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LOOKING THROUGH A GENDER LENS AT
SOCIAL RESPONSIBLILITYIN AQUACULTURE
Meryl J Williams
717
8 June 2014, WAA2014, Adelaide
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG 1
CREATE, NURTURE, GROW
Towards socially responsible aquaculture – for food security and nutrition, or for profit and style
A gender lens brings key social and economic factors into focus
Two aquaculture value chains
Kerala mussel farming
Vietnam shrimp value chain
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG 2
Convergence on food system basics
Food Security and Nutrition Supply (sustainable, stable)
Access to food (price, local availability)
Nutritional adequacy
Triple Bottom Line Biological and environmentally
sustainable production
Economic success
Maintenance/improvement in social aspects
and Social Licence to Operate
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG 3
Gender lens
No doctrine on gender, aside from the goal of gender equality To get the full picture, look at the whole supply chain
“Gender lens” brings gender into focus
Roles, powers, rights and relationships of people
People: gender (socially created identity based on concepts of masculinity and femininity), age/life stage, occupations, class, education, religion, ethnicity, ….
Uses multiple ranges: close-up (household, individual), commodity segments (farming district, factory) and telephoto (whole chain, sector, country, region..)
NACA-MARKET “THEMATIC STUDIES ON GENDER IN AQUACULTURE IN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, THAILAND AND VIETNAM”
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Case 1: Kerala (India) mussel farmingA rare aquaculture value chain where women are the major producers
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
Kerala mussel fry (nadan kallumakkai)Source: adukala.vishesham.in
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Introduction to Kerala mussel farming
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) technology, ‘70s-80s
Popularized from mid-1990s by:
CMFRI: training, technical outreach
Initially request by Mr Gul Muhammad
Gov. funding thru Self Help Groups ++
Research+development+credit
Women are the dominant players
~20,000 t production, 6,500 farmers (75% women)
Division of labour in farming
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
Source: Kripa and Surendranathan, 2008
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Kerala mussel farming
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
Mr Gil Muhammad and helper, 1995
(l) mussel pickle. Photo: Trade India(r) Muslim women, 2002. Photo: Ramachandran GAF2, 2007
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Kerala mussel farming: gendered divisions of labour
Men building racks, often funded by women farmers [ICAR, Goa]
Women and man with harvested mussels [Ramachandran, GAF2 2007]
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORGPerna viridisImage: Aquafind.com
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Kerala mussel farming: women to decline?
At first, only women were supported
Successful demonstration, uptake, expansion, and planning
Profitable and good use of profits!
>2008, support extended to men
Bankable enterprises
Operational space reducing
Women being squeezed out
Farm site rights not protected
[Based on Kripa & Surendranathan (2008), Ramachandran (2013)]
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
Women sorting mussels. Photo: The Hindu, 1 May 2014 9
What the gender lens revealed
Who developed and works in the value chain
Relationships that shaped the development of mussel farming
Rights and powers and actions that may determine the future
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
Lisa Paul (right) shows minister’s advisor (left) And CMFRI Director (center) mussels she and her husband grew. Photo: The Hindu, 16 May 2008.
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Case 2: Vietnam shrimp value chainFrom small extensive farms to large, export driven enterprises
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
Woman small scale shrimp farmer Source: FAO
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Vietnam shrimp value chain
Complex, global, buyer-driven value chain
US $2b annual exports
Food safety conditions
Environmental certification
“Risky” – disease, species, markets, climate,….
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
Report cover: Environmental Justice Foundation (2003)12
Vietnam shrimp value chain
Major land use changes under Doi Moi, decollectivization and market forces
Stresses on households, risk and opportunity management
Mekong Delta & NE – shrimp farming
Shift to more intensive, risky farms
98% owned by men; women work on/off farms in support (Confucian role) and as buffer for household
Women’s Union – weak in practice
Central – hatcheries – male domains
Processing plants – women on factory floor
[Based on World Bank (2009), Hong Anh Vu (2012)]
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
L. Vannamei farming areas, 10 April 2014Source: www.shrimpnews.com
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Vietnam shrimp value chain
Shrimp seed selection training for hatchery technicians, 2004 Source: hatcherydoctor.com
Women workers in shrimp processing plant. Source: INFOFISH, 7 April 2014
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11Google image search“Vietnam shrimp value chain”
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What the gender lens revealed
Who does what in certain parts of the value chain
Relationships between people and capital, markets and market influencers
Rights and actions and voices that could shape the future
Little is known about the gender and other social dimensions of this large dynamic industry
“new forms of gender inequality” created in shifting to intensive production (Hong Anh Vu 2007)
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORGVietnam women shrimp factory workers.Source: Undercurrent News, 30 Sept. 201316
Thru the gender lens: some conclusions
For social justice to happen gender must be an explicit factor
Women are important but undervalued contributors
Change has gendered impacts
Kerala success attracted banks & more men but may marginalise women
Market drivers pushed women to the margins of Vietnam shrimp industries
The economic and social justiceimplications of change are ignored
HTTP://GENDERAQUAFISH.ORG
The role of women in Vietnamese aquacultureha-thu.com / May 19, 2012 17
To really create, nurture, growGender equality must become an explicit
aquaculture development issue
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