1 LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS CRIM A335- WZ1 Security and Crime Prevention Fall 2020 Professor: Dr. William Thornton Office: Stallings 121 Campus Telephone: 504-865-2134 Email address: [email protected]Class Dates: October 19 – December 17, 2020 I. Course Description: The course will integrate material from the fields of crime prevention and security. The plan of the course is to first review key elements of the discipline of crime prevention, which can broadly be defined as any preemptive intervention intended to block the likelihood of the occurrence of a criminal act at a given location or the onset of criminal behavior within an individual (Eckblom, 1996; Tolan, 2002, Lab, 2004; Crawford, 2007). The term security is ambiguous, and to some people, unattractive. Some would prefer to use the terms “risk management or loss prevention.” However, none of these terms adequately accounts for the myriad activities encompassed with the field of “private” security. Private security may be defined as the sum total of all preventive and protective efforts provided by entities other than public law enforcement. A more comprehensive definition of private security used in one of our textbooks is: The private sector practice, by individuals and organizations, of providing security- related means or services, to protect and preserve persons, property, interests, information, and environments in order to allow for the continued conduct of needed activities within the organization or society, without disruption from varied adversaries or hazards, for compensation (Carter, Smith, and Siegel, 2017: 11). We will review these various activities in the class exploring both the history of private security in America as well as the phenomenal growth in this industry – e.g., private security personnel outnumber public law enforcement about three to one at the present time. Our review also covers the broad field of crime prevention, an area, which underpins much of the field of private security and loss prevention. Crime prevention entails any action designed to reduce the actual level of crime and/or the perceived fear of crime. These actions are not restricted to the efforts of the criminal justice system and include activities by individuals and groups, both public and private. Just as there are many causes of crime, there are many potentially valuable approaches to crime prevention. Crime prevention may be divided into three approaches similar to those found in public health models of disease prevention. Each of these three areas of prevention – primary, secondary, and tertiary – attack the problem at different stages of development.
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LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS
CRIM A335- WZ1 Security and Crime Prevention
Fall 2020 Professor: Dr. William Thornton Office: Stallings 121 Campus Telephone: 504-865-2134 Email address: [email protected] Class Dates: October 19 – December 17, 2020 I. Course Description: The course will integrate material from the fields of crime prevention and security. The plan of the course is to first review key elements of the discipline of crime prevention, which can broadly be defined as any preemptive intervention intended to block the likelihood of the occurrence of a criminal act at a given location or the onset of criminal behavior within an individual (Eckblom, 1996; Tolan, 2002, Lab, 2004; Crawford, 2007). The term security is ambiguous, and to some people, unattractive. Some would prefer to use the terms “risk management or loss prevention.” However, none of these terms adequately accounts for the myriad activities encompassed with the field of “private” security. Private security may be defined as the sum total of all preventive and protective efforts provided by entities other than public law enforcement. A more comprehensive definition of private security used in one of our textbooks is: The private sector practice, by individuals and organizations, of providing security-
related means or services, to protect and preserve persons, property, interests, information, and environments in order to allow for the continued conduct of needed activities within the organization or society, without disruption from varied adversaries or hazards, for compensation (Carter, Smith, and Siegel, 2017: 11).
We will review these various activities in the class exploring both the history of private security in America as well as the phenomenal growth in this industry – e.g., private security personnel outnumber public law enforcement about three to one at the present time. Our review also covers the broad field of crime prevention, an area, which underpins much of the field of private security and loss prevention. Crime prevention entails any action designed to reduce the actual level of crime and/or the perceived fear of crime. These actions are not restricted to the efforts of the criminal justice system and include activities by individuals and groups, both public and private. Just as there are many causes of crime, there are many potentially valuable approaches to crime prevention. Crime prevention may be divided into three approaches similar to those found in public health models of disease prevention. Each of these three areas of prevention – primary, secondary, and tertiary – attack the problem at different stages of development.
1. Primary prevention within the realm of criminal justice identifies conditions of the physical and social environment that provide opportunities for or precipitate criminal acts. The types of prevention approaches subsumed here take a variety of forms and are located within a wide range of social organizations. Included here are environmental design, neighborhood watch, general deterrence, private security, and education about crime and crime prevention.
2. Secondary prevention engages in early identification of potential offenders and seeks to intervene prior to commission of illegal activity. Implicit in secondary prevention is the ability to correctly identify and predict people and situations. Perhaps the most recognizable form of secondary prevention is the idea of situational crime prevention.
3. Tertiary crime prevention deals with actual offenders and involves intervention in
such a fashion that they will not commit further offenses (Lab, 2017). In the field of forensic criminology, there is a merging of aspects of crime prevention, particularly primary crime prevention, with security in terms of protecting people within organizations. We will explore this very important area in the course. Through civil law, premises security liability is the civil liability of property owners to provide reasonable and adequate security to legitimate users of their property. When a property owner fails to provide a reasonably safe environment to customers or other invitees, and, as a result, a customer or invited individual suffers a crime victimization such as a rape, armed robbery, or assault by a third party, the property owner may be liable under civil jurisdiction for injury and losses the patron incurs. Losses may include costs associated with physical injury, psychological trauma leading to inability to enjoy life or earn a living, and future income as a result of victimization. Relatives of patrons who are murdered on premises are, likewise, subject to civil remedy associated with the loss of a loved one. To a large extent, the standards necessary to trigger the charge of negligent security on the part of public and private establishments are subject to legal debate and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The controversy usually focuses on several key questions that generally must be answered when inadequate security is alleged against a property owner or manager in a civil action. Does the owner or occupier of the property owe a legal duty of care to the plaintiff? Was the interpersonal crime foreseeable on the premises? Did the owner or occupier of the property fail to conform to a “reasonable standard of care”? Was the negligence the proximate cause of the assaultive crime upon the plaintiff? Was the plaintiff damaged or otherwise injured as a result of that breach of duty? Experts are often called upon to help clarify the issues and to provide defensible guidelines for making decisions or judgments pertaining to questions of “foreseeable crime”, “reasonable standard of care”, and “adequate security”. Attorneys employ a wide variety of experts to both collect data for their cases and render advice and opinions regarding the grounds for the case. Standards of criminal foreseeability to guide courts vary from state to state, and the “definition of the situation” proffered by criminological experts in a premise liability case – beginning from initial conception and moving up to deposition to settlement or trials – has a tremendous influence on whether a case is lost, settled, or won. Perhaps in no other area of law is it possible
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for criminologists to define and set the parameters of legal decisions as well as to establish precedence as in the realm of premise liability. II. Course Format: The 8 week online course of instruction (October 19 – December 17, 2020) is designed to familiarize you with the field of security and crime prevention within the context of the broader discipline of criminology and criminal justice. You are expected to read and review materials listed on the syllabus and blackboard during the period of time specified for the designated material. Included on the Blackboard site each week are required readings from the books and other sources, links to PowerPoint material, film (s), other links related to specific information, reading content, as well as discussion questions. I would like you to respond to the discussion question (s) (on blackboard) by the following Sunday of the respective class session. So, for the first week (October 19 - 25), you need to respond to the discussion question for this week by Sunday, October 25. I will respond to your answers and you are also free to respond to other peoples’ responses. Also, if you find something interesting in the news on one of our topics, feel free to bring this up. I will email you material from time to time dealing with new research on security and crime prevention. Several written assignments in the form of mini-essays are required in the course as noted in VII: Course Outline and Readings of this syllabus. These papers deal with select topics covered in the course. III. Course Objectives: Upon completion of this course, you should:
1. Identify the major methods used by individuals and communities to respond to and prevent crime.
2. Explain primary, secondary, and tertiary methods of crime prevention. 3. Know the core principles of CPTED and physical design features of crime
prevention. 4. Recognize the theoretical and applied bases for situational crime prevention. 5. Recognize the historical and contemporary elements of the private
security industry in the United States and globally. 7. Describe the legal aspects, liability, and regulation of private security. 8. Identify the elements and practice of security investigations in the private sector. IV. Course Materials: You may elect to order the required books yourself online from a private vendor such as Amazon or from the Loyola University bookstore (order online from Loyola Website). Required Books (1) Steven P. Lab. 2016. Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices and Evaluations. New York: Routledge (ISBN: 978-1-138-94693-4)
(2) Carter Smith, Frank Schmalleger, and Larry Siegel. 2017. Private Security Today. New York: Pearson (ISBN-978-0-133-37715-6)
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Additional Materials (These and other materials are accessible on the course Blackboard site.) (3) Lydia Voigt and William E. Thornton. 1996. Sociology and Negligent Security: Premise Liability and Crime Prediction. In P.J. Jenkins and Steve Kroll-Smith (Eds.). Witnessing for Sociology: Sociologists in Court. Westport: CT: Praeger, 1996. (4) Lydia Voigt, Dee W. Harper, and William E. Thornton. 2015. Preventing Lethal Violence in New Orleans, A Great American City. Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press. (5) Lydia Voigt, Dee W. Harper, and William E. Thornton. 2015. New Orleans Neighborhood Patterns of Homicide and Key Structural and Cultural Linkages 1940-2013. In L. Voigt, D.W. Harper and W.E. Thornton. Preventing Lethal Violence in New Orleans, A Great American City. Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana Press at Lafayette Press, 2015. (6) Nicole Brace. 2017. Policies Promoting School-Police Partnerships. In K. Ismaili (Ed). U.S. Criminal Justice Policy. Jones & Bartlett: MA, pp. 91-109. (7) David Hemenway. 2015. The Public Health Approach to Violence Prevention. In L. Voigt, D.W. Harper and W.E. Thornton. Preventing Lethal Violence in New Orleans, A Great American City. University of Louisiana Press at Lafayette Press, 2015. (8) Tamara Madensen and John Eck. 2008. Spectator Violence in Stadiums. Available at: www.cops.usdoj.gov (9) Todd Keister. 2007. Thefts of and from Cars on Residential Streets and Driveways. Available at: www.cops.usdoj.gov (10) Ronald V. Clarke. Burglary of Retail Establishments. Available at: www.cops.usdoj.gov (11) Michael Scott and Kelly Dedel. 2006. Assaults in and Around Bars. Available at: www.cops.usdoj.gov (12) Deborah Weisel. 2007. Bank Robbery. Available at: www.cops.usdoj.gov (13) Jim Hilborn. 2009. Dealing with Crime and Disorder in Urban Parks. Available at: www.cops.usdoj.gov (14) Ronald V. Clarke. 2008. Improving Street Lighting to Reduce Crime in Residential Areas. Available at: www.cops.usdoj.gov (15) Rob. Guerette. 2009. Analyzing Crime Displacement and Diffusion. Available at: www.cops.usdoj.gov (16) General Security Risk Assessment (GSRA), American Society of Industrial Security (17) Facilities Physical Security Measures (FPSM), American Society of Industrial Security
(18) Information Asset Protection (IAP), American Society of Industrial Security (19) Workplace Violence Prevention and Intervention (WVPI), American Society of Industrial Security (20) Chester Quarles. 2001. Crime Prevention in Houses of Worship. American Society of Industrial Security. V. Grading Policy: All assignments are graded on a letter grade scale, which may be converted to numerical values as follows: A (92-100), A- (88-91), B+ (85-87), B (82-84), B- (78-81), C+ (75-78), C (70-74), C- (67-69), D (55-66), F (54 and under). VI. University Policies & Assistance for Students: See Syllabus, Part 2 on LORA VII. Course Outline and Readings: (See course Blackboard site for detailed readings and assignments (with due dates) for each week in the semester. Except for required textbooks, all other material is accessible on the course Blackboard site.) Module 1: Week 1, October 19 - 25 Crime, Crime Measurement, Crime Prevention Evaluation, and Primary Crime Prevention Objectives: Identify two different measures of crime and victimization. Talk about media accounts of crime and how they relate to actual crime. Explain the differences between fear, worry, and assessments of crime. Provide a definition of crime prevention. Distinguish between impact and process evaluation in crime prevention. Define Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Know several types of neighborhood crime prevention. Readings
1. Crime and Crime Prevention
a. The measure of crime (Lab, Chp. 1) b. The costs of crime and victimization c. Fear of crime (Lab, Chp. 7)
d. Definition of crime prevention (Lab, Chp. 2) e. History of crime prevention
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f. Crime prevention approaches: primary, secondary and tertiary g. Public Health gets into the crime control game – (David Hemenway, The Public Health Approach to Violence Prevention (Voigt, Harper and Thornton, 2015: Chp. 4)
2. Evaluation and Crime Prevention (Lab, Chp. 3) a. Types of evaluation: impact, process, and cost-benefit b. Theory and measurement c. Larry Sherman, Maryland Scale of Scientific Evaluations http://www.ncjrs.gov/works/
Primary Crime Prevention
3. The Physical Environment (Lab, Chp. 4) a. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
b. The concept of defensible space, Oscar Newman c. Elements of CPTED (Clarke, Improving Street Lighting to Reduce Crime, COPS; Hilborn, Dealing with Crime and Disorder in Urban Parks, COPS)
d. Conflicts in CPTED e. Implementation and case studies of CPTED f. Evaluation of CPTED
g. Second and Third- Generation CPTED 4. Neighborhood/Community Crime Prevention (Lab, Chp. 5) a. Types of neighborhood crime prevention b. Building guardianship – Routine Activities Theory c. Implementation and case studies d. Evaluation of neighborhood crime prevention programs
Module 2: Week 2, October 26 – November 1 Crime Displacement and Secondary Crime Prevention Objectives: Know and identify six forms of crime displacement. Discuss the routine activities theory. Provide an explanation of rational choice theory and its relation to displacement. Define developmental crime prevention. Identify and know three theoretical models for developmental prevention. Identify and define the two types of deterrence, Identify key factors in making predictions about future behavior in criminal justice. Recognize the meaning of “community policing” by identifying different definitions and key features of it. What is the difference between specific deterrence and incapacitation? Discuss the effectiveness of imprisonment to have a specific deterrent effect.
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Readings 5. Crime Displacement and Diffusion (Lab, Chp. 6) a. Forms of crime displacement b. Potential offender mobility and decision making – Rational Choice Theory c. Crime Pattern Theory – Brantingham and Brantingham, 1993 d. Displacement effects e. Journey to crime – Euclidean distances, Manhattan distances, and distance decay (Rob. Guerette, Analyzing Crime Displacement and Diffusion, COPS)
6. Developmental Crime Prevention (Lab, Chp. 8) a. Early socialization and social control
b. Developmental theories of crime prevention c. General Theory of Crime d. Social Control Theory e. Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) f. Developmental risk factors g. Programs entailing developmental interventions 7. General Deterrence (Lab, Chp. 9)
a. General vs specific deterrence b. Requirements for deterrence c. The deterrence effects of Legal sanctions e. Perceptions and deterrence
Secondary Crime Prevention
1. Types Secondary Crime Prevention and Predictions (Lab, Chp. 10)
a. Types of prediction, reliability and validity b. Risk factors and prediction Biological, psychological and sociological c. Predicting places and events d. The problem of repeat victimizations and crime prevention 2. Partnerships for Crime Prevention (Lab, Chp. 12)
a. Community policing – history repeated b. Variation in definitions and components
Community involvement, problem solving, community base, Redefined goals
c. Problem identification - SARA d. Efforts at community policing
Chicago Alternative Police Strategy (CAPS) New Orleans Police Department – hot spot policing
e. Multi-jurisdictional partnerships Civil abatement, Specialized Multi-Agency Response Teams (SMART),
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Drug Abatement Response Teams (DART), Project TOUGH (Taking Out Urban Gang Headquarters, Comprehensive Communities Program (CCP), Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI), Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN), Operation Ceasefire (Boston, New Orleans, Los Angeles) f. Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10881.html Module 3: Week 3, November 2 - November 8 Correlates of Crime, Situational Crime Prevention and Tertiary Prevention Measures Objectives: Provide insight into the role of schools and education in causing crime and delinquency. Explain how altering the school atmosphere can change behavior. Describe the possible relationships between drug use and crime. Identify different forms of drug treatment. Define situational crime prevention. Identify the theoretical bases for situational crime prevention. Give arguments on both sides of the “nothing works” controversy. List different outcome measures used in treatment research. Readings
3. The School and Crime Prevention (Lab, Chp. 14) a. Educational factors and Delinquency IQ and delinquency School practices and delinquency Victimization in school Responses to school victimization b. School programs for delinquency Elementary and high school programs Peer pressure Anti-bullying efforts Alternative schools Police in schools] Oher interventions c. The future of school/educational programs
d. School-Police Partnerships (Nicole Brace, Policies Promoting School-Police Partnerships, 2017)
4. Drugs, Crime and Crime Prevention (Lab, Chp. 13) a. The scope of drug use b. The Drugs-Crime Solution c. Intervention and prevention
d. Decaraceration and drugs-crime dilemma 5. Situational Crime Prevention (Lab, Chp. 11) a. The origins of situational crime prevention b. Theoretical underpinnings Rational Choice Theory Routine Activities Theory (Cohen and Felson, 1979) Crime Pattern Theory c. Situational typologies R.V. Clarke ((1992, 1997, 2005) Additions to original Clarke typology – Ekblom and Hirshfield (2014) d. Issues and concerns with situational crime prevention e. Implementation of situational crime prevention f. SARA and incorporation of situational crime prevention g. Situational crime prevention studies 6. Specific Deterrence and Incapacitation (Lab, Chp. 15) a. The specific deterrent effect of criminal sanctions Imprisonment, arrest for domestic violence b. Incapacitation Selective incapacitation, collective incapacitation of imprisonment, Selective incapacitation of imprisonment, electronic monitoring c. Mass incarceration and decarceration
d. States cut crime and imprisonment http://www.pewstates.org/research/data-visualizations/states-cut-both-crime-and-imprisonment-85899528171 7. Rehabilitation (Lab, Chp. 16)) a. What Works? Argument (Larry Sherman) b. Types of evaluation c. Three prerequisites for evaluation to be met d. Evaluation of Rehabilitation Programs e. Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions, Intensive Supervision, Restorative Justice f. Specialized courts
Module 4: Week 4, November 9 – 15 Private Security: Origins, Administration and Management, Legal Aspects, and Physical Protection Objectives: Identify examples of security practices throughout history. Discuss the components of private security. Know contemporary challenges in the private security field.
Recognize theories of crime for the purposes used by private security professionals. Know the components of routine activity theory in terms of crime prevention. Discuss the role of ethics in the security profession. Identify security management issues. Readings
1. Overview and History of Private Security (Smith, Schmalleger, and Siegel, Chps. 1 and 2)
a. Ancient practices, Anglo-Saxons Practices, The Norman Period, The Magna Carta
b. Security in European History and in North America c. Security and law enforcement in the early 1900s
d. Public and private roles for security e. The security industry today Asset protection Retail security Physical security Loss Prevention Corporate security National security Institutional security Workplace security Industrial security Information security Executive protection Communications security Maritime security Computer security Private policing Private investigations Disaster recovery Critical infrastructure protection f. Security professionals g. The role of security h. 9/11 and the Department of Homeland Security – new collaboration, information sharing, and partnership between public and private security i. Professional organizations in private security, careers and education
2. Security Administration and Management (Smith, et al., Chp. 3) a. The business of security in organizations b. Proprietary vs. Contractual security c. The role of ethics in private security d. Security management issues e. Motivation and management theories
f. Security administration and management challenges g. Security Professional Code of Ethics (ASIS, 2014) h. Future security concerns – drones and beyond
3. Legal Aspects, Liability and Regulation (Smith, et al., Chp. 4) a. Legal foundations of security law U.S. and state constitutional law Statutory criminal law Administrative law (rules and regulations of governmental agencies) Civil law
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b. Federal laws relevant to security c. Criminal liability of security personnel
d. Civil liability of security personnel e. Premises liability and third party crime (Voigt and Thornton, Sociology and Negligent Security: Premises Liability and Crime Prediction, 1996) Duty and reasonableness Forseeability Breach of duty Causation f. Louisiana duty-risk analysis to determine legal responsibility in negligence claims e. Security Professional Code of Ethics (ASIS, 2014)
4. Risk Management (Smith, et al., Chp 5) a. What is risk? Types of risk Sources of risk
b. Risk assessment/determining risk c. Risk management activities d. The cycle of risk management e. Risk assessment surveys f. Security assessment surveys Security Vulnerability Self-Assessment g. Organizational risks Internal risk External risk
5. Physical Security Measures in Facilities (Smith, et al., Chp. 6)
a. Major sources of physical threats b. Designing a security system c. Labeling and ranking the threat d. Perimeter Security Access Barriers Structural Barriers Fences Gates e. Safes and Vaults f. Locks g. Motion sensors h. Access and entry control i. Biometrics j. Security lighting k. Security forces l. Surveillance Systems m. Layered Security n. CPTED
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o. Fire Systems Module 5: Week 5, November 16 - 22 Institutional, Workplace, and Retail Security Objectives: Identify indicators and types of workplace violence. Know the recommended initial responses of active shooter situations. Identify employer and employee responsibilities for preventing workplace violence. Distinguish between retail security and loss prevention. Identify indicators of shoplifting. Define organized retail crime. Readings 1. Institutional and Workplace Security (Smith, et al., Chp. 7)
a. Institutional Security: Includes private and public organizations/ businesses some requiring unique security requirements mandated by local, state, federal and or professional associations. Airport Security Health Care Industry Amusement Parks Hotels/Motels Banking and Financial Institutions Maritime/Port Security Cargo Security Movie Theaters Chemical Security Museums Churches/Houses of Worship Retail Complex Security Convenience Stores Schools and Campuses Correctional Facilities (Private) Sporting Events/Arenas Cruise Ships Food Service Organizations Government Buildings b. Workplace Violence Types Indicators of potential violence The workplace violator Domestic violence in workplace Controlling workplace violence Prevention of workplace violence c. Active Shooter Situations d. Emerging forms of Institutional and Workplace Security Petroleum Manufacturing and Distribution Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Distribution Energy Manufacturing and Distribution Sector
2. Retail Security and Loss Prevention (Smith, et al., Chp. 9)
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a. Retail security/loss prevention: These interchangeable terms describe security efforts in support of retail business organizations. b. Shrinkage of inventories/trends/businesses c. Shoplifting d. Organized retail crime e. Flash mobs f. Employee theft g. New loss prevention h. Use of technology as deterrent i. Cyber-age and emerging new forms of theft j. Vandalism, Burglary, and Robbery
Module 6: Week 6, November 23 - 29
Security Investigations and Homeland Security Objectives: Explain the investigative process. Identify the five qualities of effective and reliable investigation. Describe surveillance and the skills necessary to conduct surveillance effectively. Identify the reasons for conducting an undercover operation. Identify the five core homeland security concepts. Examine the roles of private security professionals regarding homeland security. Determine the best definition for terrorism, international terrorism, and domestic terrorism. Distinguish homegrown violent extremists from domestic terrorists. Demonstrate understanding of the four major activities of terrorists groups. Outline basically what we mean by the term “critical infrastructure” and its components. Know the function of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan. Describe the basic steps of a vulnerability assessment. Readings
1. Security Investigations and Prosecution (Smith, et al., Chp. 8) a. Private versus Public Investigations b. The investigation process c. Criminal investigations d. Noncriminal investigations e. Interviewing and interrogating f. Surveillance, Undercover investigations, and Information/Intelligence g. Report writing h. Bringing the case to court i. Expert testimony 2. Homeland Security and Terrorism Threat (Smith, et al., Chp. 10) a. Defining Homeland Security and Terrorism
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b. Goals of Homeland Security c. Federal agencies engaged in Homeland Security d. Private sector and Private/Public cooperation e. International Homeland Security f. The threat of terrorism Homegrown violent extremists Domestic terrorism g. Terrorists and Crime h. Terrorism outside the United States Islamic State (IS) Boko Haram Al-Shabaab i. Domestic terrorism and law enforcement j. Bombings and bomb threats h. Countering terrorism with private security
Module 7: Week 7, November 30 – December 6
Emergency, Disaster and Critical Infrastructure Security Objectives: Outline basically what we mean by the term “critical infrastructure” and its components. Know the function of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan. Describe the basic steps of a vulnerability assessment. Distinguish some differences between a crisis, a disaster, and an emergency. Know what the National Incident Management System was designed to accomplish. Readings
1. Critical Infrastructure Security (Smith, et al., Chp 12) a. Critical Infrastructure Defined (CIKR) b. Key Resources publicly and privately controlled essential to the government and economy c. Threat Analysis d. Protecting CIKR) e. National Infrastructure Protection Plan f. The National Response Framework g. CIKR protection at the federal level h. CIKR at local, state, and trial levels i. Protecting CIKR and the Private Sector 2. Emergency Practices and Crisis/Disaster Management (Smith, et al., Chp. 11) a. History of Emergency, Crisis and Disaster Management b. The effect of Emergency, Crisis or Disaster Management on security
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c. Emergency Management and National Preparedness Prevention Protection Mitigation Response Recovery Planning d. Emergency Response Plans e. National Incidence Management System f. Incident Command System g. Business and Operations Continuity h. All Agencies Approach for Security Professionals
Module 8: Week 8, December 7 – 17
Information, Cyber, and Computer Security Objectives: Identify the differences between the terms information, cyber, and computer security. Understand the relationship of industrial espionage and homeland security Distinguish between cyber warfare and cyberterrorism. Readings
1. Information, Cyber, and Computer Security (Smith, et al., Chp. 13)
a. Information Security (INFOSEC): The various processes and methodologies used to protect print, electronic, and other data from unauthorized access, use, misuse, disclosure, destruction, modification, or disruption. b. INFOSEC threats and concerns
c. Cyber/computer security: The process of protecting data, networks, and computing power that makeup computer systems. d. Cybercrimes and cybercriminals e. Mobile Security f. Cloud Computing g. Security’s role in countering cyberattacks h. Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism
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VIII. Course Assignments: (1) Four mini-essay assignments (55%); (2) Response to weekly discussion questions (25%); (3) Capstone Term Project (25%); Guidelines for Assignments (See Blackboard site for more details.) (1) Mini-Essay Assignments: (A) Preventing Crime in Houses of Worship, (B) Crime Displacement: Does a Crime Prevention Measure Really Work? (C) Retail Security and Loss Prevention Measures, (D) Homeland Security and the Role of Private Security Professionals (A) Mini-Essay Assignment 1: Preventing Crime in Houses of Worship (Due October 30, 2020) The trial of Dylann Roof, the 22 year old Caucasian male who was charged with 33 federal counts including nine counts of murder and three counts of attempted murder including hate crimes in the mass murder of members of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina on June 17, 2015, brings to forefront the past and current problem of protecting “houses of worship.” A review of other incidents in America include: (1) April 14, 2014 – shooter opening fire at a Jewish community center and assisted living facility in a Kansas suburb killing three people; (2) August, 2013 – attack at the Sikh Temple of Wisconsin where shooter killed three people inside the house of worship and three people outside; (3) July 18, 2008 – perpetrator walked into a children’s musical performance at Tennessee Valley Unitarian Universal Church and killed two people and wounded seven others; (4) August 2007 – perpetrator went on killing spree at two locations 65 miles apart killing two people at a Youth With A Mission training center in Arvada, Colorado and then killed two more at the New Life Church in Colorado Springs, Where Youth With A Mission kept an office. Houses of Worship shootings are tracked in a National Church Shooting Database maintained by the Center for Homicide Research in Minneapolis, MN. Their findings recorded a total of 139 shootings in churches between 1980 and 2005. In all, 185 people died including 36 children. These numbers do not include other types of violence that don’t include guns, such as bombings, nor do they include the places of worship of non-Christian faiths, such as synagogues or mosques, where many more recent crimes have occurred. In many ways, “churches” are especially vulnerable targets to shooters and other perpetrators of crime such as bombers and arsonists who are “true believers” or members of various hate groups such as white supremacists or others with negative feelings or attitudes towards African Americans, Islam and Muslims, etc. Your assignment is to write a 7 page analysis of the role of Crime Control through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) in the protection of houses of worship from third party (non-member) potential offenders. From our readings, you
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know that SCP is distinguished from traditional criminal justice system approaches to crime in that it is focused on the immediate environmental setting for crimes, rather than those committing the criminal acts (Clarke, 1997: 2). So, SCP is not interested in addressing the so called “root causes” of crime but rather seeks to make a criminal act less attractive to and less likely for a potential offender. Likewise, CPTED seeks to retard or reduce criminal opportunities through the management, design or manipulation of the immediate physical environment to enhance safety and security and its goal is criminal opportunity reduction through “target hardening” the environment, in our case houses of workshop, from criminal perpetrators, irrespective of their motives. (B) Mini-Essay Assignment 2: Crime Displacement: Does a Crime Prevention Measure Really Work? (Due November 6, 2020) When a crime prevention measure such as community policing, use of private security, or many other target hardening efforts such as the use of video surveillance, situational crime prevention or Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design are used, and crime (e.g., burglaries, assaults, auto burglaries and/or thefts) is reduced, the logical assumption is that the crime prevention measure was successful. On one level this is correct, but unfortunately the crime in question may simply be displaced, i.e., move the crime somewhere else to another area or neighborhood). In reality, there are several types of crime displacement other than just geographical or territorial, including temporal, tactical, target, and functional (See Lab, Chp. 6). Most analyses of crime displacement only consider territorial displacement and totally ignore the other forms. Whether crime displacement, any type, occurs is largely determined by three factors: offender motivation, offender familiarity, and crime opportunity (also see Guerette, Analyzing Crime Displacement, 2009). In effect, the decision making of potential offenders is the unknown element in the success or lack of success of crime prevention measures in relation to offender behavior for the commission of any crimes. Discuss in a 7 page paper the concept of crime displacement, what factors appear to influence one type of crime displacement or another, and the assumptions criminologists make regarding the decision making and target selection choices that offenders engage in as they go about their “business.” Review, for example, in Lab’s chapter “offender mobility,” Routine Activities Theory, Rational Choice Theory, and Crime Pattern Theory. (C) Mini-Essay Assignment 3: Retail Security and Loss Prevention Measures (Due November 20, 2020) Retail businesses ranging from big box retail stores like Walmart and other large department stores to small “mom and pop” specialty stores estimate that 30 to 40 percent of retail shrinkage can be attributed to shoplifting and in-store theft. Shrinkage is the term used to describe the losses that occur during the merchandise production-distribution sales process. Retail shrinkage is defined as a reduction in inventories not accounted for through sales or other legitimate activity. Shrinkage occurs in one of two types of events: malicious and nonmalicious. Malicious events are those that occur when someone intentionally divests an organization of goods, cash, or services without proper compensation. Nonmalicious events are those in which loss is unintentionally caused through routine business practices, design mistakes, and other systemic problems. Malicious types of events such as employee or internal theft (44%), shoplifting (26%),
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organized retail crime (12%) and administrative error (12%), are main sources of loss affecting U.S. retailers. The U.S. has a very large shrinkage problem, costing retailers more than $40 billion per year. A continuous fight goes on to detect, deter, and prevent losses in retail stores, particularly shoplifting. Loss prevention specialists utilize numerous observational techniques and physical security tools to detect and apprehend potential criminals. These range from store design, devices to watch customers and employees including digital cameras (overt and covert), anti-theft mirrors, ink tags, lock and key methods, RFID (radio frequency identification devices), EAS (electronic article surveillance) devices, security guards (plainclothes and uniforms), to name a few. In a 10 page paper discuss how retail businesses have attempted to prevent retail shoplifting in their environments (Review Carter, et al, Chapter 9). Log on to the internet and search the phrase “loss prevention devices”. In a simple search viewing 10 to 20 listings, answer the following questions: (1) How many different devices did you encounter? (2) What is the price range of these devices? (3) Do any of the manufacturers or sellers offer “volume discounts” when ordering a large number of these? (4) What device do you believe would be the best solution to prevent shoplifting when considering quality and price?) Visit two retail businesses you are familiar with in your area (assumedly New Orleans but it can be anywhere). One should be a large business (like a large retail store in a shopping center or big box store – e.g., Walmart, Target) and one should be a small business. Identify indicators of the retail security environment, drawing some conclusions (things they have or don’t have) without making contact with employees. (D) Mini-Essay Assignment 4: Homeland Security and the Role of Private Security Professionals (Due December 4, 2020) When we consider homeland security, the average person often focuses exclusively on the role of the federal government, e.g., Department of Homeland Security (DHS), for protection of people and critical infrastructures in our country. [Critical infrastructures refer to “the assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, considered to be vital to the U.S. that their incapacitation or destruction would weaken physical and economic security, public health and/or safety….” Carter et al., Chp. 12]. However, if a terrorist attack occurs, it will directly affect a local jurisdiction and a state, as well. Many state governors have homeland security advisers and a lot of medium and larger cities have homeland security coordinators or liaisons and advisors from the private sector. Many changes in government and corporate policy have been implemented to respond to the “newly-perceived threat” of attack by foreign or domestic terrorist individuals and groups. A working knowledge of terror and homeland security is essential for those involved in the private security industry. Recent surveys show that counterterrorism is one of the core elements of security identified by security professionals. The threat of terrorism,
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specifically regarding crisis management and response, along with bombings and bomb threats remain in the top twenty greatest security concerns facing Fortune 1000 companies in the U.S. We may now consider the implications of a pandemic such as Coronavirus as a possible form of biological terrorism. Because there is an overlap between the private and public sector in achieving the mission goals of homeland security, cooperation between the two sectors has become routine (See Carter, et. al, Chp. 10). For example, when man-made (BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill) and natural (Hurricane Katrina) disasters occurred, private sector professionals including security personnel became involved and supplied both technical and protection expertise to protect life and property. It is at these times that potential terrorism events can take place. Private security professionals also partner with the public sector in protecting critical infrastructures such as the nation’s ports (aiding in Port Security and Emergency Management) and even nuclear power plants (protected by contract private security companies). Often private companies working in the homeland security realm are able to clear and bring in their security professionals faster and more efficiently than the public sector. These private professionals perform a number of traditional government functions such as intelligence analysis, emergency planning and critical infrastructure protection Your task is to write a 7 page paper on five areas that private homeland security contributes to the support of the national Homeland Security mission in the United States. Include in your response specific examples or cases of such relationships and security activities engaged in. For example, we have had several recent cases in the U.S. where private security personnel via video surveillance or direct physical surveillance have reported suspicious individuals later found to be either domestic or foreign terrorists (See Suspicious Criminal Activity Reporting (SAR, 2009 cited on page 221 in Carter, et al, Chp. 10). It is well known that terrorist planning involves such things as selecting targets for attack or bombing, meetings, surveillance, and other things that often taken place in private and public spaces where they come to the attention of private security personnel rather than public law enforcement. Since 9/11 DHS it has been recognized that partnerships with the private sector such as private security networks (corporate/business security, university security, private data and intelligence gathering, etc.) are indispensable to the larger issue of homeland security. (2) Weekly Discussion Questions Each week a discussion question will be posted on the Blackboard course site. You are to respond to the question in as much detail as you can based on materials that you have read and reviewed in the course. I would like you to give thought and consideration into your responses rather than short or generalized responses. Additionally, you can respond to your class mates’ responses if you have something to add or take issue with any of their points. I will respond to each of you as well as a brief summation of points made by the class at the end of each week. Discussion question responses are due on the Sunday of each Weekly Module (Module 1, due October 25; Module 2, due November 1; Module 3, due November 8; Module 4, due November 15; Module 5, due November 22; Module 6, due November 29; Module 7, due December 6, and Module 8, due December 13). No late responses will be accepted. (3) Capstone Project (Due December 17, 2020)
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This assignment entails a detailed review and analysis of a specialized topic in the field of security and crime prevention. We have explored a number of approaches in the discipline of crime prevention including primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary crime prevention identifies conditions of physical and social environment that provide opportunities for or precipitate criminal acts. These types of prevention approaches take a variety of forms and are located within a wide range of social organizations. Included here are environmental design, neighborhood watch, general deterrence, private security, developmental prevention approaches, early intervention programs, and social crime prevention. Secondary crime prevention “engages in early identification of potential offenders and seeks to intervene” prior to commission of illegal activity. Key to secondary crime prevention is the ability to correctly identify and predict problem people and situations. The most recognizable form of secondary prevention, as you may recall, is the idea of situational crime prevention, which seeks to identify existing problems at the micro level and institute interventions that are developed specifically for the given problem. These solutions may involve physical design changes, altering social behaviors, improving surveillance, or any number of other activities. The community policing approach is included here and relies greatly upon citizen involvement in a problem-solving approach to community crime. Several secondary prevention efforts resemble crime control activities noted in primary prevention. The distinction, however, rests on whether the programs are aimed at keeping criminal activity from arising (primary prevention) or if the efforts are focused on factors that already exist and are fostering criminal behavior (secondary prevention). Secondary prevention may deal with predelinquents or deviant behavior, which leads to other forms of deviance. For example, alcohol and drug use are highly related to other forms of deviance. School can play, for example, an important role in secondary prevention both in terms of identifying problem youths and providing avenues for intervention. Tertiary crime prevention “deals with actual offenders and involves intervention….in such a fashion that they will not commit further offenses”. Here we deal with issues such as specific deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation and treatment. Much of the field of security is subsumed within all three areas of crime prevention, particularly in primary and secondary prevention but generally focusing on private organizations although there is certainly overlap here in terms of the protection of schools, government buildings, critical infrastructures, and homeland security. I am open to a topic of your interest for this project and will ask each of you to provide a one page description of a topic and rough outline for me to review before you begin work on the project (Due December 1, 2020). I include a brief list of possible topics for your research. The paper should be approximately 15 pages excluding appropriate citations and a reference list. 1. Preventing crimes against tourists 2. Hospitality crimes – crimes of guests in motels and hotels 3. The use of CCTV and other surveillance systems in preventing and controlling crime in
multiple use environments 4. Preventing crime in primary and secondary schools 5. Preventing crime on college campuses 6. Sustainable communities 7. The use of CPTED by public police departments in crime prevention and control 8. The use of fences in crime prevention and control – empirical research findings
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9. Second generation CPTED : what is it, is it effective, and case histories 10. Neighborhood watch and its effectiveness in crime prevention 11. Citizen patrols – fiction or real crime prevention 12. Mass media crime prevention activities – fluff or real crime prevention 13. The internet and crime prevention 14. Developmental crime prevention strategies – do they work? 15. Predicting future offending –new inventories, algorithms, etc. 16. Situational crime prevention applied to violent crimes – can we do it 17. Situational crime prevention – hot products; using SCP in designing risk or at risk
products for crime prevention 18. Community policing – what is it and does it work anywhere (case studies) in reducing
crime 19. Multi agency Response Teams and crime prevention 20. Operation Ceasefire in New Orleans 21. Drug Use Prevention Programs – Does anything really work? Evidence. 22. Anti-bullying programs and crime prevention 23. Private security vs. public police in school security 24. The deterrent effect of prison sanctions 25. Selective incapacitation – where are we now in the era of ending mass incarceration? 26. Electronic monitoring and crime prevention 27. What Works in terms of rehabilitation? 28. Security on cruise ships – 29. Corporate security – pick an industry and assess corporate security from the top down 30. Restaurants and security 31. Contract vs in-house security in a business: pros and cons and effectiveness 31. The relationship between private security and pubic police 32. Executive protection 33. Litigation – inadequate or negligent security 34. Crime and security in gambling casinos 35. Gated communities – ultimate security in residential settings. Are they effective? 36. Hospital security – current issues and developments 37. Crime Prevention during disasters 38. Crime Prevention during a pandemic?
