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S W Ppsin Nibi
A Comparson Between
Soar And Dese
August 2008
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INtroductIoN
S pps n n sip -
ni -bnin nins and generators
or domestc water, vestock and rrgaton. They are
most eectve durng dry and sunny seasons. They re-
qure no ue deveres, and very tte mantenance.
Soar pumps are powered by photovotac (soar-
eectrc) panes and the ow rate s determned by
the ntensty o the sunght.
S pns h n in ps, and most
have a warranty o at east 20 years. Most soar
pumps operate wthout the use o storage batteres.
A water tank provdes a smpe, economca means
o storage. Soar pumps must be optmay seected
or the task at hand, n order to mnmze the power
requred, and thus the cost o the system.
A wde varety o soar pumps s avaabe, to
meet a wde varety o needs. The purpose o ths
booket s to norm Nambas armers about the
economc merts o soar water pumpng tech-
nooges as a repacement or dese water pumps.
Aganst rapdy ncreasng dese ue prces, voate
vestock and crop markets and mountng threats to
mantan agrcutura productvty - can any armer
serousy aord not to consder soar water pump-ng?
Ths brochure ams at provdng the basc norma-
ton to decde whether a soar pump s sutabe or
your arm and whether t can economcay repace
a pump powered by a dese engne or a wnd m.
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BreakeveN PerIod
25,000
75,000
US$
50,000
years 0 4 8 12 16 20
dph Fw
t 5 1.3 7 1.8 10 2.6 12 3.2 15 4.0 20 5.3 3/y 1,000 US-Ga./day
10 33 0 0 0 1 2 4
20 65 0 0 1 2 5 8
30 100 0 0 3 5 7 11
40 130 0 2 6 8 11 15
50 165 1 4 8 11 14 20
60 195 2 6 11 15 20 -
80 260 4 9 15 19 - -
100 315 7 14 - - - -
120 370 8 16 - - - -
150 470 12 - - - - -
* Fgures cacuated or a lORENTZ heca rotor pump at retaprces (ncudng VAT) as o January 2008 and at a dese ue cost
o US$ 1.30 per tre (US$ 4.90 per Gaon). Dese pump oper-
ates or 5 hours each day.
** 0 ndcates that the purchase cost o the soar pump s
aready ess than the cost o the dese pump. There s thus nobreakeven pont, because the soar pump aready starts rom a
wnnng poston rom when t s put nto operaton.
*** Banc ces are areas where arger centruga pumps or mu-
tpe HR pumps are recommended.
BreakeveN PoINt iN MONTHS
F 50 li, 20,000 lis Fw
S pps hp hn
is pps hi ii,
but nta costs are usuay hgher. A-
ter how much tme o operaton w a
soar pump be cheaper than a dese
pump? 5 years? Even onger? The mo-
ment when the costs o a soar pump
and a dese pump or pumpng a
gven quantty o water every day arethe same s known as the breakeven
pont. The breakeven pont depends
on pumpng heght and day water
pumped.
The ph bustrates the breakeven ponts or a specfc
pumpng confguratons. Gven that the breakeven pont var-
es, the b bw s useu or determnng the breakeven
pont* or derent pumpng specfcatons.
lIFe cYcle coSt over 20 YearS iN US$
Dese
Soar
**
***
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tHe Future oF dIeSel
The Namba Agrcutura Unon estmates that de-
se water pumpng, together wth ck and nterest
rates, contrbute 35 to 40% o operatona expens-
es o a arm. Naturay, as dese ue prces ncrease,
so do overheads.
Hw sb is h is pi?We, reectng
on hstorca o prce data shows a steep upward
trend. Durng the past 10 years dese prces havencreased by 20% n average. in 1999 a tre o de-
se cost US$ 0.25. By 2008 prces are as hgh as
US$ 1.30 per tre (US$ 4.90 per Gaon).
Experts say: Countres ke Chna and inda, home
o about 50% o the words popuaton, are deve-
opng ther ndustres and grow at ast pace. Ths s
causng a addtona demand or o and w keep
prces hgh or even ncreasng n uture. it s expect-
ed that peak o producton w be reached around
2007-2010. Aterwards ess and ess o w be
avaabe to refne, no matter where drers ook.
Unke n the past, major word o reserves are not
n the hands o bg o companes anymore, but n
the hands o countres and governments. That turnso nto a potca commodty, wth a growng rsk
that o suppy s used as potca weapon. Ths
makes the o prce even ess predctabe.
th pi is wi is n in -
i. S pps h nsw.
NamIBIa dIeSel PrIce
US$/tre and [US$/US-Ga.], Wndhoek, 1989 to May 2008
1.25[5.00]
1.50
1.00[4.00]
0.75[3.00]
0.50[2.00]
0.25 [1.00]
1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2007
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PumP tYPeS
There s a arge varety o soar water pump types n
the market. The most common types o mechansms
are
heca rotor (mono)
centruga
pston or daphragm
The most smpe and robust pump ends are then hi yp pps wth ony
one turnng part: a rotor turnng n a rubber stator.
They are a good choce or day ows o 6 to 20m
or medum to hgh ts (50 to 150m).
cni pps are very economca or sha-
ow to medum ts (up to 80m) wth arge ow
rates.
Pisn iph pps are much more
compex wth a ot o movng parts. Usuay they
requre o ubrcaton nsde the pump whch mght
be a potenta rsk n a water we. Typcay theyare used n ow votage (24-48V) appcatons wth
sma day ows (up to 5m/day) or ts up to
150m (max. 2m/day).
centruga type pumps
pp
heca rotor
drve shat
non-return vave
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SuBmerSIBle Solar PumP
The pump s mounted on a submersbe motor and
s submerged beow the water eve n the borehoe.
Eectrcty s provded by a soar pane array nstaed
wthn a cose dstance rom the borehoe.
Attached to the submersed pump unt are a pastc
water ppe made o PE, an eectrc cabe, an eectrc
water sensor and a saety rope. Sod stee water
ppes are not requred. As a resut, nstaaton andextracton o the pump unt s smpe and ast.
The pumps operatons are reguated by an eec-
tronc controer, whch ntates startng and stop-
png, and montors the water eve.
For the lORENTZ pump the controer s nstaed
above ground, whe or the Grundos pump the
controer s ntegrated wth the pump unt and thus
n the we ocated beow the water eve.
Soar pumps can be owered down
to depth o up to 50m wthn mnutes,
deeper nstaatons can be made wth a trpod
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WINdPumPS vS. Solar PumPINg
Wnd pumps are the poneerng technoogy o wa-
ter pumpng. in the 1990s there were an estmated
30,000 wnd pumps nstaed n Namba. The tech-
noogy has a we deveoped servce nrastructure.
Wnd pumps have a smar e span as soar pumps
and are abe to dever water rom depths o about
120m. Day ows rom depth greater than 50m are
typcay consderaby ess then 10m per day.
Athough ony basc technca sks are requred,
wnd pumps are work-ntensve to mantan. Typ-
cay a mantenance takes three days. One day
aone s needed to pu the pump up and take t
apart n order to know whch type o cynder s
used. The varety s very arge, so spare parts can-
not be ordered n advance. A second day s needed
to get the spares, a thrd to reassembe the pump.
Mantenance o the rotor, e.g. exchange o bades,
and o the gearbox s a dangerous job, as you have
to cmb and work on a 15m hgh tower.
Aganst that, a soar pump s easy and ast to man-
tan. it can be pued up n 30 mnutes. A spare
pump end or motor s repaced n 15 mnutes. 20
mnutes ater you have owered the pump back nto
the we and get t started agan.
Soar pumps are ess expensve than wndms, are
easer to nsta, and provde a more consstent sup-
py o water. Ths s especay true n areas wherewnd may be seasona and nconsstent.
a s pp ps is hihs
w whn w is n h s -
whn h wh is snny n h!
A transormed wndm
nstaaton wth
soar repacement pump
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FINaNcINg a Solar PumP
Whether you wsh to purchase a snge pump, or
repace a o your dese pumps n one determned
swoop, the queston o how to fnance such a
purchase s crtca. The oowng nsttutons are
geared towards provdng oans or soar water
pumps:
B y pph fnni insiin y hi:
knw y bh spifins You
need to know the water eve and day pump-
ng voume or each borehoe you want to
convert n order to obtan quotatons rom the
suppers.
H h wih s sppis Arrange
an appontment wth derent suppers. Take
your tme when consutng wth them. Dscuss
genera water and soar ssues as we. Ask
about warrantes and ater-saes servce and
negotate or the best prce. Obtan a wrttenquotaton when satsfed.
cns wih fnni insiins Wth
your quotaton at hand contact the fnanca
nsttutons and request a oan. Compare oan
crtera and negotate or better condtons.
Compete the oan appcaton orm when sat-
sfed.
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Solar INStallatIoN
Tota cost o soar nstaaton US$ 6,875*
interest rate 10% per annum
Depost 10%
loan amount US$ 6,187.50
loan duraton 5 years
mnhy pyn b uS$ 130
th is sins n, ins
- n iiy, sfin h n pyn. an ins pi
n ns is x ib y in
sn.
dIeSel INStallatIoN
Dese ue consumpton 0.8 tres per hour
Duraton o pumpng 5 hours per day, every day
Dese consumpton 120 tres per month
Dese prce US$ 1.30 per tre
US$ 4.90 per US-Ga.
dis s p nh b uS$ 156
WHat aBout caSH FloW?
Securng a oan mght be smpe enough, but a oan
must be repad. is the cash savng on dese ue
sufcent or repayng the oan or the soar pump?
The cacuaton beow compares ony the actua
cash expendture or dese ue.
The cacuaton presented here does Not consder:
purchasng the dese pump
coectng and transportng the dese rom the
nearest depot
traveng on arm roads to the borehoe
wear and tear on your pck-up
tme spent
* Cacuated or a lORENTZ PS seres pump at reta prces (n-
cudng 15% VAT) as o January 2008 or a pumpng head o
50m and day pumpng voume o 10,000 tres.
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Solar trackINg For Solar Water PumPS
A soar tracker s a PV rack that rotates on an
axs to ace the sun as t crosses the sky. it s we
known that soar trackng w ncrease energy yed
by 25-50%. For soar pumpng, trackng oers even
greater gans and benefts that can greaty reduce
system cost.
opi yi in h p win
ssn Trackng oers more water out o smaer,ess expensve system by ncreasng perormance
when the most water s needed - durng ong sunny
days o the growng season. Ths s most appropr-
ate or agrcutura and seasona summer uses.
Pnin pp sin Many soar pumps
experence a dsproportonate drop n perormance
when the sun s at a ow ange (eary mornng and
ate aternoon). When the PV array output s ess
than 50%, a centruga pump may produce nsu-
fcent centruga orce to acheve the requred t.
By causng the pump to run at u speed through a
whoe sunny day, trackng can oten douBle theday water yed.
mornng noon evenng
W isibin Pv-i iiin So-
ar rrgaton can be practca wthout storage devce,
n some stuatons. The so tse stores water dur-
ng coudy days! But sun-trackng may be necessary
to acheve unorm water dstrbuton. When water
ow s reduced, a sprnker just makes a pudde. A
trench or drp ne eeds ony the frst ew pants,
or the owest ones. A trackng array mnmzes the
perods o reduced ow. it makes soar-drect waterdstrbuton an opton or dry sunny regons.
expiin h sin pss The trackng
decson as a handy varabe n the desgn proc-
ess. Oten you fnd a system that produces a tte
bt ess than s needed, but the next arger system
costs much more. A tracker s a ow-cost means to
ncrease the yed o the smaer system.
Whn n s Trackng s east eec-
tve durng shorter wnter days and coudy weather.
i the need or water s constant durng the year
or greatest n the wnter, or the cmate s verycoudy, then t may be more economca to desgn
the system wth more soar watts and no tracker.
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tHeFt PreveNtIoN For Solar PaNelS
Eectve thet protecton: Pane and tracker
enced n and protected by barbed wre
The thet o soar PV panes s oten cted as a rea-
son or armers beng reuctant to nvest n ths
technoogy. Here are some suggestons or mnmz-
ng the rsk o thet:
ty sbish pnn psn
at the water pont or pumpng nstaaton by
erectng a abourers home there. Ths w aso
hep to contro poachng and/or stock thet. Byncorporatng the nstaatons soar panes,
ths resdence can n some nstances be eec-
trfed too!
m h nsi h pns wth
the arm name and contact detas n non-
removabe pant. You can pant the entre un-
dersde n your avourte coours. Ths w be
hard work or a the to cean o.
kp s si nbs o a
panes. Ths s proo that the panes are yours
when they are recovered, or when you pace
an nsurance cam.
P n n h Pv insin!
Or pant a sod wa o cact or ssa that can
ony be crossed wth a removabe arched ad-
der.
Ins h pns n six s
ps wth a arge concrete bock as oun-
daton, guy wres or anchorage, and f the
nsde o the stee poe wth cement. Ft razor
wre underneath the panes. Ths aso deters
baboons rom payng or tamperng wth your
assets.
But above a: make a pan! You woud not
eave your car parked n town wth the key n
the gnton; you woud not et your stud bu
roam reey on a pubc road. So, do not eavesoar panes exposed n the fed wthout at
east makng t hard or theves.
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Ths normaton booket was commssoned by
BERNT lORENTZ GmbH & Co. KG
Comped and pubshed by the
Desert Research Foundaton o Namba (DRFN)
PO Box 20232, Wndhoek,Namba
Photographs courtesy o lORENTZ and DRFN
www.orentz.de www.drn.org.na
Copyrght August 2008, a rghts reserved.
Errors excepted and possbe ateratons wthout pror notce.
No reproducton wthout wrtten permsson by DRFN or lORENTZ.
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