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Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 1|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Matthias [email protected]
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co.
Monday, 16 Jun 2014IoT MeetupToulouse, France
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 2|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
2
Environmental Monitoring
Smart Energy
Structural Health
Building Automation
Ambient Assisted Living
Real-time CityInformation
Logistics
Networked Embedded Systems Everywhere
technologicalislands
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 3|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
The IP-based Internet of Things
end-to-endIP connectivity
6LoWPANfor low-power
wireless
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 4|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
A Bit of History
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 5|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Smart Dust in 2000
the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 6|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Academic research Sensor node platforms (“motes”) Event-driven operating systems Low-power MAC protocols Applications
Industrial specifications ZigBee WirelessHART
Focus on IEEE 802.15.4 First 802.15.4 specification in 2003 TI buys Chipcon (CC2420)
Wireless Sensor Networks
Mica2 (AVR)
Tmote Sky / TelosB (MSP430)
BTnode (AVR + Bluetooth)
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 7|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
First Proposals for Low-power IPv4 in 2003
A. Dunkels. Full TCP/IP for 8-bit Architectures.In Proceedings MobiSys, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2003
Z. Shelby, P. Mahonen, J. Riihijarvi, O. Raivio, and P. Huuskonen. NanoIP: The Zen of Embedded Networking.In Proceedings ICC, Anchorage, AK, USA, 2003
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 8|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
IPv6 Efforts Officially Started in 2006
IETF 6LoWPAN Working Group Charter, 2006 RFC 4944: Initial 6LoWPAN Standard, 2007
J. Hui and D. Culler. IP is Dead, Long Live IP for Wireless Sensor Networks.In Proceedings SenSys, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2008
RFC 6282: Header Compression Update, 2011 RFC 6550: RPL Routing, 2012 RFC 6775: Neighbor Discovery Update, 2012
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 9|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
IP Convergence and CoAP, MQTT, etc. in 2014
… are now pushing the Internet of Things
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 10|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
6LoWPAN Basics
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 11|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Edge Networks
LoWPAN
Internet
RouterServer
Localserver
Border Router
PC
Backbone (LAN)
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 12|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Low-power IP Stack
Layer ProtocolApplication CoAP / (HTTP / MQTT)
Transport UDP + DTLS (– TCP)
Network IPv6 + RPL / ND
Adaption 6LoWPAN
MAC CSMA (+ link-layer bursts)
Radio Duty Cycling IEEE 802.15.4e / ContikiMAC
Physical IEEE 802.15.4
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 13|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
IPv6 + UDP Header = 48 Bytes0 1 2 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+|Version| Traffic Class | Flow Label |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Payload Length | Next Header | Hop Limit |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| |+ +| |+ Source Address +| |+ +| |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| |+ +| |+ Destination Address +| |+ +| |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Source Port | Destination Port |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Length | Checksum |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| UDP Payload ...+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
128 bits16 Bytes
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 14|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
… prefixes
IPv6 Addressing
LoWPAN
ISP
Router
Border Router Backbone (LAN)
2001:620:8::/48
2001:620:8:32D6::/64
2001:620:8:32C3::/64
EUI-64 = MAC addr.11:22FF:FF33:44552001:620:8:32D6:
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 15|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Stateless Header Compression
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 16|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Exact Number of Bytes Varies
Imag
e: J
. Sen
s. A
ctua
torN
etw
.201
3, 2
(2),
235-
287;
doi
:10.
3390
/jsan
2020
235
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 17|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Stateful Compression with Context Identifiers
Imag
e: J
. Sen
s. A
ctua
torN
etw
.201
3, 2
(2),
235-
287;
doi
:10.
3390
/jsan
2020
235
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 18|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
6LoWPAN Fragmentation
Minimal MTU of IPv6: 1280 Bytes
127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B
802.15.4 Frames
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 19|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Routing
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 20|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
LoWPAN
Route-over with RPL \“Ripple”\
Border Router DODAG Root
Host
Router
source routing
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 21|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
LoWPAN
Route-over with RPL \“Ripple”\
Border Router DODAG Root
Host
Router
storing modeMPL multicast
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 22|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
LoWPAN
Route-over with RPL \“Ripple”\
Border Router DODAG Root
Host
Router
multiple DODAGs
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 23|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
LoWPAN
Mesh-under with 6LoWPAN-ND
Border Router
Host
Host
Whiteboard
duplicate addressdetection (DAD)
short-addressgeneration
look-upsmobility
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 24|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Radio Duty Cycling
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 25|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Power Consumption
0
5
10
15
20
25
CPU(normal/LPM)
Radio(RX/TX)
Flash(R/W/idle)
Sensors(tmp./PIR/acc.)
LEDs
Cur
rent
con
sum
ptio
n (c
a.) [
mA]
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 26|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
ContikiMAC
A
D
A
D A
ACK frame
Data frame
Radio on
Sender
Receiver
Transmission detected
DD DD
Channel check
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 27|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Link-layer Bursts
A
AD
Sender
Receiver
Transmission detected
DD DD
Channel check
A
AD
D A
AD
D A
AD
D
D
A ACK frame
Data frame
Radio on
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 28|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Trading Energy for Latency
Number of hopsNumber of hops
Ener
gy[m
J]
Late
ncy
[s]
No duty cyclingContikiMAC
1 2 3 4
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3 40
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 29|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Current Efforts
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 30|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
State of the Art in Low-power IP
Scale 16.000 nodes in one multihop network (Cisco) RPL for smart metering
Reliability >99% package delivery ratio in LLNs Low-power Wireless Bus (constructive interference for flooding) Opportunistic RPL (combination with ContikiMAC) 6TISCH
Efficiency years of battery lifetime (through <1% RDC) ContikiMAC, A-MAC, … 802.15.4e
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 31|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
New 6LoWPAN bindings
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Z-Wave / ITU-T G.9959
DECT Ultra Low Energy (DECT ULE)
Generic Headers Compression
6lo Working Group
Mesh networkingfor Bluetooth 4.1
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 32|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
An Application Layer for the Internet of Things
Web scripting IoT devices
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 33|Matthias Kovatschhttp://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Interoperable, scalable security
Public key cryptography
Elliptic curve cryptography
Hardware acceleration
DTLS Profiles (DICE)
Secure multicast?
Auth. in Constrained Environments (ACE)
Next Big Thing for Low-power IP
Questions?
Matthias Kovatsch https://github.com/mkovatsc/[email protected] http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc/