65
Long Run vs. Short Run
Long Run vs. Short Run
Long Run vs. Short Run
� Growth is about the long run.
Long Run vs. Short Run
� Growth is about the long run.
� Now we return to the short run and the study of businesscycles.
Long Run vs. Short Run
� Growth is about the long run.
� Now we return to the short run and the study of businesscycles.
� The central framework for studying business cycles is theaggregate demand-aggregate supply (or AD-AS) model.
Growth vs. Business Cycles
Growth vs. Business Cycles
� Growth is mainly about how the natural rate of output(sometimes called potential output) changes through increasesin an economy’s productive capacity.
Growth vs. Business Cycles
� Growth is mainly about how the natural rate of output(sometimes called potential output) changes through increasesin an economy’s productive capacity.
� In the long run, shifts in the aggregate demand (AD) curvechange the price level but not output: the long-run aggregatesupply (AS) curve is vertical.
Growth vs. Business Cycles
� Growth is mainly about how the natural rate of output(sometimes called potential output) changes through increasesin an economy’s productive capacity.
� In the long run, shifts in the aggregate demand (AD) curvechange the price level but not output: the long-run aggregatesupply (AS) curve is vertical.
� In the short run, shifts in the AD curve move both the pricelevel and output (and in the same direction): the short-run AScurve is upward-sloping (but not vertical).
Growth vs. Business Cycles
� Growth is mainly about how the natural rate of output(sometimes called potential output) changes through increasesin an economy’s productive capacity.
� In the long run, shifts in the aggregate demand (AD) curvechange the price level but not output: the long-run aggregatesupply (AS) curve is vertical.
� In the short run, shifts in the AD curve move both the pricelevel and output (and in the same direction): the short-run AScurve is upward-sloping (but not vertical).
� These short-run movements in output are driven mainly byshort-run movements in employment (and especially short-runmovements in the unemployment rate).
Growth vs. Business Cycles
� Growth is mainly about how the natural rate of output(sometimes called potential output) changes through increasesin an economy’s productive capacity.
� In the long run, shifts in the aggregate demand (AD) curvechange the price level but not output: the long-run aggregatesupply (AS) curve is vertical.
� In the short run, shifts in the AD curve move both the pricelevel and output (and in the same direction): the short-run AScurve is upward-sloping (but not vertical).
� These short-run movements in output are driven mainly byshort-run movements in employment (and especially short-runmovements in the unemployment rate).
� Let’s look at the data on unemployment . . . .
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-23
Table 3.4 Employment Status of the U.S. Adult Population, February 2003
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-24
Figure 3.15 Changes in employment status in a typical month
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 1-4
Figure 1.3 The U.S. unemployment rate, 1890–2002
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 1-2
Figure 1.1 Output of the U.S. economy, 1869–2002
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-2
Figure 8.1 A business cycle
8-3
Table 8.1 NBER Business Cycle Turning Points and Durations of Post–1854 Business Cycles
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-9
Figure 8.6 Cyclical behavior of civilian employment
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-10
Figure 8.7 Cyclical behavior of the unemployment rate
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-25
Figure 3.16 Okun’s law in the United States: 1951–2002
Sources of Unemployment
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
� Frictional unemployment arises through the normal andefficient functioning of a market economy.
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
� Frictional unemployment arises through the normal andefficient functioning of a market economy.
� Workers and firms need to find each other:
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
� Frictional unemployment arises through the normal andefficient functioning of a market economy.
� Workers and firms need to find each other: this search andmatching process takes time.
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
� Frictional unemployment arises through the normal andefficient functioning of a market economy.
� Workers and firms need to find each other: this search andmatching process takes time.
� There is a lot of churning in the labor market:
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
� Frictional unemployment arises through the normal andefficient functioning of a market economy.
� Workers and firms need to find each other: this search andmatching process takes time.
� There is a lot of churning in the labor market: every monththousands of jobs are created and destroyed.
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
� Frictional unemployment arises through the normal andefficient functioning of a market economy.
� Workers and firms need to find each other: this search andmatching process takes time.
� There is a lot of churning in the labor market: every monththousands of jobs are created and destroyed. In addition, inevery month thousands of workers enter the labor force for thefirst time
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
� Frictional unemployment arises through the normal andefficient functioning of a market economy.
� Workers and firms need to find each other: this search andmatching process takes time.
� There is a lot of churning in the labor market: every monththousands of jobs are created and destroyed. In addition, inevery month thousands of workers enter the labor force for thefirst time and leave it for the last time (retirement).
Sources of Unemployment
� There are two sources of unemployment: frictionalunemployment and structural unemployment.
� Frictional unemployment arises through the normal andefficient functioning of a market economy.
� Workers and firms need to find each other: this search andmatching process takes time.
� There is a lot of churning in the labor market: every monththousands of jobs are created and destroyed. In addition, inevery month thousands of workers enter the labor force for thefirst time and leave it for the last time (retirement).
� Lesson: Search and matching is a costly, time-consumingprocess, leading to frictional unemployment even in awell-functioning, healthy economy.
Structural Unemployment
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
� Why might this happen?
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
� Why might this happen? Four possibilities:
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
� Why might this happen? Four possibilities:
1. Minimum wage laws (the “living” wage)
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
� Why might this happen? Four possibilities:
1. Minimum wage laws (the “living” wage)2. Unions
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
� Why might this happen? Four possibilities:
1. Minimum wage laws (the “living” wage)2. Unions3. Efficiency wages
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
� Why might this happen? Four possibilities:
1. Minimum wage laws (the “living” wage)2. Unions3. Efficiency wages4. Morale
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
� Why might this happen? Four possibilities:
1. Minimum wage laws (the “living” wage)2. Unions3. Efficiency wages4. Morale
� Minimum wage laws restrict the market wage from droppingbelow a specified minimum wage.
Structural Unemployment
� Structural unemployment arises when wages do not adjust toclear the labor market.
� Why might this happen? Four possibilities:
1. Minimum wage laws (the “living” wage)2. Unions3. Efficiency wages4. Morale
� Minimum wage laws restrict the market wage from droppingbelow a specified minimum wage.
� This minimum wage could be above the wage that clears thelabor market (i.e., the wage that eliminates excess supply inthe labor market).
Unions
Unions
� Unions are collections of workers.
Unions
� Unions are collections of workers. On behalf of their members,unions negotiate with employers over wages, benefits, andworking conditions (sometimes called collective bargaining).
Unions
� Unions are collections of workers. On behalf of their members,unions negotiate with employers over wages, benefits, andworking conditions (sometimes called collective bargaining).
� Workers in unions tend to earn higher wages than workers notin unions.
Unions
� Unions are collections of workers. On behalf of their members,unions negotiate with employers over wages, benefits, andworking conditions (sometimes called collective bargaining).
� Workers in unions tend to earn higher wages than workers notin unions.
� If the union wage is above the market-clearing wage, thenthere is an excess supply of labor (or unemployment), just asthere would be under a minimum wage law.
Efficiency Wages
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so.
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?Efficiency wages:
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?Efficiency wages:
1. Reduce worker turnover, thereby reducing the cost of hiringand training workers.
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?Efficiency wages:
1. Reduce worker turnover, thereby reducing the cost of hiringand training workers.
2. Increase worker quality by attracting a better pool of jobapplicants.
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?Efficiency wages:
1. Reduce worker turnover, thereby reducing the cost of hiringand training workers.
2. Increase worker quality by attracting a better pool of jobapplicants. If the firm lowered its wage, the best workerswould seek good-paying jobs elsewhere.
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?Efficiency wages:
1. Reduce worker turnover, thereby reducing the cost of hiringand training workers.
2. Increase worker quality by attracting a better pool of jobapplicants. If the firm lowered its wage, the best workerswould seek good-paying jobs elsewhere.
3. Increase worker effort.
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?Efficiency wages:
1. Reduce worker turnover, thereby reducing the cost of hiringand training workers.
2. Increase worker quality by attracting a better pool of jobapplicants. If the firm lowered its wage, the best workerswould seek good-paying jobs elsewhere.
3. Increase worker effort. Workers who are receivingbetter-than-market wages will exert more effort to keep frombeing fired.
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?Efficiency wages:
1. Reduce worker turnover, thereby reducing the cost of hiringand training workers.
2. Increase worker quality by attracting a better pool of jobapplicants. If the firm lowered its wage, the best workerswould seek good-paying jobs elsewhere.
3. Increase worker effort. Workers who are receivingbetter-than-market wages will exert more effort to keep frombeing fired.
4. Increase morale (Truman Bewley).
Efficiency Wages
Firms might pay a wage higher than the market-clearing wagebecause firms can operate more efficiently if they do so. Why?Efficiency wages:
1. Reduce worker turnover, thereby reducing the cost of hiringand training workers.
2. Increase worker quality by attracting a better pool of jobapplicants. If the firm lowered its wage, the best workerswould seek good-paying jobs elsewhere.
3. Increase worker effort. Workers who are receivingbetter-than-market wages will exert more effort to keep frombeing fired.
4. Increase morale (Truman Bewley). Firms would rather fireemployees than cut wages for all employees because wage cutsreduce morale (thereby lowering worker effort).
