Low-Carbon Process Plan - LOCSEE Carbon Process Plan_AUST… · majority of Austria’s GHG...

Report of

WP6, Activity 6.1

Low-Carbon Process Plan

Austria

Reporting Partner: ERDF PP3 JR

Low-Carbon Process Plan, AUSTRIA 2

The Low-Carbon Process Plan for Austria has been compiled by JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH in the framework of Action 6.1 of the project Low Carbon South East Europe (LOCSEE) (SEE/D/0166/2.4/X). The LOCSEE project is co-funded by the South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme. The plan was developed by Andreas Tuerk, Claudia Fruhmann and Hannes Schwaiger.


1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 2 Scope and mission of the process plan ............................................................................................................................ 5 3 Involvement of stakeholders ............................................................................................................................................ 10 4 Goals, targets and milestones ........................................................................................................................................... 13 5 Implementation strategy .................................................................................................................................................... 16 6 Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms ..................................................................................................................... 17 7 Communication activities .................................................................................................................................................. 18 8 References ................................................................................................................................................................................ 19


1 Introduction Austria struggled to meet its Kyoto targets and had to purchase 80 million carbon credits (CO2-

eq) abroad to ensure target achievement. Austria’s transport sector in particular, and other energy-consuming sectors, could not be sufficiently restructured to allow for a significant reduction in GHG emissions. While the target for the Kyoto period was to reduce GHG emissions by 13 percent compared to 1990, by 2020 Austria is required to reduce emissions by 16 percent compared to the 1990 level. In addition, Austria has an obligation to achieve a 34 percent share of renewables in final energy consumption by 2020.

The present document outlines two key national policy instruments dedicated to reducing GHG emissions: the Green Electricity Act, aimed at increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES); and the Energy Efficiency Act. This plan also indicates the possible paths towards the (better) implementation of these policy instruments in the future.

Both these instruments have been implemented with the participation of stakeholders, and efforts were made to take their opinions into consideration during the formulation stage. Regarding the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Act, a high level of uncertainty remains with respect to the concrete measures that utilities will implement, since the policy instrument did not come into force until 2014. Only time will tell if the formulation of this policy instrument was effective and took sufficient account of stakeholders’ interests.

With respect to the implementation of the Green Electricity Act, Austria is already more advanced. However, opinions are divided, and since the development of energy market prices and changes in the costs of technology are not easy to predict, any weaknesses in the policy instrument must be addressed by means other than greater stakeholder consultation. In this case, the adaptability of the instrument would be key to efficient target achievement. Starting with background data and information that provide an overview of the current developments in terms of GHG emissions in Austria, the present document goes on to introduce the policy process implemented in order to mitigate GHG emissions. It focuses on the development of the Austrian Energy Strategy, and on the Green Electricity Act and Energy Efficiency Act, which have been amended/implemented in order to achieve the targets established in the Austrian Energy Strategy. The main stakeholders affected by these two key policy instruments, as well as its main resources, are then introduced, followed by a description of the goals, targets and milestones related to the policy instruments. The next section focuses on the implementation strategy for the policy instruments, highlighting some of the weaknesses of the instruments. The remaining sections introduce the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms related to the policy instruments, as well as communication activities. This overview of the implementation process for the two selected key policy instruments linked to the Austrian Energy Strategy contributes to the better understanding of its functionality as well as the corresponding stakeholder system, and to the avoidance of possible weaknesses in future policy implementation.


2 Scope and mission of the process plan 2.1 Background data and information In 2012 (i.e. according to the latest available data), GHG emissions in Austria amounted to approximately 80.1 million tonnes CO2-eq (without taking into consideration land use, land-use change and forestry activities). This means that GHG emissions were 2.5 percent above the 1990 level, and 11.3 million tonnes of CO2-eq above the annual average for the Austrian 2008–2012 Kyoto target. If land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities are included, the 2012 value falls to around 76.2 million tonnes of CO2-eq, which nevertheless results in an 11.7 percent increase in GHG emissions compared to the 1990 level including LULUCF activities (68.029 million tonnes CO2-eq) (Eurostat, 2014).

Austria’s GHG emissions decreased continuously between 2005 and 2009, but in 2010 a slight increase in emissions was noticed once again. This was mainly caused by the economic crisis in 2008/2009, which led to a significant decline in GHG emissions in 2009, and to the ensuing economic recovery from 2010. In 2011, however, the trend began to decrease again, even though a low level of economic recovery persisted. The main reason was the continuing decline in the use of fossil energy sources, as well as the historical high in the amount of electricity generated from hydropower plants. In comparison to the 2011 value, the 2012 GHG emission value dropped about 3.3 percent (Umweltbundesamt, 2014). Even though the GHG emissions trend in Austria has continued to decrease, Austria’s 2012 Kyoto target has not been achieved.

The majority of GHG emissions in 2012 comprised carbon dioxide (CO2), which accounted for 84.6 percent of that year’s total emissions. Methane (CH4), with a share of about 6.6 percent, and nitrous oxide (N2O) with about 6.5 percent, were less significant. The remaining 2.2 percent of total GHG emissions in 2012 comprised fluorinated gases (F-gases), such as partly and full fluorinated hydrocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride (Umweltbundesamt, 2014).

Two sectors were mainly responsible for Austria’s GHG emissions in 2012: industry and manufacturing (30.8 percent of total emissions); and transport (about 27.1 percent). Emissions from transport have grown significantly since 1990 (plus 54.2 percent up to 2012). Emissions of GHGs from industry and manufacturing have grown by 16.1 percent compared to the 1990 level (Umweltbundesamt, 2014).

Emissions from the industrial and manufacturing sector are generated mainly by manufacturing processes and fuel consumption. Although the increasing use of renewable energy sources (RES) and improvements in energy efficiency have reduced GHG emissions in recent years, the sectoral Kyoto target has not been achieved (Umweltbundesamt, 2014). As a result, the improved implementation of policy instruments aimed at reducing GHG emissions


and increasing RES use will contribute to reducing national GHG emissions in the future. The transport sector also has a major role to play in future GHG reduction strategies through improved energy efficiency and the increased consumption of liquid biofuels.

Regardless of sector, about 75 percent of Austria’s GHG emissions are related to energy consumption (Eurostat, 2014), and mainly to the use of fossil fuels. Between 1990 and 2012, final energy consumption in Austria increased by about 35 percent. Final energy consumption based on fossil fuels significantly decreased from 2005, although GHG emissions did not fall sufficiently to enable the achievement of the Kyoto target (Umweltbundesamt, 2014). The major energy-consuming sectors in 2012 were industry (responsible for about one-third of consumption); transport (about one-third); and households (about one-quarter) (Eurostat, 2014).

All these energy-consuming sectors show significant potential for further GHG emissions reductions, which can be achieved by focusing on energy efficiency activities and by increasing the share of RES in the energy mix.

2.2 Structural elements of the process plan In general, national energy consumption accounts for the vast majority of all GHG emissions in Austria. To lower its energy consumption, Austria developed the Energy Strategy in 20101. More than 150 specialists and experts in nine working groups developed a proposal for the strategy aimed at creating a more sustainable and independent energy system in line with EU guidelines. The Energy Strategy is designed to improve:

• energy efficiency at all stages in the supply and use of energy (e.g. new and refurbished buildings, sustainable mobility, energy management systems, spatial planning etc.);

• the share of RES, with a focus on hydro power (including pumped-storage hydropower), wind power, biomass and photovoltaics; and

• the security of supply, aiming for the greatest possible cost-effectiveness (e.g. district heating and cooling, new transmission networks, diversification of supply sources and routes, gas storage, smart grids and smart metering).

The pillars of the Energy Strategy are shown in Figure 1.

1 Available at: www.energiestrategie.at


Figure 1: The main pillars of the Austrian Energy Strategy 2010

The Austrian Energy Strategy outlines many possible measures, some of which have been implemented while others are still in the design phase.

Based on the main pillars of the Austrian Energy Strategy 2010, and on the fact that the majority of Austria’s GHG emissions are energy induced, policy instruments targeting energy-consuming sectors with the aim of increasing the share of RES in the energy mix or improving energy efficiency can be regarded as important when drawing up the Low-Carbon Process Plan for Austria.

The Green Electricity Act

The production of electricity from RES is promoted mainly by the 2012 amendment to the Green Electricity Act, which was first introduced in 2002. The act sets targets for the expansion of renewable energy. In order to achieve the 2020 target set by the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC), which in Austria’s case is an increase in the share of RES in final energy consumption from 24.4 percent in 2005 to 34 percent in 2020, Austria has defined specific expansion targets for different RES technologies. The country is to have an additional 1,000 MW of hydropower; 2,000 MW of wind power, 200 MW of biomass and biogas power, and 1,200 MW of energy from PV by 2020. Investment grants and guaranteed feed-in tariffs are provided for 13 or 15 years for electricity from wind energy, PV, biomass and biogas, geothermal plants, small hydro plants, and combined heat and power (CHP) installations.

The Energy Efficiency Act

The Energy Efficiency Act, adopted in July 2014, will come into force on January 1, 2015. Based on the Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU), it aims to reduce Austria’s energy consumption to 1,050 PJ by 2020. Energy suppliers must prove that customers are achieving annual energy savings of 0.6 percent. Measures to achieve the targeted energy savings may


be implemented by the company itself or directly by final energy consumers, although 40 percent of the measures must be linked to household consumers. If no measures are planned, the target can also be achieved via compensation payments to the amount of EUR 0.20/kWh. Failure to achieve the target will result in an administrative penalty of up to EUR 100,000.

2.3 Policy formulation and stakeholder consultation The elaboration of the Austrian Energy Strategy was designed as a collective process with a high level of stakeholder participation. In 2009, the federal minister of agriculture, forestry, environment and water management, together with the federal minister of energy, presented the “path towards Austria’s Energy Strategy”, the formulation and implementation of which were intended to be developed with a variety of representatives of various institutions from both the public and private sectors. A schematic overview of the structural organisation related to the Austrian Energy Strategy is given in Figure 2.

WORKINGGROUPS

Federal States Austrian federation

POLITICAL COORDINATION

political responsibility, direction of process, coordination and moderation

STRATEGIC COORDINATION (2 MINISTRIES, 2 FEDERAL STATES)

Coordination of working groups, development of energy strategy, technical responsibility, coordination and moderation

Hydro-‐power

Conven-‐tional energy gener-‐ation

Renew-‐able

energy

Grid and

storage

Build-‐ings

House-‐holds /small businesses

Energy inten-‐sive

businesses

Incentives, regulation, legal basis, funding, research

Mobility

v

v v High Level Group

(energy and climate policy)

Federal states coordination

v v

Figure 2: Schematic overview of the elaboration process for the Austrian Energy Strategy2

The process was based on the creation of nine working groups, each of which comprised stakeholders from different areas (companies, institutions, NGOs, governmental organisations etc.). The working groups generated ideas for measures to be implemented in the following energy-related areas: RES, hydropower, conventional energy generation, grid and storage, buildings, households, small businesses, energy-intensive businesses, mobility, incentives, regulation, funding, legal basis and research and innovation. These suggestions for potential

2 The figure is based on the Austrian Energy Strategy, p. 15 (available at www.energiestrategie.at)


measures formed the basis for the further elaboration of the Energy Strategy. As seen in Figure 2, the Strategic Coordination group (two ministries and two federal states) was responsible for operational implementation, and also for the development of a precise action plan. Finally, the steps for strategic implementation were elaborated by the political coordinators, who also monitored the entire process of the elaboration of the Energy Strategy. While the Green Electricity Act was first implemented before the elaboration of the Energy Strategy in 2009, the Energy Efficiency Act was not implemented until after the publication of the strategy. Nevertheless, stakeholder interests and suggestions for amendments to the Green Electricity Act arising from working group discussions played a part in the formulation of the new version of the Green Electricity Act currently in force. Thus the current versions of both policy instruments are the result of the development process for the Energy Strategy, and were thus also greatly influenced by stakeholder participation in the process.


3 Involvement of stakeholders 3.1 Main stakeholders affected In terms of the implementation and impact of both key policy instruments, a wide range of stakeholders are involved. The involvement of stakeholders and stakeholder constellations can be crucial in the performance of policy instruments, since changes in the behaviour of targeted stakeholders may affect the outcome of those instruments. All stakeholders therefore need to be involved when targeting future GHG emission reductions and planning low-carbon processes. The main stakeholders affected by the Green Electricity Act and Energy Efficiency Act are introduced below.

Green Electricity Act

• Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management. This ministry is responsible for the achievement of Austria’s GHG reduction target of -16 percent compared to 1990 by 2020. It is also responsible for signing contracts and introducing subsidies according to the Green Electricity Act.

• Federal state government. The federal state government is responsible for approving power plants as green electricity plants.

• The Energy Clearing Service Center (OeMAG). This institution, guided by the national government, is responsible for providing and allocating the subsidies given via the Green Electricity Act.

• E-Control. This governmental regulator of the Austrian energy market is responsible for monitoring compliance with the Green Electricity Act. Its general duty is to “monitor and regulate the Austrian energy market so as to optimise public interests.”

• Power plants. Operating companies or individuals operating renewable energy plants are responsible for the planning, realisation and operation of projects, as well as for the selling of the electricity produced.

• Local interest groups/environmental NGOs/media. Local interest groups are groups that aim to bring their own interests and opinions into political decision-making processes by informing the public and influencing public opinion and thus putting pressure on political decision makers (the public administration). If local groups in the fields of environment or biodiversity are aiming to maintain existing land-use options, they may become competitors to actors planning to realise renewable energy projects such as hydropower plants or wind parks. Environmental NGOs aim to bring environmental considerations into political decision-making processes, which likewise makes them potential competitors, in terms of political interests, to actors planning to


realise renewable energy projects. Both groups may be supported in decision-making processes by various media that have an influence on political decision makers.

Table 1 provides an overview of governmental competences linked to the implementation of the first of the reviewed policy instruments.

Table 1: Overview of governmental competences linked to the implementation of the Green Electricity Act

Competence Activities

Federal state - Project application: approval of a power plant as a “green electricity plant”

Austrian federation - Signing contracts and awarding subsidies according to the Green Electricity Act

- Guiding OeMAG

- E-Control as the government regulator of the Austrian energy market

Energy Efficiency Act

• Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth. This ministry is responsible for setting up the Energy Efficiency Fund, which will receive input from compensation paid by companies. It is also responsible for establishing the Energy Efficiency Action Plan by April 2017 at the latest, and for updating it every three years.

• Utilities and energy consumers (households, industry). Energy providers that sell more than 25 GWh to final consumers are obliged to guarantee that at least 0.6 percent of the produced energy is saved annually: 40 percent of this saving must be achieved by households. If energy providers fail to achieve energy savings by their customers, they must carry out energy-saving measures via third parties. If the targets are not met, the energy provider must pay compensation of EUR 0.20/KWh. These payments will provide input into the Energy Efficiency Fund. One-third of the budget of this fund must be used to expand RES.


3.2 Stakeholders resources The different stakeholder groups have access to economic, political and financial resources to influence decision-making processes.

Political

The Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth are part of the central government. In some cases, ministerial responsibilities are further allocated to the federal government level. The Austrian settlement centre for green electricity (OeMAG) and E-Control are under the responsibility of the national government.

Although electricity producers, utilities, the majority of energy consumers as well as environmental NGOs, local interest groups and media are independent institutions, they do have the possibility to influence political decision making. Members of the governing boards of utilities may be strongly affiliated to a political party or even to the current government. At the same time, all these stakeholder groups may try to influence political decision making in their own interests.

In order to implement policy instruments in both areas — to increase the share of RES as well as to improve energy efficiency — communication between the public administration and independent institutions/energy consumers is very important. If political and public opinions strongly diverge, policy instruments will usually not have the expected effects.

Economic and financial

Financial resources may be provided from the central government budget for government ministries and institutions. The OeMAG occupies a special position, as it manages financial flows from the government budget to stakeholders eligible for grants under the Green Electricity Act. Other stakeholder groups mainly raise funds for themselves, although they also have the opportunity to obtain funding from sources such as the EU through participation in projects and studies, for example.


4 Goals, targets and milestones Increasing the share of RES and improving energy efficiency are both important pillars of the EU’s strategy towards climate change mitigation. As part of its 2020 Climate and Energy Package, published in 2008, the EU agreed on three key objectives by 2020:

• To reduce GHG emissions by 20 percent • To increase the share of RES in energy consumption by 20 percent • To improve energy efficiency by 20 percent

The 20-20-20 targets, as the headline targets in the EU 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, are to be achieved via the implementation of a set of binding legislation. As increasing the share of RES in energy consumption is directly included within this legislation, via the implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC), energy efficiency improvements are not directly addressed. This was not done until 2011, when the Energy Efficiency Plan was introduced through the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU).

The Renewable Energy Directive imposed obligations for the achievement of individual RES targets for each member state in order to achieve a joint 20 percent increase in the share of RES in energy consumption by 2020. Austria is obliged to achieve a 34 percent share of renewables in final energy consumption by 2020. On top of its individual target, an additional 10 percent renewable energy target for energy consumed in the transport sector has been set for each member state. Based on Article 4 of the Renewable Energy Directive, each member state must draft a renewable energy action plan (NREAP), demonstrating how it plans to meet the target set by this directive.

The Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU) establishes binding measures for improving energy efficiency over the entire energy supply chain, from transformation to distribution and consumption. It also sets indicative national energy efficiency targets for 2020. Austria must reduce its final energy consumption to 1,050 PJ by 2020. Each member state must also establish an energy efficiency action plan by April, 2017 at the latest, which has to be updated every three years thereafter.

Both these directives have already been implemented in Austrian national legislation. Increasing the share of RES

The Austrian National Renewable Energy Action Plan outlines how specific RES technologies will be expanded to meet Austria’s 34 percent target by 2020. The action plan also contains interim targets. While these are only indicative, they are a suitable tool for monitoring the effectiveness of the implemented measures (see Figure 3).


Figure 3: Targets for RES in the Renewable Energy Action Plan

In order to achieve these targets, the Green Electricity Act was amended and now represents the main national implementation act for the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) in Austria.

Improving energy efficiency

Final energy consumption is calculated according to the Energy Strategy, and the amount is reflected in Austria’s NREAP (see Figure 4).


Figure 4: Energy Strategy model

Figure 4 shows two scenarios for final energy consumption by 2020: with the implementation of the Energy Strategy; and without the implementation of the Energy Strategy. Stabilising final energy consumption at 1,050 PJ corresponds to an improvement in energy efficiency of approximately 200 PJ. The 34 percent target for RES can be achieved by 2020 if the Energy Strategy is fully implemented. This share would correspond to final energy consumption of 390 PJ from RES by 2020, thus an increase in RES of approximately 70 PJ will be required in this scenario (Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth, 2010).

The Energy Efficiency Act has been implemented in order to achieve the Austrian energy-saving target to stabilise energy consumption at 1,050 PJ by 2020.


5 Implementation strategy While the Green Electricity Act targets companies investing in RES, the Energy Efficiency Act targets energy providers that have to implement energy efficiency measures in households. This is challenging, since it involves many individuals who need to make technical changes and also changes in their behaviour. The concrete measures to be implemented by utilities have not yet been defined, and the uncertainties in this area need to be addressed.

Current Austrian policies mainly comprise financial incentives for the adoption of energy-efficient technologies (e.g. subsidies, investment incentives, subsidised loans). They are not therefore able to address the multiple barriers arising as a result of market imperfections and policy interactions (Steiner et al., 2012).

The rebound effect — defined as the eventual increase in energy demand after consumers have taken advantage of the efficiency improvements — counteracts energy efficiency efforts. In general, technological improvements imply a fall in the price of the respective goods or services. This decrease either results in higher demand for those same goods and services (direct rebound effect); or, due to the increase in consumers’ available financial resources, raises demand for other goods and services (indirect rebound effect). The design and implementation of energy efficiency measures therefore requires a set of measures that includes both financial measures and prescriptive measures that take into account the multiple failures of purely financial incentives.

Energy efficiency improvements may also be hindered by market barriers, such as monopolistic agents as well as restricted market access, and may also be influenced by a variety of factors in terms of product deployment (e.g. costs, provision of services and logistics). Households may lack knowledge of and reliable role models for the benefits of energy efficiency, which may prevent the adoption of product innovations. Also, the actual impact of energy efficiency policies may strongly depend on the surrounding system, including national circumstances, regulatory obstacles and stakeholder constellations.

The implementation of the Green Electricity Act, by contrast, is freer from dangers than energy efficiency activities, which may explain why it was introduced in Austria already in 2002. Amendments have since followed based on experience over the years, and the Green Electricity Act is being continuously enhanced. However, the setting of tariffs and subsidies remains difficult, since changes in energy market prices and technology costs are not always easily to predict. This has been shown, for example, in the huge reduction in the technology costs of solar panels in recent years, which has resulted in a big increase in the number of installations. In most EU member states the feed-in tariffs for solar energy are relatively high, thus, based on the falling installation costs, solar panels have become quite lucrative for investors. It is therefore important to establish a flexible instrument for subsidy determination that is able to react to changing conditions.


6 Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms The implementation and effectiveness of both key policy instruments also underlies several monitoring processes at both national and European level.

Green Electricity Act

The achievement of targets set in the Green Electricity Act is continuously monitored by E-Control, which is also responsible for the regulation of the Austrian energy market. E-Control identifies possible barriers to achieving RES targets and must immediately inform the Austrian Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth. E-Control is also obliged to produce an annual report presenting the latest developments with respect to electricity generated from RES, including the current status of target achievement as well as variations compared to the preceding years and suggestions for improving the support mechanisms in the future.

The Austrian Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth is also responsible for supervising the Austrian settlement centre for green electricity, OeMAG, which pays out the subsidies granted by the Green Electricity Act. It informs the Austrian National Council about the achievement of RES targets. OeMAG is also supervised by the Austrian Court of Auditors.

The Austrian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, which is responsible for closing contracts related to the Green Electricity Act, is obliged to release an annual report presenting the actual level of process with respect to the authorisation, construction and adaptation of hydropower plants.

Electricity entities and other entities linked to duties required under the green electricity act are obliged to allow government institutions to look at all the required data and documentation.

The achievement of the RES target is also monitored at European level. Member states must prepare reports on progress towards target achievement, which have to be updated every two years.

Energy Efficiency Act

It is planned to monitor energy efficiency improvements nationally via the establishment of a national monitoring institution. The tasks of the national energy efficiency monitoring institution are to report annually on progress towards target achievement; establish national energy efficiency action plans; identify all entities that are affected by the Energy Efficiency Act; and monitor and evaluate all duties and activities necessary in relation to the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Act.

The activities of the national energy efficiency monitoring institution are monitored by the Austrian Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth.


7 Communication activities The implementation of measures in the climate change sector in Austria is sometimes delayed due to a lack of coordination and communication between stakeholders and relevant institutions. At the same time, the successful implementation of energy efficiency measures by companies depends on the exchange of best practices, relevant information and know-how.

Austria has developed an information and training programme known as klima:aktiv, to complement the measures contained in the climate and energy strategies. The primary objective of klima:aktiv is to introduce and promote climate-friendly technologies. Specific programmes are carried out in four thematic clusters — buildings, energy efficiency, mobility, and renewable energy — by programme managers from different institutions.

Klima:aktiv initiative activities include:

• Training professionals. • Setting standards and safeguarding quality in new and booming markets. Klima:aktiv

introduces quality standards for products and services and establishes quality management systems, for example for biomass district heating systems or buildings.

• Providing information and raising awareness. Klima:aktiv provides online and print information to empower consumers, companies and professionals. It also participates in many events each year.

• Providing advice and support. Klima:aktiv offers consultancy services to companies interested in making their production processes energy efficient, renovating their facilities, introducing mobility management, or changing over to energy-efficient appliances and IT systems. Klima:aktiv empowers existing consultants by equipping them with new tools, benchmarking energy efficiency and offering further training on specific issues.

• Activating partners and networking.

Successful climate protection depends on the commitment of existing initiatives and networks, as well as on the commitment of the business and public sectors. Klima:aktiv aims to bring these players together to create a powerful network for climate protection.


8 References Eurostat (2014): Energy and environmental statistics available at

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth (2010): Energie Strategie Österreich –

Maßnahmenvorschläge (Austrian Energy Strategy). Available at: www.energiestrategie.at Umweltbundesamt (2014): Klimaschutzbericht (Climate report) 2014. Available at

http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0491.pdf Steiner, D. and A. Tuerk (2012). Barrieren und Erfolgsfaktoren zur Umsetzung von feinstaubreduzierenden Maßnahmen (Working paper for the project “Umluft II”: Barriers to and success factors for implementing fine dust reducing measures), ISSN 2307-8367.

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