Low Density Materials - Defense Technical Information · PDF file- Organo-solubility ......

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Air Force Research Laboratory

Low Density Materials

09 MAR 2012

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2012 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW

NAME: Low Density Materials PORTFOLIO DESCRIPTION : Transformative research targeting advanced materials that enable substantial reductions in system weight with enhancements in performance and function. Research within the portfolio is focused on INCREASING the SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE of aerospace platforms. PORTFOLIO SUB-AREAS: Structural Lightweighting Multifunctionality Hybrid Materials Increased emphasis on forging interdisciplinary teams to address broad-base challenges


Why Low Density Materials?

If it has structure and rises above the ground, material density is important!

Material density impacts: payload capacity, range, cost,

agility, survivability, environmental impact….


Increasing Specific Performance in Aerospace Platforms

Specific Performance Performance * r -1


Polyimide Nanofiber Reinforced Structures

Dr. Yuris Dzenis McBroom Professor

Dr. Stephen Cheng NAE Robert C. Musson Trustees Professor

Dr. Frank W. Harris Distinguished Professor Emeritus

Novel Material Synthesis Incorporating steric hindances and reduced chain periodicity to achieve: - Organo-solubility - Structural rigidity and toughness - High thermal stability


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 100 200 300 400

Tou

ghn

ess

(M

Pa)

Fiber Diameter (nm)

Toughness Vs Fiber Diameter

Advanced carbon fiber

Continuous nanofibers electrospun from novel, soluble polyimide

8.7 GPa strength 47% failure strain

2,500 MPA toughness

Nanofiber Reinforced Structures

High Strength, Tough Polyimide Nanofibers

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

0 100 200 300 400

Ult

imat

e T

en

sile

Str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Fiber Diameter (nm)

Tensile Strength Vs Fiber Diameter


Fundamental Challenge: Improving CNT-CNT Load Transfer

Dr. Ben Wang Fellow – IIE, SME, SAMPE

Dr. Richard Liang

Translation of Nanoscale Properties to Macroscale Structures

CNT Bundles

Alignment

Densely Packed, Flattened CNTs


CNT-CNT Reaction Mechanisms

A. V. Krasheninnikov, K. Nordlund, “Ion and Electron Irradiation-Induced Effects in Nanostructured Materials,” J. Appl. Phys. 107, 071301, 2010

Irradiation-induced Crosslinking of CNTs

Crosslinking MWCNTs via

Covalent Bonds

Fundamental Challenge: CNT-CNT Bonding


Dr. David Veazie • 2010 AFRL Summer

Faculty Fellow at

AFRL/RW

• National Technical

Achiever of the Year

(AFOSR DURIP 11) Acquisition of a Thermal Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope Nanoparticle Reinforced Resins for Readily Processable, High Temperature, Low Density Composites and Energetic Materials

“The SEM will meet the increasingly stringent requirements of cutting-edge materials technology for fundamental research and the education and research training of students.”

SEM of 0.3 wt% graphite/PETI-298,

confirming the dispersed graphene

Training Tomorrow’s Workforce


\.J ••• •


Liquid Phase Processing of CNTs

Polarized light micrograph of 10 mm

CNT/chlorosulfonic acid dispersion

Research in

collaboration

with Teijin Aramids

Dr. Matteo Pasquali

37±3µm

Technology

Transfer

Typical Acid Spun Fiber

Multifunctionality: CNT Fibers

Cryo-TEM CNT/

chlorosulfonic acid dispersion


LED wired and held by “invisible” CNT fibers

Research in collaboration of Teijin Aramids

• Best electrical conductivity reported for neat CNT fibers • Order of magnitude increase in electrical & thermal conductivity and strength

Multifunctionality Load-bearing + Electrical Conductivity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15

Tensile

Str

ength

/Density

Electrical conductivity/density (kS m2 / kg)

PAN C fiber

Pitch C fiber

RICE CNT fiber

Ni-coated

PAN C fiber

Steel Aluminum

Copper Nickel Silver

Gold

Mm

2/s

2 o

r N

/Tex


Dr. Micah Green • 2010 AFOSR Young Investigator Award

1Wajid et al, Carbon, 2012

Stabilizers:

PVP π-π stackers

Non-covalent functionalization of graphene in solution

Dispersions are stable against pH changes, heat, lyophilization

GRAPHITE

STATUS QUO: OXIDATION

GRAPHENE OXIDE

OUR METHOD: NON-COVALENT

STABILIZATION1

PRISTINE GRAPHENE

Disadvantage: Insulating, oxidative debris

Advantages: Retains conductivity,

stabilizer can be tailored to application

Physisorption of PVP on graphene surface guarantees excellent interfacial load transfer1

Enabling Multifunctionality: Graphene Nanocomposites


Carbon

nanotubes

Boron nitride

nanotubes

Mechanical

Properties

1.33 TPa

1.18 TPa

Electrical

Properties

Metallic or

semiconducting

Semiconducting

(~ 5.5 eV band

gap)

Polarity

No net dipole

Permanent

dipole

Piezoelectric

(0.25-0.4 C/m2)

Neutron

Scattering

cross-section

C = 0.0035 B = 767 (B10

~3800)

N = 1.9

Thermal

Oxidative

Stability

Stable to

300 – 400 C in

air

Stable to

800 C in air

BNNT Multifunctionality

BNNT

CNT


Single Tube Nanomechanics

Nanotube Outer Diameter (nm)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Eff

ec

tive

Ra

dia

l E

las

tic

Mo

du

lus

(G

Pa

)

0

20

40

60

Boron Nitride Nanotube

Carbon Nanotube

single-wall

double-wall

triple-wall

BNNTs have 40-60% lower effective radial elastic modulus than comparable CNTs

Tensile Test

Single tube pull-out test

Peel Test

Dr. Changhong Ke 2010 AFOSR Young Investigator Award

1st report of radial deformability of BNNT


Multifunctionality Load-bearing + Actuation

SWCNT film electrodes

BNNT active layer

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

0.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

PE+ES Strain

PE Strain

ES Strain

In-P

lan

e S

tra

in (

mm

/mm

)

Electric Field (MV/m)e33 = d33·E + M33·E2 + … Field induced strain (e33)

1st experimental observation of electrostrictive strain in BNNT

Dr. Cheol Park

Prof. Alex Zettl Fellow - APS

Theoretical Prediction of Net Polarization

Electric Field (MV/m)

In-P

lan

e S

trai

n (

mm

/mm

)


Multifunctionality Load-bearing + Radiation Shielding

Neutron Shielding UV Shielding

Shielding Effectiveness of BNNT exceeds h-BN on weight basis

LD

PE

30 w

t% B

N P

ow

der

5 w

t% B

NN

T

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0 30 wt% (Projected)

Absorp

tion C

oeffic

ient (m

) [m

m-1]

(Shie

ldin

g E

ffectiveness)

LDPE h-BN BNNT


1D Carbon

Nanotubes

2D Graphene

Nanostructured Carbon

0D Fullerene

3D

?


MURI 11 Topic: Nanofabrication of 3D Nanotube Architectures

Objective: Controlled assembly and atomic-scale bonding of nanoscale elements (e.g. carbon nanotubes and graphene), leading to network structures with exceptional 3D thermo-electro-mechanical properties

Multi-Path Synthesis and Assembly

Multiscale-Multiphysics Design - density function theory - molecular dynamics (MD) - mesoscale/continuum models - finite element

Multiscale Characterization - atomic scale structure - node integrity - mechanical properties - electron & phonon transport

- doping-induced branching - metal nanoparticle-induced branching - atomic nanotube welders Multifunctional

Structural Materials

Morphing & Actuation Devices

Energy Conversion &

Storage

Electronic & Sensor Devices

Thermal Management

Materials

Materials Enabling Future Aerospace Needs


Synthesis and Characterization of 3D Carbon

Nanotube Solid Networks, Rice U. MURI Team

Multidisciplinary, Collaborative Team

Pulickel M. Ajayan, PI

Synthesis, characterization,

mechanical, electrochemical,

thermal properties

James Tour

Synthesis, chemistry,

devices, electrical properties

Matteo Pasquali

Solvent processing, rheology,

fibers, mechanical properties

Boris Yakobson

Ab-initio modeling, simulations,

structure-property correlations,

thermo-mechanical properties

Ray Baughman

Synthesis, fiber spinning,

mechanical, thermo-mechanical,

electro-mechanical properties

Mauricio Terrones

Synthesis, chemical processing,

atomic scale characterization,

structure modeling

Jonghwan Suhr

Synthesis, modeling,

thermo-mechanical behavior,

viscoelastic properties,

composites


Nanofabrication of 3D Nanotube Architectures

Case Western Reserve U., MURI Team \.J ••• •

Linling Dai (C\VRU)

Titn Fisher (Purdue)

""thermal transport & management.

nanotechnology--

' 'C-nanomaterials syntheses & de\-ices"

Quan Li (KSU)

~CASE PURDUE "" "'"'"" ""'""""'YP~\IlT

~1a1~1r~~ VJfT 1 -<'fTeCflr' I [k:;~®,-. VNJVOOJlYOf

KENT SfATE NORTH·TEXAS

Zhonglin \Vang (GaTech) ~TU)

··nanoscale structure & deYice ··mechanical electrical characterization & no\-el hybrids"' multi-scale sinmlation··

THE MURI TEAM

Vikas Prakash (C\VRU)

Chung Chitm Liu (C\VRU)

'"electrochemistry. sensors & energy de·vices--

·'liquid crystal materi.."lls. cbem.istry. self-assembly··

··multi-scale structure-property characterization; thennal management"

Xiulit1 Ruan (Plu·due)

'"thennal modeling of e-p &p-p coupling"


\.J ••• •


Hybrid Materials Design

Design the structure based on limitations of

the material



Dis

cip

lin

e

M

ate

ria

ls S

cie

nc

e

Ph

ys

ics

C

he

mis

try

E

ng

ine

eri

ng

pm nm µm mm

Length Scale

Electronic

Atomistic

Micro

Macro

Materials Modeling Hierarchy

*Slide created by Dr. Tim Brietzman, ARFL/RXBC


Dr. Tim Breitzman AFRL/RXBC

Dr. Rajiv Berry AFRL/RXBN

Dr. Jim Moller

Connecting Atomistic & Microscale Behaviors -- Essential for Materials Design

Polymer network

breakdown

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Str

es

s (

GP

a)

Strain

Stress History

0

2

4

6

0 500 1000

Step

Number of scissions

Molecular representation of epoxy resin and mapping of nanoscale voids due to bond scission



Prof. Reinhold

Dauskardt Fellow – ACerS, ASM

ICMSE Hybrid Materials Design


AFOSR/NSF Joint Research Solicitation

2011 Basic Research Initiative

• Packaging/Deploying Control Surfaces Satellites Solar sails Precision air drop Tube launched systems

• Mechanisms Compliant mechanisms

Actuators

Advance understanding of folding and unfolding of materials structures across scales for design of engineered systems

ODISSEI: Origami Design for Integration of Self-assembling Systems for Engineering Innovation

• Materials Hierarchial materials design Atomistic assembly Active/tunable materials


Research Community Leadership DOD COMMUNITY

INTERNATIONAL

AFOSR

Low Density

Materials

RX, RV, RW LRIRs, STTRs,

MURIs, Workshops,

Reviews, Visits Lightweight Structures

Nanostructured Materials

AFRL DIRECTORATES

OTHER AGENCIES

Origami Engineering

US-India Tunable Materials Forum

US-AFRICA Initiative

Reliance 21 Board Materials and Processing COI


Dr. Marilyn Minus

Dr. Markus J. Buehler

Dr. Henry Sodano

Dr. Ashlie Martini

Dr. Jeff Youngblood

Dr. Robert Moon Dr. Olesya Zhupanska 2011 DARPA Young Faculty

Acknowledgements

Dr. Satish Kumar

Dr. Brandon Arritt

AFRL/RV

Dr. Ryan Justice AFRL/RX

Dr. Benji Marayama AFRL/RX

Dr. Chris Muratore AFRL/RX

Dr. Rajesh Naik AFRL/RX

Dr. Sharmila Mukhopadhyay

Dr. James Seferis GloCal Network Corp.

Dr. Samit Roy Dr. Kishore Pochiaju

Dr. Greg Odegard

Dr. Mesfin Tsige

Dr. Soumya Patnaik AFRL/RX

Dr. Ajit Roy AFRL/RX


\.J ••• •

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