salt marshEroding salt marsh

Disappearing islandDisappearing island

Groundwater depressionGroundwater depression

Rapid sea level rise in N. AtlanticRapid sea level rise in N. Atlantic

Salt marsh loss at Salt marsh loss at BlackwaterBlackwater

Image: E.W. Koch, UMCESImage: E.W. Koch, UMCES

Image: Douglas Hanks Jr.; Maryland Sea GrantImage: Douglas Hanks Jr.; Maryland Sea Grant

Stevenson, J.C. et al (2002) in Fisheries in a Changing Climate,Stevenson, J.C. et al (2002) in Fisheries in a Changing Climate, McGinnMcGinn, N.A. (ed), N.A. (ed)


Solution:Solution: Possible use of dredge spoil to Possible use of dredge spoil to augment marshes and islandsaugment marshes and islands

Poplar IslandPoplar Island Chesapeake salt marshChesapeake salt marsh

Sediment stabilizationSediment stabilization


Net result:Net result: Chesapeake Bay ecosystem Chesapeake Bay ecosystem health not improvinghealth not improving

272828

2727

271998199819991999200020002001200120022002

Chesapeake Chesapeake Bay Foundation Bay Foundation annual report annual report card rankingscard rankings


Biogeochemical budgets: CNP fluxes & net system metabolismBiogeochemical budgets: CNP fluxes & net system metabolism

Predicted log(mol DIP km-2 yr-1)

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Obs

erve

d lo

g(m

ol D

IP k

m-2

yr-1

)

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6 log(mol DIP km-2 yr-1) =2.72 + 0.36 x log(persons/km2) + 0.78 x log(m/yr)

R2 = 0.58

1

2

3

45

Green = LOICZ data

Red = Maybeck & Ragu

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LOICZ: Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zoneian.umces.edu/pdfs/loicz_state_dept_2003.pdf ·...

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