Low Impact DevelopmentPollutant Detections In Runoff From
California Neighborhoods
Loren OkiUC Davis, Plant Sciences
Darren HaverUC Cooperative Extension, Orange County
Low Impact Development ConferenceOctober 6, 2010
Project Background
Evaluating Best Management Practices (BMP) effectiveness to reduce
volumes and improve quality of runoff from urban environments
Funding provided by: California State Water Resources Control Board CALFED Bay-Delta Program
Project Objectives
• Characterize runoff• Single family residences• Pesticides, nutrients, drinking water COCs,
pathogen indicators• Determine flow
volumes
• Develop pollutantloading models• Dry and wet season
• Measure outreacheffects
Site Selection
• 8 sites• 4 each in Sacramento (N. Cal)
and Orange (S. Cal) Counties
• Criteria• Single family homes• 4-20 years old• Lot size• Demographics
Water Sample CollectionSampling Schedule
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2006 Weekly* Weekly* Weekly
2007 Biweekly Weekly Weekly Weekly
2008 Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Weekly
2009 Monthly Monthly* None None
2010 None Monthly Monthly Monthly
• Sampling by Master Gardeners in Sac Co• Up to 5 early storms of each season
• Continuous Data Collection– Flows (depth & velocity)– Temperature– pH– Electrical conductivity– Rainfall
• Automated StormwaterSampling
• Remote Communication Photos: L.Oki
Monitoring
• Continuous Data Collection– Flows (depth & velocity)– Temperature– pH– Electrical conductivity– Rainfall
• Automated StormwaterSampling
• Remote Communication Photos: L.Oki
Monitoring
Water Sample CollectionUC Cooperative Extension
Master Gardeners
Photos: L.Oki
Analyses of Water SamplesUC Riverside
Gan Lab
NutrientsNitrate, TKN,Phosphate, Total P
Pesticidesdiazinon,
chlorpyrifos,pyrethroids (9),
fipronil
Drinking Water COCsTOC, DOC, Brˉ, Clˉ, TDS, TSS, turbidity
Yates Lab
Pathogen indicatorsE. coliTotal coliformsSomatic coliphagesMale-specific
coliphagesEnterococciClostridium
perfringens
PathogensGiardiaCryptosporidium
Pesticide Detection Frequency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% d
etec
t
Dia
zino
n
Chl
orpy
rifos
Fip
roni
l
Bife
nthr
in
Fen
prop
athr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
cis-
Per
met
hrin
tran
s-P
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Esf
enva
lera
te
Del
tam
ethr
in
% D
ete
ctio
n
n=62
As reported Sep 18, 2008
Detection limit= 0.5 ng/L
OPs
Fipro
nil
Pyre
thro
ids
Sacramento County
Pesticide Detection Frequency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% d
etec
t
Dia
zino
n
Chl
orpy
rifos
Fip
roni
l
Bife
nthr
in
Fen
prop
athr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
cis-
Per
met
hrin
tran
s-P
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Esf
enva
lera
te
Del
tam
ethr
in
% D
ete
ctio
n
n=62
OPs
Fipro
nil
Pyre
thro
ids
Sacramento County
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% d
etec
t
Dia
zino
n
Chl
orpy
rifos
Fip
roni
l
Bife
nthr
in
Fen
prop
athr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
cis-
Per
met
hrin
tran
s-P
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Esf
enva
lera
te
Del
tam
ethr
in
% D
ete
ctio
n
n=56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dia
zino
n
Chl
orpy
rifos
Fip
roni
l
Bife
nthr
in
Fen
prop
athr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
cis-
Per
met
hrin
tran
s-P
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Esf
enva
lera
te
Del
tam
ethr
in
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% d
etec
t
Dia
zino
n
Chl
orpy
rifos
Fip
roni
l
Bife
nthr
in
Fen
prop
athr
in
L-C
yhal
othr
in
cis-
Per
met
hrin
tran
s-P
erm
ethr
in
Cyf
luth
rin
Cyp
erm
ethr
in
Esf
enva
lera
te
Del
tam
ethr
in
Orange Countyn=52
n=49
Bifenthrin Concentration- S Cal
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10/1
0/20
06
11/1
0/20
06
12/1
0/20
06
1/10
/200
7
2/10
/200
7
3/10
/200
7
4/10
/200
7
5/10
/200
7
6/10
/200
7
7/10
/200
7
8/10
/200
7
9/10
/200
7
10/1
0/20
07
11/1
0/20
07
12/1
0/20
07
1/10
/200
8
2/10
/200
8
3/10
/200
8
4/10
/200
8
5/10
/200
8
6/10
/200
8
7/10
/200
8
8/10
/200
8
9/10
/200
8
10/1
0/20
08
11/1
0/20
08
12/1
0/20
08
ng
/L
Non-storm
Storm
96 hr LC50 Hyalella azteca
nn = 70ns = 9
S2
nn=70ns= 9
300
Bifenthrin Concentration- S Cal
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10/1
0/20
06
11/1
0/20
06
12/1
0/20
06
1/10
/200
7
2/10
/200
7
3/10
/200
7
4/10
/200
7
5/10
/200
7
6/10
/200
7
7/10
/200
7
8/10
/200
7
9/10
/200
7
10/1
0/20
07
11/1
0/20
07
12/1
0/20
07
1/10
/200
8
2/10
/200
8
3/10
/200
8
4/10
/200
8
5/10
/200
8
6/10
/200
8
7/10
/200
8
8/10
/200
8
9/10
/200
8
10/1
0/20
08
11/1
0/20
08
12/1
0/20
08
ng
/L
Non-storm
Storm
96 hr LC50 Hyalella azteca
nn = 70ns = 9
S2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10/1
0/20
06
11/1
0/20
06
12/1
0/20
06
1/10
/200
7
2/10
/200
7
3/10
/200
7
4/10
/200
7
5/10
/200
7
6/10
/200
7
7/10
/200
7
8/10
/200
7
9/10
/200
7
10/1
0/20
07
11/1
0/20
07
12/1
0/20
07
1/10
/200
8
2/10
/200
8
3/10
/200
8
4/10
/200
8
5/10
/200
8
6/10
/200
8
7/10
/200
8
8/10
/200
8
9/10
/200
8
10/1
0/20
08
11/1
0/20
08
12/1
0/20
08
ng
/L
1,032.3 ng/L 495.0 ng/L
nn = 60ns = 9
S1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10/1
0/20
06
11/1
0/20
06
12/1
0/20
06
1/10
/200
7
2/10
/200
7
3/10
/200
7
4/10
/200
7
5/10
/200
7
6/10
/200
7
7/10
/200
7
8/10
/200
7
9/10
/200
7
10/1
0/20
07
11/1
0/20
07
12/1
0/20
07
1/10
/200
8
2/10
/200
8
3/10
/200
8
4/10
/200
8
5/10
/200
8
6/10
/200
8
7/10
/200
8
8/10
/200
8
9/10
/200
8
10/1
0/20
08
11/1
0/20
08
12/1
0/20
08
ng
/L
688.5 ng/L
n = 69n = 9
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10/1
0/20
06
11/1
0/20
06
12/1
0/20
06
1/10
/200
7
2/10
/200
7
3/10
/200
7
4/10
/200
7
5/10
/200
7
6/10
/200
7
7/10
/200
7
8/10
/200
7
9/10
/200
7
10/1
0/20
07
11/1
0/20
07
12/1
0/20
07
1/10
/200
8
2/10
/200
8
3/10
/200
8
4/10
/200
8
5/10
/200
8
6/10
/200
8
7/10
/200
8
8/10
/200
8
9/10
/200
8
10/1
0/20
08
11/1
0/20
08
12/1
0/20
08
ng
/L
6,121.4 ng/L 537.9 ng/L
nn = 69ns = 9
S3 S4
nn=60ns= 9
nn=70ns= 9
nn=69ns= 9
nn=60ns= 9
300300
300 300 Graphics: E. Lee
Bifenthrin Concentration- N Cal
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
7/1
0/2
00
6
8/1
0/2
00
6
9/1
0/2
00
6
10
/10
/20
06
11
/10
/20
06
12
/10
/20
06
1/1
0/2
00
7
2/1
0/2
00
7
3/1
0/2
00
7
4/1
0/2
00
7
5/1
0/2
00
7
6/1
0/2
00
7
7/1
0/2
00
7
8/1
0/2
00
7
9/1
0/2
00
7
10
/10
/20
07
11
/10
/20
07
12
/10
/20
07
1/1
0/2
00
8
2/1
0/2
00
8
3/1
0/2
00
8
4/1
0/2
00
8
5/1
0/2
00
8
6/1
0/2
00
8
7/1
0/2
00
8
8/1
0/2
00
8
9/1
0/2
00
8
10
/10
/20
08
11
/10
/20
08
ng
/L
nn = 84ns = 11
170.4 ng/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
7/1
0/2
00
6
8/1
0/2
00
6
9/1
0/2
00
6
10
/10
/20
06
11
/10
/20
06
12
/10
/20
06
1/1
0/2
00
7
2/1
0/2
00
7
3/1
0/2
00
7
4/1
0/2
00
7
5/1
0/2
00
7
6/1
0/2
00
7
7/1
0/2
00
7
8/1
0/2
00
7
9/1
0/2
00
7
10
/10
/20
07
11
/10
/20
07
12
/10
/20
07
1/1
0/2
00
8
2/1
0/2
00
8
3/1
0/2
00
8
4/1
0/2
00
8
5/1
0/2
00
8
6/1
0/2
00
8
7/1
0/2
00
8
8/1
0/2
00
8
9/1
0/2
00
8
10
/10
/20
08
11
/10
/20
08
ng
/L
nn = 80ns = 11F1 F2N1 N2
nn = 84ns = 11
nn = 80ns = 11
150 150
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
7/1
0/2
00
6
8/1
0/2
00
6
9/1
0/2
00
6
10
/10
/20
06
11
/10
/20
06
12
/10
/20
06
1/1
0/2
00
7
2/1
0/2
00
7
3/1
0/2
00
7
4/1
0/2
00
7
5/1
0/2
00
7
6/1
0/2
00
7
7/1
0/2
00
7
8/1
0/2
00
7
9/1
0/2
00
7
10
/10
/20
07
11
/10
/20
07
12
/10
/20
07
1/1
0/2
00
8
2/1
0/2
00
8
3/1
0/2
00
8
4/1
0/2
00
8
5/1
0/2
00
8
6/1
0/2
00
8
7/1
0/2
00
8
8/1
0/2
00
8
9/1
0/2
00
8
10
/10
/20
08
11
/10
/20
08
ng
/L
nn = 77ns = 11
283.16 ng/L 669.70 ng/LNatN4 nn = 77
ns = 11
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
7/10
/200
6
8/10
/200
6
9/10
/200
6
10/1
0/20
06
11/1
0/20
06
12/1
0/20
06
1/10
/200
7
2/10
/200
7
3/10
/200
7
4/10
/200
7
5/10
/200
7
6/10
/200
7
7/10
/200
7
8/10
/200
7
9/10
/200
7
10/1
0/20
07
11/1
0/20
07
12/1
0/20
07
1/10
/200
8
2/10
/200
8
3/10
/200
8
4/10
/200
8
5/10
/200
8
6/10
/200
8
7/10
/200
8
8/10
/200
8
9/10
/200
8
10/1
0/20
08
11/1
0/20
08
ng
/L
Non-storm
Storm
96 hr LC50 Hyalella azteca
nn = 70ns = 7196.9 ng/L151.2 ng/L
150nn = 70ns = 7
N3150
Intensive Dry Weather Sampling
• Dry weather grab sampling– N. California- Tuesdays, 11:00-2:00 – S. California- Wednesdays, 7:00-
11:00• Hourly sampling for 7 days• S. California Site
– June 16– 23, 2008• N. California Site
– July 23-30, 2008
Sample Collection & Analyses
Time
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
3 sample composite
TOCTSSNitrateOrthophosphatepHECTurbidity
12 sample composite
DiazinonChlorpyrifos
Fipronil
BifenthrinFenpropathrinL-Cyhalothrincis-Permethrintrans-PermethrinCyfluthrinEsfenvalerateDeltamethrin
1 grab sample every 24 hrs for biologicals
Sacramento County Location
Synthetic Pyrethroids
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
W-D
W-N
Th-
D
Th-
N
F-D
F-N
Sa-
D
Sa-
N
Su-
D
Su-
N
M-D
M-N
Tu-
D
Tu-
N
Bif
enth
rin
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ng
/L)
Geomean=2.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
M-D
M-N
Tu-
D
Tu-
N
W-D
W-N
Th-
D
Th-
N
Fr-
D
Fr-
N
Sa-
D
Sa-
N
Su-
D
Su-
N
Bif
enth
rin
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ng
/L)
Geomean=13
Northern California Southern California
Bifenthrin
Fipronil
Southern CaliforniaNorthern California
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
W-D
W-N
Th-
D
Th-
N
F-D
F-N
Sa-
D
Sa-
N
Su-
D
Su-
N
M-D
M-N
Tu-
D
Tu-
N
Fip
ron
il C
on
cen
trat
ion
(n
g/L
)
Geomean=1.4
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
M-D
M-N
Tu-
D
Tu-
N
W-D
W-N
Th-
D
Th-
N
Fr-
D
Fr-
N
Sa-
D
Sa-
N
Su-
D
Su-
N
Fip
ron
il C
on
cen
trat
ion
(n
g/L
)
Geomean=97
2,884.5 ppt
Dry season runoff patternsDaily Periodicity
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00
Wate
r D
ep
th (
cm)
Time of Day
TueJuly 1
WedJuly 2
MonJuly 7
SunJuly 6
SatJuly 5
FriJuly 4
ThuJuly 3
Graphics: L. Oki
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00
Dry season runoff patternsW
ate
r D
ep
th (
cm)
Time of Day
TueJuly 1
WedJuly 2
MonJuly 7
SunJuly 6
SatJuly 5
FriJuly 4
ThuJuly 3
Daily Periodicity
Graphics: L. Oki
• 4 Test neighborhoods
• Current county land useLow & Very Low
Density
• 50-year projected land use
• Wet & Dry seasons
Pollutant Loading ModelMulti-Scale
Graphics: A. Manfree
Pollutant Load Modeling Low & Very Low Density Residential Zones
Graphics: A. Manfree
Storm and Non-storm Runoff Low and Very Low Density Residential Land Use
Sacramento County
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2007
-21
2007
-23
2007
-25
2007
-27
2007
-29
2007
-31
2007
-33
2007
-35
2007
-37
2007
-39
2007
-41
2007
-43
2007
-45
2007
-47
2007
-49
2007
-51
2008
-1
2008
-3
2008
-5
2008
-7
2008
-9
2008
-11
2008
-13
2008
-15
2008
-17
2008
-19
Date (year-week)
Ru
no
ff (
cub
ic m
eter
s p
er h
ecta
re)
Non-Storm Storm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2007
-21
2007
-23
2007
-25
2007
-27
2007
-29
2007
-31
2007
-33
2007
-35
2007
-37
2007
-39
2007
-41
2007
-43
2007
-45
2007
-47
2007
-49
2007
-51
2008
-1
2008
-3
2008
-5
2008
-7
2008
-9
2008
-11
2008
-13
2008
-15
2008
-17
2008
-19
Date (year-week)
Ru
no
ff (
cub
ic m
eter
s p
er h
ecta
re)
Non-Storm Storm
38,680 acre-ft181,911 acre-ft
Graphics: A. Manfree
Site Selection
• Storm drain maps• Locate outfalls• Delineate drainshed• Identify lots• Verify land use
• Visit outfalls• Safe access
Orange County Location
Project outline• Controlled experiments• Residential landscape studies• Load estimation• Economic evaluation of BMP effectiveness• Outreach of results
− Local, statewide, regional
Evaluating Outreach MethodsUC Master Gardener Advanced
Training
Evaluating Outreach MethodsCommunity Activities
California Center for Urban Horticulture
ccuh.ucdavis.edu
