Low Carbon Housing. Amanda Kramer

8/2/2019 Low Carbon Housing. Amanda Kramer

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Low Carbon HousingFebruary 2012

Prepared by:


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Low Carbon HousingDrivers & Opportunities


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CREATE MORE ENERGY CONSERVE ENERGY

COST GHG EMISSIONS TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS INDUSTRIAL

INFRASTRUCTURECOSTS

REALLY EASY CURBSGROWTH

40%

NEW CONSTRUCTION RETROFIT EXISTING

COST FORINFRASTRUCTUREDOESNT ADD TO

PROBLEMSWELL DEMONSTRATEDVAILABLETECHNOLOGY

INCREASING ENERGY DEMAND OPTIONS

IEA WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK

50% INCREASE IN PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION FROM 2005 - 2030


4/22

Simply increasing energy supply will not solve the current energy supply situation andassociated environmental problems.

There is a growing imbalance between energy supply and demand.

Increases in residential energy consumption significantly contribute to the imbalance

Global primary energy consumption will grow nearly 50% from 2005 to 2030

(Source: IEA / World Energy Outlook)

Commercial and residential accounts for 30-40% of total global energy use (approx

2,500 Mtoe / year)

Reduction of wasted primary energy

In 2005 the Canadian residential sector used 13% of energy use

55% of primary energy in Canada is wasted (transmission loss, transportation ofpetroleum) (Source: QUEST)

Low Carbon Housing use the grid strategically to optimize the energy supply system

Low Carbon Housing diversifies energy supply and provides improved overall reliability andimproved energy security

Low Carbon Housing enables the home to be part of the energy mix

ENERGY SUPPLY & DEMAND


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4

THE HOUSING-SECURITY NEXUS

GeopoliticalSTABILITY

SECURITY ISSUES

LOW CARBON HOUSING CONTRIBUTIONS

EconomicSECURITY

EnvironmentalSTRESS

InfrastructureRESILIENCY

Threats from

unequal energy

source distribution...

Source ownership

Foreign control of

supply

Trade leverage

inequality

Distruptions from

energy market

uncertainty...

Price instability

Operational & supply

chain risk

Civil unrest

Govt bailouts

Risks from natural,

operational and

security shocks...

Infrastructure

efficacy & efficiency

Infrastructure

renewal & expansion

cost

Impacts from extraction,

production and

combustion of energy....

Habitat destruction

Compromised ecosystem

services

Public Health

Strengthen energyindependence

Decouple energy &

diplomacy

Decrease supply

chain risk

Decreaseoperational risk

to business &

consumers

Reduce public

costs of energy

subsidization

Smarter, moreefficient energy

systems

Reliability from

distribution

Power to off-grid

areas

Reduce emissions ingrid energy

generation

Minimize ecological

footprint of buildings


6/22

Energy consumption is intensive and contributes to global warming Homes are built to last 50-100 years. Impact is long term.

Low Carbon Housing are part of the solution to mitigate global warming.

Residential sector accounts for 20-25% of man-made CO2emissions globally

Housing has the potential to contribute significantly to any national

target for GHG abatement.

- Energy efficiency is the lowest cost and often net negative abatementcost

- Investment cost is more than compensated by lower energy use costs

- Reductions in GHG emissions are technically achievable

(Source McKinsey & Co., 2008)

Country Total energy CO2 emissions Housing Stockconsumption per household (thousands)Australia 77,726 ktoe 5.44 t CO2 7,596

Canada 201,513 ktoe 7.24 t CO2 13,273

China 1,201,846 ktoe 3.80 t CO2 374,053

Japan 351,787 ktoe 4.24 t CO2 40,971

UK 158,731 ktoe 5.99 t CO2 25,953

USA 1.5 million ktoe 8.38 t CO2 117,211(Source: NHBC Foundation, Zero Carbon Compendium, 2009)

CARBON EMISSIONS

GHG Emissions &Mitigation PotentialGlobal Emissions

2004 8.6 Gt

2020 11.1 Gt

2030 14.3 Gt

Available technologies

could reduce projectedenergy use by 41% by

2050 thereby avoiding

11.5 Gt of CO2 or

roughly 40% of current

fossil CO2 emissions


7/22

Low carbon housing offers environmental, economic and

social co-benefits

reduction of air pollution associated with emissions

reduced energy consumption can slow the growth of

power plants and infrastructure resources can be

redirected

Best use of existing electricity supply improves access

to energy

Socio-economic growth is impacted by increased costs

of fossil fuel

A healthier environment contributes to less frequent

illness

Low carbon homes are a critical component of green or

sustainability goals.

Low-income households with high energy prices and

poor housing quality results in choice between energy

services and other essential services.

Align economic development and environmental goals

to avoid being locked into high emissions for the life of

the building

MEXICO EXAMPLE Number of households

projected to double by 2030 Goal 1,000,000 new housing

units/year by 2010

Continued growth @ 1M

units/year until 2030

What will be the impact on

infrastructure?

Is it sustainable?

LOW CARBON HOUSING AS PART OF THE SUSTAINABILITY SOLUTION

HEALTH IMPACTSInsulation retrofit to existing

single family homes in the USA.

Results per year: 100,000 tons less NOx

190,000 tons less SO2 240 fewer deaths

6500 fewer asthma attacks

110,000 less restricted activity

days

Study: Harvard School of Public Health


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Homeowner:

Lower energy bill

Greater comfort & quality of life

Healthier environment

Builder:

Better quality product

Society

Increased energy security and improved

access to energy

Environmental benefits including

reduced GHG emissions and improved

air quality More resilient to climate change

Job creation

Improved productivity

USA EXAMPLE Commercial and residential account for

40% of primary use in the USA and 70%of electricity use.

USA requires 1,300-1,900 new electric

power plants by 2020 to meet projected

energy demands.

Infrastructure costs??(Source: APP Dialogue)

BENEFITS OF LOW CARBON HOUSING

Benefits to Energy Providers:

Load levelling

Reduced peak demand

Reduced need for transmission infrastructure

Reduce capital costs associated with new

infrastructure demand

Demand-reduction measures with no net cost

could almost reduce by the projectedglobal growth in electricity demand

(Source: McKinsey, 2007)


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Developers

Engineers

TechnologyProviders

Incentives

Underwriters/Insurers

MortgageBrokers

Tax

Authorities

Home

Inspectors

CommercialLenders

RetailLenders

Sales &Marketing

Buyer

FinancialAdvisors

Contractors

AppraisersEnergyAuditor

HomeOwners

Tech.ProvidersUtilities

Architects

Planners

Utilities

Codes &Standards

Retrofit Community

Design Community

Development Community

Assurance Community

Buyer Community

Sales Enablers

Planning &

Development

Construction &

Marketing

Sales &

Closing

Occupancy &

Resale

STAK

EHOLDER

DYNAMIC

S

Low Carbon Housing market adoption requires engagement with a broad network of stakeholders.

ENGAGING STAKEHOLDERS


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Elements of Low Carbon Housing:

Thermal insulation Solar shading

Ventilation

High performance windows

Air tight structures

There is no single solution to achieve low carbonhousing. Considerations include:

Climate-responsive

Flexible design

Location-specific

Holistic design consideration

Consider total energy use rather thanisolated systems

Order of priority

Energy conservation

Passive and energy efficiency

Appropriate Renewable energy

Natural daylighting Energy efficient appliances

Renewable energy system

Energy efficient lighting

Heat / cold recovery

WHAT DOES LOW CARBON HOUSING LOOK LIKE?

Santa BarbaraGarden Shanghai Daan Real Estate Co.

Ltd. & Insightful Healthy Homes, Shanghai, China


11/22

Performance

E

nergyConsumption

Renewable EnergyGeneration Near Zero Energy

Net Zero Energy

SurplusGeneration

COST EFFECTIVE PATH TO ACHIEVE LOW CARBON HOUSING

Passive Design

Principles

Energy efficient

appliances & equipment

High performanceEnvelope

Zero Energy Ready


12/22

Passive design recognizes local conditions and the physical

properties of air, water and the sun to maximize the natural

heating, cooling and lighting potential of a home.

NATURAL VENTILATION Stack and cross ventilation natural airflows through the living

space provide fresh air and promote cooling without mechanical

assistance.

WATER SAVING Permeable paving and rain barrels reduce use of municipal water

for irrigation water treatment is one of the single largest energy

costs for municipalities.

SOLAR CONTROL Awnings and vegetation provide external shading to prevent heat

gain from direct sunlight.

Building orientation positioning building features like windows

and walls relative to the sun promotes solar heat gain in cold

climates or prevent it in warm ones.

REFLECTANCE Light-coloured roofs and building exteriors reflect significant

amounts of sunlight reducing solar heat gain.

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PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Reflectance: AusZEH Henley, Australia

Natural ventilation: GEO, Mexico

Solar Control: GEO, Mexico


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ENVELOPE STRATEGIES

Space heating/cooling is typically a homes largest energy

requirement. A high-performance building envelope will greatly

reduce unwanted heat-loss and heat-gain in the home.

AIR SEALING Thorough sealing around windows and doors as well as stacks,

vents and other wall penetrations, maintains a tight building

envelope and prevents drafts.

THERMAL BREAKS Eliminate thermal bridging of building components such as wall

studs and beams to avert heat loss from conduction.

INSULATED FRAMES Insulating spacers and frames prevent thermal bridging and

minimize gaps that form from expansion and contraction.

ENERGY EFFICIENT WINDOWS Certified, double/triple pane, low-e, energy efficient windows and

doors reduce heat transfer significantly.

INSULATION A high level of insulation in external walls and the roof minimizes

heat transfer and the need for supplementary heating and cooling.


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EQUIPMENT STRATEGIES

An airtight house requires mechanical ventilation and

efficient, appropriately sized appliances to maximize

performance.

ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLIANCES New, certified appliances not only consume less energy, but also

have features such as variable load settings and timers to run when

energy is less costly for consumers off-peak.

ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING New lighting technologies like CFLs & LEDs use up to 90% less

energy than traditional incandescent light bulbs.

ENERGY EFFICIENT WATER HEATING In addition to using efficient boilers, a low-cost drain water heat

recovery pipe can significantly reduce heating requirements.

ENERGY EFFICIENT HVAC Certified and appropriately sized mechanical ventilation and the use

of a heat recovery ventilator can significantly reduce the energy

required to move and condition air.

MANAGING CONSUMPTION Building controls and intelligent user interfaces help homeowners

understand and control their energy consumption.

Consumer Feedback:

VINTE, Mexico


15/2214

RENEWABLE ENERGY STRATEGIES

Even in the most energy efficient homes, some amount energy will be

required to operate lights and electronics, provide ventilation and allow for

cooking. This load can be reduced to near zero-energy with the addition of

renewables to either power the home directly, or to feed electricity back into

the grid where possible.

SOLAR ELECTRICITY The cost and performance of photovoltaics (PV) is continually improving,

making it a staple source of clean on-site energy generation that can be grid-

tied or used locally.

SOLAR HOT WATER Using solar thermal energy to heat water has a higher conversion efficiency

than PV and can reduce the use of home heating fuels such as natural gas.

GROUND SOURCE HEAT/COOLING Geo-exchange systems take advantage of constant temperatures below the

surface to condition air or liquid for heating and cooling.

WIND ELECTRICITY Micro wind electricity generation has the advantage of around-the-clock

production potential, and can produce energy that can be fed into the grid.

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER Bio-mass, fuel cells and small micro-power generators offer alternative

approaches for providing both electricity and heat.


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Limitations of the traditional building design process

Information failures

Regulatory Fragmented market structure

Behavioural

Economic distortions

Split incentives

Energy subsidies that create a disincentive for energy efficiency

Perceived risk Availability and access to capital

Cultural behaviour

Inadequate levels of energy service

Up front costs

Limited availability of products

BARRIERS


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Renewable energy systems have a high initial cost

Feasible for new construction but even higher costs to integrate system for retrofits

Feed-in tariffs for surplus electricity

Impacts cost recovery

Consumer access to capital

Increase flow of capital to allow for higher cost of renewable energy system

Minimize perceived risk of investment by demonstrating initial cost of renewable energysystem is balanced by the lower monthly bills.

Consumer understanding of life cycle costs

Energy efficiency and renewable energy needs to be understood and valued based on lifecycle costs.

Consumers tend to value cosmetic or luxury items (granite countertop, swimming pool)despite poor or no return on investment.

COST ISSUES


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Economic considerations that impact energy efficiency andrenewable energy choices based on life cycle costs rather

than initial costs which have a short time frame

Energy performance is impacted by human behaviouroperating the home

Consumers need to understand their energy consumption inorder to make behavioural changes

We tend to know more about our television than ourlargest investment our home

Smart meters convey consumption information to consumers

Opportunity to shift activities to off-peak periods

Energy efficiency and renewable energy need to beintegrated in a technically feasible and practical manner.Avoid overly complex systems with high maintenancerequirements.

USA EXAMPLE Boulder County, USA Local financing offered

to home owners

Low interest loan for

incremental costs to

achieve NZE

$1.5M allocated in 7minutes

Inform consumers of

opportunity and enable

them to make an informed

decision(Source: APP Dialogue)

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR


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Energy efficiency is the cornerstone of low carbon housing toensure reduced renewable energy requirements.

Radical and sustained improvements in the energy performanceand use of renewable energy is required.

Optimize technological and economic efficiency

Renewable energy is not as cost-effective as conventionaltechnologies

Factor life cycle costs

Factor environmental externalities (GHG emissions)

Cost issues will be lowered as economies of scale are achieved

Solar and geothermal generation systems significantlycontribute to relieve the environmental load

Lower life cycle CO2 emissions compared to other electricgeneration

Solar and geothermal less than 0.1 kg-CO2/kWh transmission end

Coal (>0.8), oil (>0.6), LNG (>0.4)(Source: Daiwa, 2009)

USA EXAMPLE California 20% renewables target

by 2010

33% renewables target

by 2020(Source: PBS, 2009)

AUSTRALIA

EXAMPLE Mandatory Renewable

Energy Target of 20%

renewable energy by

2020 Currently less than 5%

(Source: APP Dialogue)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION


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A. MARKET FUNDAMENTALSB. MARKET DRIVERSC. EDUCATIOND. FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENTE. CODES & STANDARDSF. DEVELOPMENT DRIVERSG. TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITYH. ASSURANCE CONDITIONS1.PLAN

NING

2.DESIGN

3.CONS

TRUCTION

4.SALE

S

5.OPER

ATION

6.RE-SALES

7.RETR

O-FITS

8.DEMOLITION

Support FactorsIssues that affect the achievement

of Low Carbon Housing throughout

the development process

VALUE CHAIN OVERVIEW

The Value Chain Map is anchored in key activities of the development cycle - from

project conception to product end of life. Activities and influencing factors areorganized across two dimensions:

Development ActivitiesKey activity areas in the

development cycle (primary) andongoing activities associated with

the development (secondary)


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SUPPORTING FACTOR Australia Canada China India Japan Mexico South Korea USA

A. HOUSING PROFILE Existing Housing Stock Residential Energy Use Energy Infrastructure &

Energy Prices

Energy Mix Housing Growth Housing Demand Areas

B. CONSUMER

ENVIRONMENT

Consumer Awareness Consumer Education Cultural Principles Housing Affordability

C. FINANCIAL

ENVIRONMENT

Lending Instruments Investment Opportunities Risk Valuation Contractual Assurance

D. REGULATORY

ENVIRONMENT

Political Capital Building Code By-Laws

Inspection/Appraisal Rigor Labelling and Certification

Carbon Regulation Continued

E. INDUSTRY CAPACITY Design Approaches Available Products Skilled Labour Industry Training

Best Practices Performance Assurance

VALUE CHAIN OVERVIEW


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Barriers tend to lead to business as usual. Change will require significant and sustained action

Need to change how we see communities and how consumers behave and contribute to theenergy mix. Requires a paradigm shift.

Need to achieve economies of scale. Market transformation requires community scale

implementation

Low Carbon Housing creates opportunities for energy providers, financial institutions, builders and consumers

Energy efficiency is first step to achieve Low Carbon Housing

Low Carbon Housing is part of the solution to achieve sustainability, energy security and reduce environmental

impacts including GHG emissions associated with energy supply

International collaboration with solutions tailored to country-specific requirements

Universal metrics Low Carbon Housing must be tested and verified for performance

Local solutions that respond to global trends

LESSONS LEARNED

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Low Carbon Housing. Amanda Kramer

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