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7/29/2019 LR339- Reproducibility in Soil Tests http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lr339-reproducibility-in-soil-tests 1/55 ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY Ministry of Transport RRL REPORT LR 339 THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE RESULTS OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND COMPACTION TESTS by P. T. Sherwood B.Sc., F.R.I.C. Earthworks and Foundations Section Road Research Laboratory Crowthorne, Berkshire 1970
Transcript
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R O A D R ES EA RC H L A B O R A T O R Y

Min i s t ry o f T ranspor t

RRL RE P ORT L R 3 3 9

T H E R E P R O D U C I B I L I T Y O F T H E R E S U L TS O F

S O I L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N A N D C O M P A C T I O N T E S T S

by

P. T. Sherwood B.Sc., F.R.I .C.

Earthworks and Foundat ions Section

Road R esearch Lab orato ry

Crowthorne, Berkshire

1970

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Ownership of the Transpor t ResearchLaboratory was transferred from the

Dep ar tme nt of Trans por t to a sub sid iary ofthe Transport Re search Fou nda t ion on ! st

Apri l 1996.

This r ep or t has be en reproduced bypermission of the Control ler of HMSO.Extracts from the text may be reproduced,except for commercial purposes, providedthe source is acknowledged.

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C O N T E N T S

A b s t r a c t

P a g e

l

i. Introduction

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

.

.

So ur ce s of variability in soil testing

T e s t p r o c e d u r e s i n ve s ti g at e d

Soils u se d in the investigation

O r g a n i s a t i o n s t a ki n g p a r t

Th e soil plasticity tests

6.1

6. Z

6 . 3

6 . 4

Th e liquid limit test

6. I. 1 Di sc us si on of liquid limit results

6. 1.2 Investigation of the ca us es Of the :

variation s in the liquid limit reSult S

Th e plastic limit teSt

6. 2.1 Di sc us si on of plastic limit results

Imp lic ati ons of plasticity test resu lts

I m p r o w e m e n t s to pl as tic it y t es t p r o c e d u r e s

T h e s p ec i f ic g r a v i t y t e st

7. 1 D i s c u s s i o n o f s p ec i fi c g r a v i t y r e s u l t s

7. 2 Impli catio ns of specific grav ity results

7 . 3 I m p r o v e m e n t s t o t he s pe ci fi c g r a v i t y t es t

p r o c e d u r e

Th e pa rticle- size distribution test

8. 1 D i s c u s s i o n o f p a r t i c l e - s i z e d is t r i bu t i o ntest results

3

6"

6

7

7

i 0

1 2

1 2

1 4

1 8

19

1 9

19

21

21

Z 2

8 . 2 I m p l i c a t i o n s o f p a r t i c l e - s i z e d i s t r ib u t i o n

test results 2 3

.

8. 3 I m p r o v e m e n t s to t he t es t p r o c e d u r e

T h e s oi l c o m p a c t i o n t es ts

9. 1 D i s c u s s i o n o f c o m p a c t i o n t e st r e s ul t s

9 . 2 I m p l i c at i o n s o f c o m p a c t i o n te st r e s u lt s

9 . 3 I m p r o v e m e n t s to t he c o m p a c t i o n tes t p r o c e d u r e

2 6

2 7

2 7

31

3 2

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C O N T E N T S ( C o n t i n u e d )

i0.

Ii.

12.

13.

14.

A p p e n d i x 1

A p p e n d i x 2

A p p e n d i x 3

A p p e n d i x 4

G e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n o f r es ul ts

R e s u l t s o f d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h o r g a n i sa t i o n s t a ki ng pa r t

i n t h e te st in g p r o g r a m m e

i i. 1 I m p o r t a n c e o f s oi l t es ti ng a n d t he u s e s m a d e o f

t h e t e s t r e s u l t s

I I. 2 T y p e o f s ta ff e m p l o y e d o n s o i l t e st i ng

R e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s n e c e s s a r y to i m p r o v e t he

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f s o i l t es t r e s u l t s

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

R e f e r e n c e s

D e f in i t io n s o f s o m e o f t h e t e r m s u s e d i n t he

R e p o r t

C o p y o f l et te r a n d e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e th at w a s

s e n t t o t h e t e s t in g o r g a n i s a t i o n s

C o p y o f l et te r s e n t to o r g a n i s a t i o n s t ha t

a g r e e d t o p a r t i c i p at e i n t h e in v e st i g a ti o n

R e s u l t s o f p r e v i o u s s t u di e s o f t h e r e pe a t ab i l it ya n d r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e s o i l p la st ic it y t es ts

P a g e

3 3

3 4

3 4

35

36

37

37

3 8

39

4 Z

4 3

C R O W N C O P Y R I G H T 1 9 7 0

E x t r a c t s f r o m t he text m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d

p r o v i d e d t he s o u r c e is a c k n o w l e d g e d

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T H E R E P R O D U C I B I L I T Y O F T H E R E S U L T S O F

S O I L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N A N D C O M P A C T I O N T E S T S

A B S T R A C T

T h i s R e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n m a d e

to a s s e s s t h e r e p r o d u c ib i l i t y o f s o i l -

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d c o m p a c t i o n t e s t r e s u l t s . •

T h e r e p r o d u c ib i l i t y o b t a in a b l e b y o n e o p e r a to r ,

o p e r a to r s w i th in o n e l a b o r a to r y a n d o p e r a to r s

i n d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a to r i e s w e r e a l l e x a m in e d .

T h e r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t r e p e a t a b l e v a lu e s

w i th in a n a c c e p t a b l e d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y c o u ld

b e o b t a in e d b y o n e o p e r a to r b u t t h e

r e p r o d u c ib i l i t y w i th in a l a b o r a to r y a n d b e tw e e n

labo ra to r ie s was much-~c -~e¢- -~~ h ~ e x p e c t e d .

T h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i s l a c k o f r e p r o d u c ib i l i t y a r e

d i s c u s s e d a n d t h e R e p o r t c o n t a in s s u g g e s t i o n s

f o r im p r o v in g t h e s i t u a t i o n .

1. INT ROD UC TION

S o il c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d c o m p a c t i o n t e s t s p r o v id e f u n d a m e n ta l d a t a w h ic h

i s u s e d i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s o i l s u r v e y s a n d in d e s ig n a n d c o n t r o lo f ~ m a n y a s p e c t s o f r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n . E r r o r s i n c a r r y in g o u t t h e s e

t e s t s c a n t h e r e f o r e l e a d t o i n c o r r e c t e n g in e e r in g d e c i s i o n s b e in g m a d e

d u r in g t h e d e s ig n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f r o a d s . F o r e x a m p le e r r o r s i n

d e t e r m in in g t h e l i q u id a n d p l a s t i c l im i t c a n l e a d t o t h e r e j e c t i o n o f

m a te r i a l s f o r e a r t h w o r k s w h ic h a r e i n f a c t p e r f e c t l y s u i t a b l e o r t o t h e

a c c e p t a n c e o f u n s a t i s f a c to r y s o i l s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e t e s t s m a y a l s o

be used to a s se s s the Ca l i fo r n ia Bea r i ng Ra t i o (C. B .R. ) o f so i l fo r

p a v e m e n t - d e s ig n p u r p o s e s a n d a l t h o u g h o n ly a f a i r l y b r o a d r e l a t i o n

b e tw e e n C . B . R . a n d t h e p l a s t i c i t y p r o p e r t i e s i s r e c o g n i s e d l a r g e

e r r o r s i n t h e p l a s t i c i t y t e s t s c a n l e a d t o s i g n i f i c a n t i n a c c u r a c i e s i n t h ed e s ig n o f t h e t h i c k n e s s o f r o a d p a v e m e n t s .

A l t h o u g h s u b - c o n s c i o u s l y e n g i n e e rs a r e a w a r e th at e a c h

r e su l t m u s t b e s u b j ec t to s o m e d e g r e e o f e r r o r t h e r e is a t p r e s e n t n o

k n o w l e d g e o f t h e t o l e r a n c e s t ha t s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n s oi l t es t r e s u l t s

a n d i n p r a c t i c e l it tl e a c c o u n t is t a k e n o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h at a t e s t

r es ul t m a y b e s er i o u s ly in e r ro r . B e c a u s e o f t he i m p o r t a n c e w h i c h i s

a t t a c h e d t o t h e r e s ul t s o f c l a ss i fi c at i o n t es ts t h e L a b o r a t o r y d e c i d e d

t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e x t e n t o f t h e v a r i a t i o n o f s o i l - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t e s t

results.

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T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s i ni ti al ly c o n c e r n e d w i t h f in d in g th e

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f so il t es t r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y d i ff e re n t l a b o r a t o r i e s

b u t it w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y e x p a n d e d to f in d t he r e p r od u c i bi l i t y o f t he

r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i t h i n o n e l a b o r a t o r y a n d t h e r e p r od u c ib i l i ty

( r e pe a t ab i li t y ) o f t h e so il t e s ts w h e n p e r f o r m e d b y o n e o p e r a t o r .

T h i s R e p o r t r e c o r d s t h e r e s u l ts of t h e s e i nv e st i ga t io n s.

C o n s i d e r a t i o n is g i v e n as to w h a t w o u l d b e a r e a s o n a b l e a c c u r a c y to

a i m f or a n d w h a t c a n b e d o n e to i m p r o v e t he r e p ro d u c ib i l i ty o f t es t

r e s u l t s .

T h e s ta ti st ic al t e r m s t ha t a r e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n t h e

R e p o r t a r e d e f in e d in A p p e n d i x I.

2. S O U R C E S O F V A R I A B I L I T Y I N S O I L T E S T I N G

V a r i a t i o n s i n s oi l t es t r e s u l t s c a n a r i s e f r o m t w o s e p a r a t e c a u s e s ,

v i z :

( a ) T h e f a ct t h at t h e s oi l i ts el f is n o t h o m o g e n e o u s a n d c a n

v a r y o v e r q u i te s m a l l a r e a s ; a t es t r e su l t m a d e o n o n e

s a m p l e m a y t h e r e f o r e g i v e a f a ls e i n d ic a ti o n o f t he

p r o p e r t i e s o f t he soil m a s s a s a w h o l e . C a r e f u l s a m p l i n g

a n d s u b - s a m p l i n g t e ch n iq u e s h a v e t he r ef or e b e e n d e v i s e d

t o c o p e w i t h t hi s p r o b l e m . T h i s s o u r c e o f v a r ia b i li t y

a l t h o u g h v e r y i m p o r t a n t is o u t s i d e th e s c o p e o f this

R e p o r t .

(b) V a r i a b i l i t y d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t e st a p p a r a t u s a n d th e

w a y t h e te s t is c a r r i e d o ut .

T h i s R e p o r t is c o n c e r n e d w i t h t he s e c o n d c a u s e w h i c h is

i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e if r e a l v a r i a ti o n s in soil p r o p e r t i e s a r e r o b e

d i s t i n g u i s h e d it is f ir st n e c e s s a r y t o e n s u r e t ha t a n y v a r i a t i o n f o u n d is

n o t m e r e l y d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n o p e r a t o r t e c h n i q u e s o r t h e t e st i ng

e q u i p m e n t .

F o r m o s t o f t he te st s c o n s i d e r e d in this R e p o r t t h r e e s e p a r a t e

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e v ar i a b il i t y d u e t o d i f f e r e n c es i n a p p a r a t u s a n d

o p e r a t o r t e c h n i q u e w e r e m a d e to d e t e r m i n e t he f ol lo wi ng p a r a m e t e r s : -

( a ) T h e r e p e at a b i li t y t ha t c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d b y o n e o p e r a t o r

r e p e a t i n g t he te st a n u m b e r o f t i m e s w i t h t he s a m e

a p p a r a t u s .

(b) T h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y t ha t c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d b y a n u m b e r o f

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( c )

(R . R . L . ) ope ra to r s (u sual ly e ight ) c a r r y ing ou t t he t e s t

w i th t he s ame appa ra tu s . Th is i s t e rme d the "wi th in -

l a b o r a t o r y " r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y .

T h e r e p r o du c i b i li t y t ha t c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d b y a n u m b e r o f

o p e r a t o r s f r o m d i ff er e nt o r g a n i s a t i o n s c a r r y i n g o u t t he

t es t w i t h d if f er e nt a p p a r a t u s . • T h i s is t e r m e d t h e " b e t w e e n -

l a b o r a t o r y " r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y .

3. T E S T P R O C E D U R E S I N V E S T I G A T E D

T h e t es t p r o c e d u r e s e x a m i n e d in t he i n ve s ti g at i on w e r e : -

• (1) The de te rmi na t ion of the l iqu id l im i t (Tes t 2 (A) of

B.S. 1377: 1967).

(2) T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e p l as t ic l i m i t ( T e s t 3 o f B . S . 1 3 7 7 :

1967).

(3) T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s p e ci f i c g r a v i t y o f s oi l p a r t i c l e s

( T e s t 6 ( A ) o f B . S . 1 3 7 7 : 1 9 6 7 ) .

(4) T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e - s i z e d i st r i b u t i o n ( T e s t

7 o f B . S . 1 3 7 7 : 1 9 6 7) .

(5) T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t he d r y - d e n s i t y / m o i s t u r e - c o n t e n t

r e l a t i o n u s i n g : -

(a) 2 . 5 k g r a m m e r m e t h o d ( T e s t i i o f B . S . 1 3 7 7: 1 96 7) .

(b) 4. 5 k g r a m l a e r m e t h o d ( T e s t i Z o f B . S . 1 3 7 7 : 1 9 67 ) .

T e s t p r o c e d u r e s a c c o r d i n g t o B . S. 1 3 7 7 : 1 9 6 7 1 w e r e e m p l o y e d . ( At t he

t i m e t ha t m o s t o f t h e t es t s w e r e d o n e ~ th is e d i t io n h a d n o t b e e n p u b l i s h e d .

W h e r e t h e t e st p r o c e d u r e i n t h e 1 9 6 7 e d i t io n d i ff e rs f r o m t h at i n t h e 1 9 6 1

e di ti on o f t he S t a n d a r d , o p e r a t o r s w e r e i n f o r m e d o f t he n e w t es t

p r o c e d u r e s . )

4. S O I L S U S E D I N T H E I N V E S T I G A T I O N

T h r e e soils d e s i g n a t e d " B " , " G " a n d " W " w e r e u s e d f or i nv es ti ga ti on ;

t he t y p e s a n d s o u r c e s o f t h e s oi ls w e r e : -

Soil B - C l a y e y - s a n d f r o m a r o a d i m p r o v e m e n t s c h e m e ,B a g s h o t , S u r r e y ; G r i d r e f. S U 9 2 0: 6 4 0.

3

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S oi l G - G a u l t c l a y f r o m a c l a y pit o f t he L o n d o n B r i c k

C o m p a n y , A r l e s e y , B e d s ; G r id . r e f . S P 18 5: 35 2.

S oi l W - W e a l d c l a y f r o m t he S o u t h e r n e n d of S e v e n o a k s B y -

P a s s , K e n t ; G r i d . R e f. T Q 5 3 5 : 5 2 0.

A l o r r y lo ad o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 M g o f s oi l w a s o b t ai n e d f r o m e a c h s it e

a n d t he w e t s oi ls w e r e s p r e a d o u t u n d e r c o v e r a n d a l l o w e d t o a i r -d r y .

T h e y w e r e t h e n q u a r t er e d , 3 / 4 s t o r e d for f ut ur e u s e a n d t he r e m a i n d e r

p u l v e r i s e d a n d r if fl ed i nt o 1 6 s a m p l e s e a c h w e i g h i n g a b o u t 6 0 k g.

T h e s e p u l v e r i s ed s a m p l e s w e r e s t o re d in d us tb in s a n d 1 2 o f t h e m w e r e

riffle d f u rt h er s o t ha t 4 8 s u b - s a m p l e s e a c h w e i g h i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y

1 5 k g w e r e o bt ai ne d. T h e s u b - s a m p l e s w e r e m i x e d i n a l a b o r at o r y

d o u b l e - p a d d l e m i x e r w i t h s uf fi ci en t w a t e r to b r i n g t h e m to j u s t a b o v e

t h ei r p l as t ic l i m i t . T h e w e t s oi ls w e r e t h a n t r a n s f e r r e d t o p o l y t h e n eb a g s a n d l a b e ll e d w i t h th e c o d e n u m b e r s o f t h e so il s a n d t he la b o r a t or i e s

t o w h i c h t h e y w e r e to b e s e n t e. g. B 2 9 d e n o t e d s o i l " B " f or d is p a t c h to

L a b o r a t o r y 29.

T h e a b o v e p r o c e d u r e e n s u r e d that e a c h s u b - s a m p l e w a s a s

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a s it w a s r e a s o n a b l y p o s si b l e to m a k e it. T o c h e c k o n

t h e u n i f o r m i t y o f t h e s oi ls r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e s w e i g h i n g a p p r o x i -

m a t e l y 2 5 0 g w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m s i x o f t he d u s tb i n s o f e a c h s o i l c o n -

t a in i ng th e 6 0 k g b u l k s a m p l e s . T h e l iq ui d a n d pl as ti c l i mi t o f e a c h

2 5 0 g s u b - s a m p l e w a s t h e n d e t e r m i n e d b y o n e o pe r at or . T h e r es ul tso b t a i n e d a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e I.

Th e coefficient of variat ion of the results in Table 1 ar e v er y

l ov e a n d m u c h l e ss t h a n t h o s e o b t a i n e d b y di ff er en t o p e r a t o r s p e r f o r m -

i n g t h e t es t o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e s o f t he s o i ls (T a b l e s 3 a n d 7).

T h e m e a n r e s ul t s a r e a ls o w e l l w i t hi n t he r a n g e e x p e c t e d ( T a b l e s 3

a n d 7 ). T h i s c o n f i r m s t ha t all t he s u b - s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m t he b u l k

s a m p l e o f s o i l w e r e v i r t ua l l y i de nt ic al .

T h u s t h e v a r ia b i l it y o b t a i n e d i n t h e s u b s e q u e n t i n v e st i g a ti o n sw a s a t r u e r e f l e c ti o n o f t h e d i ff e r e n c e s in t e c h n i q u e s a n d a p p a r a t u s

e m p l o y e d b y e a c h o f t he p a rt i ci p an t s.

T h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t he t hr e e s o i ls a s d e t e r m i n e d b y R o a d

R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y o p e r a t o r s a r e g iv e n in T a b le 2.

4

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T A B L E i

C h e c k t es ts o n t he h o m o g e n e i t y o f t he s oi l s a m p I e s

S a m p l e

12

3

4

5

6

M e a n3t. De vi at io n

C. O. V.

Liquid Limit of Soil (%)

t3

35 . 1

3 5 . 2

3 4 . 1

3 4 . 7

: 3 4 . 5

3 4 . 5

3 4 . 70 . 4

1 . 2

Plastic Li mi t of Soil (% )

G

75.5

7 5 . 6

7 5 . 6

7 6 . 0

7 6 . 0

76.7

75.90.5

0.6

W

66.2

65.3

6 5 . 0

65.5

65. 0

6 6 . 0

65.50.5

0.8

B

1 9 . 2

1 9 . 1

1 9 . 5

1 9 . 4

1 9 . 1

1 9 . 5

1 9 . 30.2

1.0

G

2 7 . 3

2 7 . 2

2 7 . 4

2 8 . 0

27.1

2 7 . 8

2 7 . 50.4

1.3

W

25.1

2 5 . 6

25. 1

2 4 . 9

2 5 . 3

2 5 . 2

2 5 . 20.2

1.0

T A B L E 2

P r o p e r t i e s o f s o il s u s e d i n t he t e s ti n g p r o g r a m m e

( m e a n r es ul ts o f R . R. L. O ~ e r a t o r s )

T e s t

Plastic Li mi t (%)

Liquid Li mit (%)

Specific Grav it y

2 . 5k g R a m m : e r C o m p a c ti o n : -

O p t i m u m M o i s tu r e C o nt e nt (%)

M a x i m u m D r y Density: ( M g / m 3)

( l b / f t 3 )

4 . 5 kg R a m m e r C o m p a c t i o n : -

O p t i m u m M o i s t u r e C o n t e n t (%)

M a x i m u m D r y Density: ( M g / m 3)

(Ib/ft )

Particle-Size Distribution:-

L o s s o n p r e t r e a t m e n t (% )

C l a y C o n t e n t (% o f p r e t r e a t e d s o i l )

C l a y C o n t e n t (% o f w h o l e s o i l )

Soil B Soi l G

19 26

36 75

2 . 7 O 2 . 7 5

16 22

1. 81 I. 64

113 102

12 17

1 . 9 9 1 . 8 1

1 2 4 1 1 3

1 3 3

2 6 6 3

2 6 4 3

Soil W

25

68

I 2 . 7 9

20

I. 70

I O6

15

1 . 8 9

118

272

72

5

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5. O R G A N I S A T I O N S T A K I N G P A R T

T h e s t u d y o f o p e r a t o r r e p ea t a bi l i ty a n d " w it h in l a b o r a t o r y " r e p r o d u c i -

b il it y w a s c a r r i e d o u t at t he L a b o r a t o r y u s i n g s t af f w o r k i n g i n t he

E a r t h w o r k s a n d F o u n d a t i o n s S e c ti o n all o f w h o m h a d e x p e r i e n c e o f t he

tests.

T h e s t u d y of t he r e p r o du c i b i l i ty b e t w e e n l a b o r at o r i e s w a s

u n d e r t a k e n w i t h th e c o - o p e r a t i o n o f o v e r 4 0 l a b or a to r i es in G r e a t

B r i t a i n k n o w n t o c a r r y o u t t he t e s ti n g o f s oi ls f or c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g

p u r p o s e s .

A t t h e s ta r t o f t h e p r o g r a m m e a l e tt e r a n d e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e

c o n c e r n i n g t h e t es ti ng p r o g r a m m e ( r e p r o d u c e d i n A p p e n d i x 2 ) w a s s e nt

t o 5 6 l a b o r a t o r i e s . T e n o r g a n i s a t i o n s d i d n o t w i s h t o t a ke p a r t b u t 4 6

a g r e e d t o p a r ti c i pa t e , t o v a r y i n g e xt en ts . T h e l e t t e r r e p r o d u c e d i n

A p p e n d i x 3 w a s s e nt to t h e s e o r ga n i s at i o n s a n d t he s o il s w e r e

d i s p a t c h e d d u r i ng A u g u s t 1 96 6. S i x o r g an i s a ti o n s late r w i t h d r e w f r o m

t he i n v e s ti g a t io n d u e t o p r e s s u r e o f o t h e r w o r k .

T h i s R e p o r t t h e r e f o r e d e a l s w i t h t he r e su l ts f r o m 4 0

o r g a ni s a ti o n s w h i c h" c o m p r i s e d e ig ht G o v e r n m e n t - s p o n s o r e d e st ab li sh -

m e n t s , n i ne C o u n t y C o u n c i l T e s t i n g L a b o r a t or i e s , f i v e U n i v e r s i t y

R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , n i ne S o i l -T e s t in g H o u s e s a n d C o n s u lt a n t s a n d

n i ne C o n t r a c t o r s ' L a b o r a t o r i e s .

O r g a n i s a t i o n N o . 4 s u b m i t t e d t w o s et s o f r e su l ts o b t a i n e d b y

t w o d i f fe r e nt o p e r a t o r s f o r t h e p l as t ic i t y t es ts a n d t h e s e a r e r e f e r r e d

t o a s 4 A a n d 4 B i n t he t ex t . O r g a n i s a t i o n N o . I I s u b m i t t e d t w o s e ts of

r e s ul t s f r o m t w o s e p a r a t e l a b o r a t o r i e s w i t h in t he o r g a n i s a t i o n ( I I A

a n d l I B ) a n d s i m i l a r l y O r g a n i s a t i o n N o . 3 0 s u b m i t t e d f o ur s et s o f

r e su l ts f r o m f o u r s e p a r a t e l a b o r a t o r i e s w i th i n t he o r g a n i s a t i o n ( 3 0 A,

3 0 B , 3 0 D a n d 3 0 E ). F o r s e v e r a l of t he t es ts m o r e t h a n 4 0 r e su l t s a r e

t h e re f o re r ep o rt e d. T h e L a b o r a t o r y a g r e e d to p r e s e r v e th e a n o n y m i t y

o f t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s i n v o l v e d a n d e a c h is r e f e r r e d to i n t h i s R e p o r to n l y b y its C o d e N u m b e r .

6. T H E S O I L P L A S T I C I T Y T E S T S

T h e soil plasticity tests involve the de te rm in at io n of the liquid limit

a n d t h at o f t h e p l as t ic l i m i t . A s b o t h te st s f o r m t h e b a s i s o f m a n y

s o i l - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m s i t i s c o m m o n f o r t h e t w o t e s t s t o b e p e r -

f o r m e d o n t h e s a m e s a m p l e o f s o i l a l t h o u g h w h e n t h e y a r e u s e d f o r

c o n t r o l p u r p o s e s t h e y m a y b e m a d e o n s e p a r a t e s a m p l e s .

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6. 1 T h e liquid limit test

I n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e r e p e a t a bi l i t y o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e l i qu i d

l i mi t t es t f or th e t h r e e s oi ls w h e n t he t es t w a s p e r f o r m e d b y o n e

o p e r a t o r w a s a l r e a d y a v ai l ab l e f r o m t he w o r k d e s c r i b e d in S e c t i on 3

( T a b l e i) a n d f r o m p r e v i o u s w o r k o n f o ur o t h e r s o il s ( A p p e n d i x 4).

T h e s e t e st s s h o w e d t h at t h e co e f f i ci e n t o f v a r i a t i o n o f l i q u id l i m i t

r es ul ts w h e n p e r f o r m e d a n u m b e r o f t i m e s b y o n e o p e r a t o r u s i n g the

s a m e a p p a r a t u s r a n g e d f r o m 0. 6 to I. 4 p e r c en t.

F o r t he s t u d y o f t h e " w i t h i n - l a b o r a t o r y " v a r i a t i o n o f t he

results of the liquid limit tests for the three soils, eight RR L

o p e r a t o r s w e r e a s k e d to p e r f o r m t he te st o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e s

o f t he s o i l s . T h e y all u s e d t h e s a m e a p p a r a t u s f or c a r r y i n g o u t t h e

t e st . T h e r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 3.

T h e r e s u l t s o f t he li q ui d l i mi t t es t c a r r i e d o u t b y 4 1 o p e r a t o r s

f r o m d i ff e re n t o r g a n i s a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 4 a n d F i g . 1. A c o m -

p a r i s o n o f t h e t h r e e s e ts o f r e s u l t s i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 5.

6. i. i D i s c u s s i o n o f l ic lu id l i m i t r e s ul t s . T h e m e a n v a l u e s o f t h e

l i qu id l i m it o b t a i n e d b y R R L o p e r a t o r s f or all t h r e e s o il s w e r e h i g h e r

t h a n t h e m e a n s o f t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y t he o t h e r 4 1 l a b o r a t o r i e s

( T a b l e 5). T h i s w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y m a r k e d i n t h e c a s e o f s oi l G w h e r e

t h e r e w a s a d i f f e r e n c e o f 6 p e r c en t. T h e r e a s o n f o r t hi s c o u l d b ed i f f e r e n c e s i n a p p a r a t u s o r t e c h n i q ue . It is u n l i k e l y th a t t h e a p p a r a t u s

w a s t he c a u s e a s th e R . R . Z . a p p a r a t u s c o m p l i e d w i t h B . S. 1 3 7 7 a n d

d i f f er e n ce s in t he a p p a r a t u s a m o n g t he o t h er o p e r a t o r s w o u l d b e

e x p e c t e d to b e r a n d o m w i t h a n e q u a l c h a n c e o f t h e r e s u lt s b e i n g t o o

h i g h o r t oo l o w. F u r t h e r m o r e , a s d e s c r i b e d in t he n e x t S e ct i on , q u it e

l a r g e d i f f e r en c e s in t he a p p a r a t u s w e r e f o u n d to h a v e o n l y a s e c o n d -

o r d e r e f f e c t .

T h e m o s t p r o b a b l e c a u s e o f t he di f f e r e n ce is t he u s e o f d i v e r s e

m i x i n g t e c h n i q u e s . S a m p l e s o f h e a v y c l ay s oil s, s u c h as S oi l G , t ha ta r e m i x e d w i t h w a t e r a n d t h e n a l l o w e d to s t a n d f or s e v e r a l h o u r s b e f o r e

t es ti ng h a v e b e e n s h o w n to g i v e h i g h e r r e s u lt s t h a n s a m p l e s t e s t e d

i m m e d i a t e l y a f t er m i x i n g . A l l t he s a m p l e s t e s t e d b y th e R . R . L .

o p e r a t o r s w e r e a l l o w e d to s t a n d f or 2 4 h o u r s b e t w e e n m i x i n g w i t h

w a t e r a n d t es t in g; t h e t es t p r o c e d u r e g i v e n i n t h e 1 9 6 1 e d i ti o n o f

B . S . 1 3 7 7 d o e s n o t m a k e it m a n d a t o r y t o d o th is ( t h a t i n t h e 1 9 6 7

e di t io n d o e s ) a n d it is p r o b a b l e t ha t m a n y o f t h e o p e r a t o r s c a r r i e d o u t

t he t est i m m e d i a t e l y a ft er m i x i n g w i t h w a t e r .

T h e r e s u l t s f r o m t he d if f er e nt l a b o r a t o r i e s t a k i n g p a r t i n t h et es ti ng p r o g r a m m e ( T a b l e 4) s h o w t ha t t he g e n e r a l l e v el o f v a r i a t i o n

7

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T A B L E 3

R e s u l t s o f l i qu i d l i m it te s ts c a r r i e d o u t b y e i gh t o p e r a t o r s

o n 3 s oi l s

M e t h o d M e t h o d a s g i v e n i n B . S. 1 3 7 7 A l t er n a ti v e ( co n e p e n e t r o -

m e t er ) m e t h o d

L i q u i d L i m i t R e s u l t (% ) L i q u i d L i m i t R e s u l t ( %)

i O p e r a t o r

Soil B Soil G Soil W Soil B Soil G Soil W

A

B

' C

D

E

F

• GiL

H

M ean

St . Deviat ion

C. O. V.

3 2 . 0

3 5 . 0

i 3 5 . 21 3 7 . 01138.1

3 5 . 4

3 6 . 5

3 8 . 0

3 6

1 . 8

5 . 3

7 3 . 8

7 3 . 2

7 5 . 7

7 6 . 4

7 6 . 8

7 5 . 5

7 6 . 1

7 6 . 3

7 5

1 . 2

1 . 6

6 3 . 8

6 7 . 4

6 6 . 6

6 7 . 7

6 9 . 8

t 68.7I

, 7 0 . 2

' 6 9 . 1

68

2 . 0

2 . 8

3 5 . 5

3 3 . 4

3 5 . 7

3 6 . 9

35. 9

3 6 . 7

3 7 . 4

3 7 . 0

36

1 . 2

3 . 3

7 3 . 3

7 3 . 4

7 5 . 8

7 3 . 6

7 3 . 2

7 3 . 1

72.6

7 3 . 4

7 4

0 . 9

1 . 2

6 5 . 5

6 4 . 8

6 4 . 8

64. 4

66. Z

65. 6

65. 9

66.0

65

0.6

0.9

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T A B L E 4

C O M P A R A T I V E T E S T S B E T W E E N L A B O R A T O R I E S

R e s u l t s o f p l a s t i c i ty t e s t s a n d s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o n t h e t h r e e s a m p l e s o f s o i l

L A B

N O .

*I(RRL)2

3 "

4 A

4 B

5

6

7

8

9

[ 0

! A

1 B

[ 2

~,1 3

11 4

!l 7

[ 8

i1 9

12 0

~5

3 0 A

3 0 B

3 0 D ~

3 0 E

31

3 2

3 3

3 5

3 7

3 8

3 9

i 2

t 3

~ 4

i 5 19

S O I L B S O I L G S O I L Wt

P . L . L . L . P . I . P . L . L . L . ! P . I . P . L . L . L . P . I .

(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) : (%) (%) (%) (%)

I ' '18 32 14 25 74 49 23 64 41

20 35 15 32 59 27 28 60 42

18 38 20 27 74 47 21 70 49 !

14 33 19 23 67 44 23 69 46

16 32 16 24 77 53 22 69 47

1 8 3 2 1 4 2 6 6 9 1 4 3 2 5 " 6 6 4 1

1 7 33 16 26 69 43 24 66 42

1 6 3 6 2 0 2 4 7 4 5 0 2 4 7 0 4 6

19 35 16 24 74 50 23 73 50

16 31 15 23 66 43 25 70 4 5

- 24 69 45

18 33 15 23 64 4! 23 6 ~ 44

20 35 15 29 75 46 25 73 48

23 29 6 27 60 33 28. 58 30

1 7 3 6 1 9 2 5 7 2 4 7 2 2 7 0 4 8

19 35 16 23 78 55 22 70 4 8

20 36 16 25 64 39 23 64 41I

23 33 10 36 70 34 31 l 64 33

19 29 10 25 61 3 6 26 61 35

13 31 18 19 73 54 21 66 45

18 32 14 26 65 39 25 67 42

17 35 18 22 64 ,42 20 59 39

17 32 15 24 66 42 23 64 41

18 32 14 26 71 45 25 68 4 3

1 6 3 7 , 2 1 2 3 7 2 4 9 2 2 6 5 4 3

21 36 15 29 65 36 : 39 65 2620 33 13 28 73 45 26 72 46

20 34 14 22 72 50 25 72 47

20 33 13 22 71 49 25 65 4 0

2 0 3 3 1 3 2 2 7 2 5 0 i 2 2 6 8 4 6

18 32 14 22 70 48 ! 23 61 38

1 4 3 3 1 9 2 3 7 0 4 7 I 2 6 6 8 4 2

17 37 20 25 70 45 25 73 48

- 26 55 29

19 34 15 27 84 57 25 85 60

24 29 5 23 68 45 23 67 44

19 37 18 28 63 35 25 71 46

16 30 14 24 62 38 21 63 42

18 36 18 25 72 47 I 26 74 48

19 34 15 25 66 I 41 24 63 39

20 36 16 26 70 1 44 25 67 42

15 38 23 18 68 50 22 75 53

31 12 28 64 36 i 27 64 37

S P E C I F I C G R A V I T YS O I L

B

2 . 7 0

2. 68

2. 67

2. 67

2, 69

2. 68

2. 66

2. 62

2 . 7 1

2. 67

2. 60

2. 62

2. 70

2. 62

2 . 6 2

2 . 6 3

2 . 6 9

2. 582. 54

2. 66

2. 69

2, 65

2. 65

2, 64

2 . 5 7

2 . 6 1

2 . 7 1

2 . 8 1

2. 67

2 . 7 7

2. 64

2.61

2. 74

2. 68

S O I L S O I L

G Wi

i

2 . 7 4 2 . 7 8

2 . 7 1 2 . 7 1

2 . 7 2 2 , 7 2

2 . 7 1 2 . 7 4

2. 70 2. 75

2. 70 2. 72

2. 68 2. 71

2. 60 2. 63

- 2 . 7 4

2. 71 2. 73

2. 74 2. 70

2. 81 2, 74

2 . 6 3 2 . 6 7

2 . 7 2 2 . 7 1

2 . 7 1 2 . 7 3

2 . 8 O 2 . 6 2

2 . 6 3 ! 2 . 6 9!

- I

2 . 7 1 2 . 7 8

2 . 6 4 " 2 . 6 02 . 6 4 2 . 6 3

2. 75 2. 72

2. 67 2. 68

2. 68 2. 72

2. 70 2; 74

2. 60 2. 63

2. 58 2. 6O

- 2 . 7 7

2 . 6 7 2 , 7 1

2 . 7 7 2 ,. 8 1

2. 84 2.8 5

2. 70 2. 73

2. 72 2. 63

2, 66 2. 69

2.7 0 2. 64

2. 75 2. 79

2. 67 2. 75

N o . o f 4 1

R e s u l t s

M e a n 1 8

R a n g e 1 3 - 2 4

~ . D . 2 . 4

E . O . V . 1 3 . 1

4 1 " 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 3 I 4 3 4 3

34 15 25 69 44 25 67 43

2 9 - 3 8 5 - 2 3 1 8 - 3 6 5 9 - 8 4 2 7 - 5 7 2 0 - 3 9 5 5 - 8 5 2 6 - 6 0

2.4 3.6 3.2 5.2 6.5 3.1 :5,3 6.2; I

7 . 1 ~ , 3 . 5 1 2 . 8 7 . 5 [ 4 . 7 1 2 . 7 7 . 9 1 4 . 4

3 4 3 4 3 6

2 . 6 6 2 . 7 0 2 . 7 1

2.54 - 2.58 - 2. 60.

2 . 8 1 2 . 8 4 2 . 8 5

0 . 0 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 6

2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 2

T h e s e a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f o n e o f t h e R R L o p e r a t o r s .

S . D . = S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n

C . O . V . = C o e f f i c i e n t o f V a r i a t i o n

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T A B L E 6

L i q u i d l i m i t r e s u l t s o f t h r e e s o i l s o b t a i n e d w i t h d i f f e r e nt a p p a r a t u s

S o u r c e of

a p p a ra t u s

R. R. L.

( N o . 1 )

L a b o r a t o r y

N o . 1 2

L a b o r a t o r y

N o . 2

L a b o r a t o r y

N o . 4 2

L a b o r a t o r yN o . 3 9

C o n d i t i o n o f

m a c h i n e

With in

specification.

B a s e o u t s i de

s p e c i f i c a t i o n

T e s t r e p e a t e d +

o n s a m e

m a c h i n e u s i ng

groov ing too l

with wide t ip

(3. 5ram)

Meta l s l ide

holding cup

v e ry l o o s e

R u b b e r i n s e r t

i n m e t a l b a s e

B a d l y d e s i g n e d +c a m c a u s i n g

cup to s t r ike

c a m i n s t e a d o f

b a s e

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

r u b b e r base",'-"

Ha rd n e s s R e s i l i e n c e

(De g re e s )

90

97

97

95

9 4

9 2

( 7 ° )

33

L i q u i d l i m i t ( % ) o f s o il s d e t e r m i n e d : -

B y l a b o r at o r y - B y a n e x p e r i e n c e d

c o n c e r n e d R . R . L . O p e r at o r

B G W B .G W

- - - 3 5 7 3 6 7

2 0 2 9 6 0 5 8 3 2 7 1 6 5

20 3 4 7 6 7 0

2 8 3 5 5 9 6 0 3 2 7 4 6 5

2 6 3 4 6 6 6 3 3 1 7 0 6 3

31 3 4 7 6 6 8

* B . S . 1 3 7 7 r e q u i r e s H a r d n e s s 8 4 ° - 9 4 ° , R e s i l i e n c e 2 0 - 3 5 p e r c e nt .

+ A p p a r a t u s n o t u s e d i n o r i gi n a l t es t a s l a b o r a t o r y w a s a w a r e o f t h e d ef ec t.

A l l r e p e a t r e s u l t s b y R . R . L . o b t a i n e d b y O p e r a t o r B .

/

J

II

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g r o o v i n g t oo l w h e r e w e a r o n t h e tip h a d b r o u g h t i t o u t s i d e s p e c if i c a ti o n

(3. 5 r a m w i d e i n s t e a d o f t h e Z m m s p e ci f i ed ) di d i n d i c at e a n a d di t i o n al

s o u r c e of e r r o r. H o w e v e r , n o o t h e r o b v i o u s r e a s o n s c o u l d b e f o u n d

f or t he l a r g e v a r i a ti o n s r ' e c o r d e d a n d it m u s t b e c o n c l u d e d t ha t t he m a i n

s o u r c e o f e r r o r is d i f fe r e nc e i n o p e r a t o r t e c h n i qu e a n d th e m a n n e r i n

w h i c h t h e so il is p r e p a r e d .

6 . Z T h e p l a s t i c l i m i t t e s t

T h e r e p e a t ab i l i t y o f t h e p l as t ic li m it t es t w h e n p e r f o r m e d b y

o n e o p e r a t o r h a d a l r e a d y b e e n c a r r i e d o ut o n t he t h r e e so il s (s ee

S e c t i o n 3 , T a b l e I) a n d ad d i ti o n al i n f o r m a t i o n w a s a v a il a b le f r o m

p r e v i o u s w o r k o n f o u r o t h e r s oi ls ( A p p e n d i x 4). T h e s e t w o s e ts o f

r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e c o e f fi c i en t o f v a r i a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l ts o f t h e

p la st ic l i mi t t es t, w h e n p e r f o r m e d a n u m b e r o f t i m e s b y o n e o pe r a t o r ,r a n g e d f r o m 0. 9 to 3. 7.

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p l a s t i c l i m i t t e s t s o n t h e t h r e e s o i l s w h e n

e i g h t R . R . L . o p e r a t o r s w e r e a s k e d t o p e r f o r m t h e t e s t a r e g i v e n i n

T a b l e 7 . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e t e s t w h e n c a r r i e d o u t b y 4 1 o p e r a t o r s

f r o m d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i s a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 4 a n d F i g . Z .

A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d u n d e r t h e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t

c o n d i t i o n s i s g i v e n i r i T a b l e 8 .

6 . 2 . 1 D i s c u s s i o n o f p l a s t i c l i m i t t e s t r e s u l t s . I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e

o t h e r s o i l t e s t s t h e p l a s t i c l i m i t t e s t d o e s n o t d e p e n d t o a n y g r e a t

e x t e n t o n s p e c i a l i s e d a p p a r a t u s a n d i t i s l e f t t o t h e o p e r a t o r t o d e c i d e

h o w m u c h p r e s s u r e t o a p p l y t o t h e s o i l t h r e a d w h e n i t i s r o l l e d b y h a n d

o n a g l a s s p l a t e . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e a t e n d e n c y f o r a h e a v y -

h a n d e d o p e r a t o r t o g e t a c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h e r v a l u e t h a n o n e w i t h a

l i g h t e r t o u c h . E r r o r s s u c h a s t h e s e a r e r a n d o m a n d t h e a g r e e m e n t

b e t w e e n t h e m e a n r e s u l t s f o r o n e o p e r a t o r , t h o s e f o r t h e e i g h t R . R . L .

o p e r a t o r s a n d t h o s e f o r t h e o t h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n s i s g o o d . A s m i g h t b e

e x p e c t e d i n v i e w o f t h e s u b j e c t i v e n a t u r e o f t h e t e s t t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f

v a r i a t i o n o f a l l t h r e e s e t s o f r e s u l t s a r e m u c h h i g h e r t h a n t h e c o r r e s -

p o n d i n g v a l u e s f o r t h e l i q u i d l i m i t r e s u l t s .

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p l a s t i c l i m i t t e s t o n a ll t h r e e s oi ls b y t h e

d i ff e re n t o p e r a t o r s i n t h e 4 1 o r g a n i s a t i o n s ( Fi g. Z a n d T a b l e 4 ) s h o w a

b r o a d l y s i m i l a r p a t t e r n w i t h a c o ef fi c ie nt o f v a r i a t io n o f a b o u t 1 3 p e r

c e nt . T h i s i s a v e r y h i g h v a l u e a n d it m e a n s t h at f o r p l a st i c l i m i t

r e su l ts , w h i c h u s u a l l y o n l y r a n g e f r o m 1 5 - 3 0 p e r c en t, o n e - t h i r d o f all

t h e r e s u l ts c o u l d b e m o r e t h a n a b o u t 3 u ni ts f r o m t he t r u e v a lu e .

1 2

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T A B L E 7

R e s u l t s o f p l a s t i c l im i t t e s t s c a r r i e d o u t b y e ig h t o p e r a to r s o,n 3 s o i l s

O p e r a t o r

A

B

C

D

F

G

J

K

M e a n

S t . D e v i a t i o n

C . O . V .

P l a s t f c L i m i t ( %) o f: -

Soil B

1 7 . 5

1 9 . 7

2 0 . 0

1 7 . 7

1 8 . 4

1 9 . 2

1 8 . 1

1 7 . 6

1 8 . 5

1 . 0

5 , 3

Soil G

24. 9

2 7 . 2

2 6 . 3

2 5 . 9

2 7 . 0

2 6 . 5

2 3 . 3

2 5 . 7

Soil W

2 2 . 9

25. 8

27. 0

25. i

24. 0

25. 9

24. 6

2 3 . 1

2~5. 9 24 . 8

I•.•3 1 . 4

5 . O 5 . 6

T A B L E 8

C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e p r o d u c ib i l i t y o f p l as t ic l i mi t r e s ul t s

o b t a i n e d u n d e r d i ff e re n t c o n d i t i o n s

Soil

B

G

W

6 r e s u l t s b y

1 O p e r a t o r

M e a n S . D. C . O . V .

1 9 0 . 2 1 , 0

2 7 0 . 4 • 1 . 3 •

2 5 0 . 2 1 . 0

M e a n

19

2 6

25

8 R . R . L .

O p e r a t o r s

S . D .

1 . 0

1 . 3

1 . 4

i.. ,

C. O . V . M e a n

5 . 3 1 8

5 . 0 ! 2 5

t5 . 6 ~ 2 5

4 1 O p e r a t o r s ,

f r o m d i ff e re n t

l a b o r a t o r i e s

IS. D.

J

' C . O . V .

L

2. 4 : 13. 1

1 3 . 2 ! 1 2 . 8

' i3. I 12. 7

1 3

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T h e l a r g e " b e t w e e n l a b o r a t o r y " v a r i a t i o n is to s o m e e x te n t d u e

t o t he c o n s i s t e n t l y v e r y l o w o r v e r y h i g h r e su l ts o b t a i n e d b y a l i m i t e d

n u m b e r o f t h e t e s t i n g o r g a n i s a t i o n s . It i s o f i n t e r e s t t o n o t e th a t w i t h

o n e e x c e p t i o n t h e s e w e r e n o t t he s a m e g r o u p o f l a b o r a t o r i e s th at

o b t a i n e d v e r y e r r a t i c l i q ui d l i m i t v a l u e s.

6. 3 I m p l i c a t i o n s o f p l a s t i c it y t e st r e s u l t s

D i s c u s s i o n s w i t h t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s t a k in g p a r t in t h e t e st i ng

p r o g r a m m e s h o w e d t ha t t he m a i n u s e o f t he l iq ui d l i mi t t es t w a s f or

s oi l c l a s s i fi c a t i o n p u r p o s e s . T h e p l a st i c l i m it t e s t w a s w i d e l y u s e d

n o t o n l y f o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s b u t a l s o f o r d e c i d i n g o n t h e su it ab il it y

o f s oi l a s a fill m a t e r i a l a n d w h e t h e r it is t o o w e t f or u s e . T h e r e s u l t s

o f t h e t e st w e r e e m p l o y e d a t t w o s t a g e s: f ir st ly a t t h e d e s i g n s t a g e w h e r e

t h e p l as t i c l i m i t t e st s d o n e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e s oi l s u r v e y w e r e u s e dt o d e c i d e w h e t h e r m a t e r i a l s f r o m c ut ti ng s w o u l d b e s a t i sf a c to r y a s fill

a n d s e c o n d l y a s a c o n t r o l t es t d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n .

T h e p l a st i c it y i n d e x d e r i v e d f r o m t h e l i qu i d a n d p l a st i c l i m it

r e s u lt s c a n b e u s e d a s a m e t h o d o f e s t i m a t i n g th e C . B . R . v a l u e o f a

s u b g r a d e . A l t h o u g h th is is s u g g e s t e d i n R o a d N o t e 2 9 2 it d id n o t a p p e a r

y e t to b e u s e d i n t his w a y . T h e n e a r e s t a p p r o a c h t o thi s u s e w a s w h e r e

s oi ls h a v i n g t he s a m e p l as t ic i ty i n di c e s w e r e a s s u m e d to h a v e t h e s a m e

C . B . R . v a l u e s a n d t h e a m o u n t o f C . B, R . t es ti ng w a s t h e r e b y r e d u c e d .

T h e p l a st i c it y i n d e x t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e l i qu i d l i m it re s u l t f o r m s

t he b a s i s f o r c l a s s i fy i n g s o i ls b y C a s a g r a n d e ' s e x t e n d e d s oi l c la ss i fi -

c a t io n s y s t e m a s u s e d i n G r e a t B r i ta in . T a b l e 9 g i v e s t he g r o u p

s y m b o l s o f t he C a s a g r a n d e c l as s if i ca t io n t ha t w o u l d b e i n d i ca t e d f r o m

t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y t he v a r i o u s l a b o r a t o r i e s o n t h e t h r e e s oi ls .

T h e T a b l e s s h o w t ha t w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n all l a b o r a t o r i e s w o u l d p l a c e

S oi ls G a n d W i n t he C H g r o u p o f t he C a s a g r a n d e s y s t e m b ut 2 6 w o u l d

c l a s si f y S oi l B i n t he C L g r o u p a n d 1 5 i n t he C I g r o u p . T h e C a s a g r a n d e

s y s t e m c l a s s i f i e s a ll c l a y s o i ls w i t h l iq u id l i m i t s a b o v e 5 0 i n t h e C H

c a t e g o r i e s a n d it h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d 3 t ha t t he s y s t e m m i g h t b e e x t e n d e ds til l f u r t h e r b y t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a n e x t r a c a t e g o r y f or s oi ls h a v i n g

l i qu i d l i m i ts a b o v e 7 0 p e r c en t. If t hi s w e r e d o n e 2 2 o u t o f 4 0

l a b o r a t o r i e s w o u l d p l a c e S o il G i n t he h i g h e r g r o u p a n d 1 3 O ut o f 4 2

l a h o r a t o r i e s w o u l d d o l i k e w i s e w i t h S oi l W .

T h e r e s ul t s of t h e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h th e o r g a n i s a t i o n s s h o w e d that,

in prac tice , as w ell a s in principle, the soil plasticity tests ar e

i m p o r t a n t d e s i g n a n d c o n t r o l t es ts . I n v i e w o f t he w i d e s c a tt e r o f

r e s u l t s o f t h e s e t e st s it i s t h e r e f o r e i n ev i t ab l e th a t w r o n g d e c i s i o n s

c o u l d b e m a d e i n r o a d d e s i g n a n d c on s tr u c ti o n. B e c a u s e o f this t hev i e w s o f a n u m b e r o f r o a d e n g i n e e r s w e r e s o u g h t to f in d w h a t t h e y

t h o u g h t w o u l d b e r e a s o n a b l e t o l e r a n c e s to p l a c e o n t h e s oi l t es t r e s u l ts

1 4

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T ABL E 9

E f f e c t o f t h e p l a s t i c i t y r e s u l t s o n s oi l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n t o R o ad N o t e 2 9

SOIL B* SOIL G

E s t i m a t e d S u b - b a s eL A B P . I . C a s a g r a n d e P . I , C a s a g r a n d e P . I .

C. B.R. requ i redNO. (%) Cla ssi f ica tio n (~o) (%) (mm) Cla ssif ica tio n (%)

CL 49 2. 5 400 CH+ 3

CI 27 5 200 CH 5

CI 47 2. 5 400 CH 2.

CL 44 3 350 CH 3

C L 5 3 2 5 0 0 C H + 3

C L 4 3 3 3 5 0 C H 3

C L 4 3 3 3 5 0 C H 3

C I 5 0 2 . 5 4 0 0 C H + 3

C I 5 0 2. 5 4 0 0 C H + 2 .

C L 4 3 3 3 5 0 C H 3

2 3

3 5 0 3

2.

5

(RRL ) I4

2 15

3 20

4A 19

4B 16

5 14

6 16

7 208 1 6

9 15

10

l lA 15

l iB 15

12 6

13 19

14 16

17 16

18 10

19 10

Z 0 1 8

21 14

2 2 1 8

2 3 15

25 14

2 7 2 1

2 8 15

2 9 1 3

3 0 A 1 4

3 0 B 1 3

3 0 D 1 3

3 0 E 1 4

3 1 1 9

3 2 2 0

3 3

3 5 1 5

3 7 5

3 9 1 4

4 1 1 8

4 2 1 5

4 3 1 6

44 23

4 5 1 2

C L 4 1 3

C L 4 6

C L 3 3 4

C I 4 7 Z . 5

C I 5 5 2

C I 3 9 3

C I i 3 4 ' 4

C L 1 6 2 . 5

C L 5 4 2

CL 39 3

CI 52 3

C L ~ 2 3

C L 5 5 3

CI 59 2 : 5

CI 36 4

C L ~:5 3

C L 50 2. 5

C L ~ 9 2 . 5

C L 5 0 2 . 5

C L ~ 8 2. 5

C L ~ 7 2. 5

Cl ~ 5 3

C L 5 7 2

C L ~ 5 3

C L 3 8 3

C I 4 7 2. 5

CL 51 3

CI ~4 3

CI 50 2. 5

C L 3 6 4

Z 5 0

4 0 0

1 5 o o

3 5 O

2 5 0

4 0 O

5 O 0

3 5 O

3 5 0

3 5 O

3 5 O

4 O O

2 5 0

3 5 0

4 O O

4 O O

4 O O

4 O O

4 O O

3 5 0

5 0 0

3 5 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

3 5 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

2 5 0

4 1

3 Z

4 9

4 6

4 7

4 2

4 2

4 6

5 O

4 5

4 5

C H 4 4

C H + 4 8

C H 3 0

C H + 4 8 2 .

C H + 48 2.

C H " 4 1 3

C H + 3 3 5

C H 3 5 4

C H + 4 5 3

C H 4 2 3

C H 3 9 3

[ C H 4 1 3

C H + 4 3 3

C H + 4 3 3

C H 2 6 5

C H + 4 6 3

C H + 4 7 2 .

C H + 4 0 3

C H + 4 6 3

C H + 3 8 3

C H + 4 Z 3

C H + 4 8 2 .

2 9 5

C H + 6 0 2

C H 4 4 3

C H 4 2 3

C H + 4 8 2.

C H 3 9 3

C H + 4 2 3

CH 5 3 Z .

C H 3 7 3

N o t e s : C.B.R. e s t ima t ed f rom re la t ion be tween P . I . and C. B.R. g iven

Sub-base th icknes s e s t ima t ed f rom re l a t ion be tw een C. B. R. and

fo r Des ign Char t I Roads in Road No te 29 .

* E s t ima t ed sub -base th ickne ss fo r So i l B - 150ram in a l l cases .

+Deno tes L iqu id L imi t 70 pe r cen t o r ove r .

S O I L W

E s t i m a t e d S u b - b a s e

C. B.R. requ i red

(%) (ram)

35O

2OO

5 400

35O

35O

35O

35O

35 05 400

35 0

35 0

35 0

5 400

200

5 400

5 400

35 0

2OO

25O

35O

35O

35O

35 0

35O

35O

2OO

35O

5 400

35 0

35O

35 0

35O

5 400

20 0

5O0

35O

35 0

5 40O

35 0

35O

5 400

35 0

C a s a g r a n d e

C la s s i f ica t ion

CH

CH

CH +

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH +CH +

CH +

CH

CH

CH +

CH

CH +

CH +

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH +

CH +

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH +

CH

CH +

CH

CH

CH +

CH

CH

CH +

CH

in Table II Road Note 29.

s u b - b a s e t h i c k n e s s g i v e n

%

15

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c o n s i d e r e d i n t h is R e p o r t .

T h e i r s u g g e s t i o n s f o r t h e s e a r e s e t o u t i n C o l u m n s 1 - 4 o f T a b l e

1 0 in te r ms of the to le ran ce ( i. e . the ra nge for 95 per cen t of the

r e s u l t s ) o n a r e s u l t t h a t i s p r e s u m e d t o b e a c c u r a t e a n d i n t e r m s o ft h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n . T h e t o l e r a n c e s f o r c o n t r o l p u r p o s e s w e r e

d e d u c e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g t h e d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y t h a t w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d

on s i t e . Fo r e xa mp le a t o l e r a nc e of__+10 pe r c e n t on a p l a s t i c l imi t

r e s u l t o f 2 0 p e r c e n t m e a n s t h a t t h e a c t u a l v a l u e m a y b e b e t w e e n 1 8

a n d 2 2 p e r c e n t . C l e a r l y a n y g r e a t e r r a n g e t h a n t h i s w o u l d m a k e

e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l i m p o s s i b l e .

W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e t o l e r a n c e s r e q u i r e d f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s i t i s

n o t u s u a l t o p l a c e a g r e a t d e a l of r e l i a n c e o n i n d i v i d u a l r e s u l t s a t t h i s

s t a g e ; i n a d d i t i o n t h e r e s u l t s o f t w o o r m o r e t e s t s a r e o f t e n c o r r e l a t e d .T h u s th e p r o b l e m i s s o m e w h a t l e s s c r i t i c a l a n d f o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e

t o l e r a n c e s g i v e n f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s i n T a b l e 10 a r e l e s s s t r i n g e n t .

I n a d d i t i o n to g i v i n g t h e t o l e r a n c e s t ha t s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e

t e st r e s u l t s T a b l e I 0 a l s o g i v e s t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y t ha t c a n a c t u a l l y b e

o b t a i n e d i n p r a c t i c e u n d e r d i f fe r in g c o nd i t io n s. T h e s e f i gu r e s a r e

g i v e n in C o l u m n s 5 - 8 of t he Ta b l e . T h e b e s t r e su l ts th at c a n b e

e x p e c t e d a t t he m o m e n t a r e t h os e g i v e n in C o l u m n 6 i. e. w h e n

e x p e r i e n c e d o p e r a t o r s a r e w o r k i n g u n d e r C a re f ul l y c o nt r ol l ed

c o n di t i on s ( t h e r e su l t s in C o l u m n 5 a r e a s pe c i al c a s e w h i c h c o u l do n l y a p p l y i f t h e s a m e o p e r a t o r d i d al l t h e t es ts t h r o u g h o u t t h e c ou n t ry ) .

I n C o l u m n 7 t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e n i n e b e s t o r g a n i s a t i o n s t a k i n g p a r t

i n t h e t e s t i n g p r o g r a m m e a r e g i v e n . T h e s e n i n e ( w h i c h c o m p r i s e d

f o u r G o v e r n m e n t E s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a C o u n t y C o u n c i l T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r y ,

a U n i v e r s i t y R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y a n d t h r e e l a b o r a t o r i e s b e l o n g i n g t o

a l a r g e T e s t i n g H o u s e ) f o r m e d a d i s t i n c t g r o u p t h a t w e r e g e n e r a l l y

b e t t e r t h a n t h e r e m a i n d e r . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s g r o u p a r e i n c l u d e d a s

i t g i v e s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e b e s t t h a t c a n b e e x p e c t e d i n p r a c t i c e a n d

i t g i v e s a s t a n d a r d t h a t i t w o u l d b e r e a s o n a b l e t o e x p e c t a l l o r g a n i s a t i o n sto a c h i e ve .

C o l u m n 8, w h i c h g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s f r o m a l l t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s ,

c a n n o t be r e g a r d e d a s g i v i n g t h e o u t s i d e l i m i t s o f v a r i a b i l i t y . A l l t h e

l a b o r a t o r i e s w e r e p e r m a n e n t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w h e r e a s i n p r a c t i c e m u c h

o f t h e t e s t i n g w o r k i s d o n e i n t e m p o r a r y s i t e l a b o r a t o r i e s w h e r e t h e

s t a n d a r d w i l l a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y b e l o w e r t h a n t h a t g i v e n i n C o l u m n 8.

T h e r es u lt s i n T a b l e I 0 s h o w t hat t he m i n i m u m d e g r e e o f

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e p l as t ic i ty t es ts r e q u i r e d f o r c o n tr o l p u r p o s e s iso n l y j ust o b t ai n a bl e w h e n e x p e r i e n c e d o p e r a t o r s a r e w o r k i n g u n d e r

c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t io n s . T h e s i g n i f i c a nc e o f t hi s f in di ng c a n n o t b e o v e r -

1 6

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s oi l a ft e r t h e a d d i t i o n o f w a t e r ; if t h i s is n o t c o m p l e t e l y r e m o v e d a

l o w r e s u lt f o r t h e s p ec i f ic g r a v i t y w il l b e o b t a in e d . L o w r e s u l t s w i l l

a l s o b e o b t a i n e d w i t h s oi l t h at is n o t a b s o l u t e l y d r y .

P a r t i c u la r c a r e w a s t h e r e f o r e t a k e n o v e r t he r e m o v a l o f t he a ir

b y t h e l a b o r a t o r y s ta ff i n v o l v ed . T h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y

a m o n g e ig h t R . R . g . o p e r a t o r s a n d fo r t he r e p e a ta b i l i t y b y o n e

( R . R . L . ) o p e r a t o r a r e g i v e n in T a b l e s ii a r id 1 2 r e s p e c t i ve l y .

B e c a u s e t he ex t en t o f t he v a r i at i o n a m o n g t he ei gh t o p e r a t o r s w a s S o

s m a l l t he r ep e a t ab i l i ty s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t o n o n e s oi l o nl y.

3 4 o r g a n i s a t i0 n s t o o k p a r t i n t he " b e t w e e n - l a b o r a t o r y " i n ve s ti -

g a t i o n of t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f s p e ci f i c g r a v i t y r e s u l t s , t h e i r r e s u l t s

a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 4 a n d F i g. 3.

7. 1 D i s c u s s i o n o f s p e ci f ic g r a v i t y r e s u lt s

A s i n c o m p l e t e r e m o v a l o f a ir is t he m o s t l ik el y s o u r c e o f e r r o r

a n d b e c a u s e t hi s w i ll l e a d to l o w r e s u l t s b e i n g o b t a i n e d it f o l l o w s t h at

t h e m e a n s p e ci f i c g r a v i t y o b t a i n e d b y al l t h e 3 4 o r g a n i s a t i o n s w i l l n o t

b e a n i n d ic a t io n o f t h e " t r u e " v a lu e . T h e m e a n r e s u lt o b t a i n e d b y t h e

R . R . Z . o p e r a t o r s h a s th e r e f o r e b e e n t a k e n a s t he b e s t e s t i m a t e o f t he

" t r u e " v a lu e . T h e r e is g o o d r e a s o n f o r d o i n g th is a s e x ce l l e n t

a g r e e m e n t w a s o b ta i ne d a m o n g t he e ig ht o p e r a t o r s ( T a b l e ll) a n d t h e y

t o o k p a r t i c ul a r c a r e o v e r t h e r e m o v a l o f a ir.

T h e r e s u lt s i n T a b l e 1 2 s h o w t ha t 1 o p e r a t o r c a n o b t a i n a h i g h

d e g r e e o f p r e c i s i o n w i t h th e sp e ci f ic g r a v i t y t es t a n d, a s a l r e a d y

m e n t i o n e d , t h e " w i t h i n - l a b o r a t o r y " r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y ( T a b l e 1 i) i s a l s o

v e r y g o od . T h e r e su l t s i n T a b l e 4 a n d F i g . 3 s h o w t h at a l a r g e n u m b e r

o f r e s u l t s l a y o u t s i d e t h e s u g g e s t e d l i m i t s o f + 0 . 0 5 g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 0.

7 . 2 I m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s p e ci f i c g r a v i t y r e s u l t s

T h e m a i n p u r p o s e o f d e t e r m i n i n g t he s p ec if i c g r a v i t y of s oi l

p a r t i c l e s i s t o e n a b l e t h e a i r c o n t e n t of t h e s oi l t o b e c a l c u l a t e d . U p

t o t h e t i m e o f p u b l ic a t i on o f t h e 3 r d e d it i on o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f T r a n s p o r t

S pe ci fi ca ti on f or R o a d a n d B r i d g e W o r k s 5 t he c o m p a c t i o n o f e a r t h w o r k s

a n d m o s t s u b - b a s e a n d b a s e m a t e r i a l s w a s s p ec i fi e d i n t e r m s o f a ir

c o n t e n t s o t h at a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s p e ci f i c g r a v i t y w a s e s s en t i al . T h e

u s e o f t h e te s t w i ll d e c l i ne w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e M e t h o d

S p e c i f i c a t i on f o r c o m p a c t i o n b u t it w il l s ti ll n e e d t o b e c a r r i e d o u t if

f or a n y r e a s o n t he st at e o f c o m p a c t i o n a c h i e v e d n e e d s to b e a s c e r t a i n e d

i n t e r m s o f t h e a i r c o n t e n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l .

19

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TAB LE 1 1

R e s u l t s o f s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y d e t e rm i n a t i o n s c a r r i e d o u t o n 3 s o i l s by e i g h t o p e ra t o r s

O P E R A T O R

A

B

C

D

F

G

J

K

Mean

St . Dev ia t ion

C .O .V .

S p e c i f i c Gra v i t y o f : -

SOIL B

2 . 6 9 6

2 . 6 9 4

2 . 7 0 2

2 . 7 1 6

2 . 7 0 4

2 . 7 0 1

2 . 7 0 8

2 . 7 1 2

2 . 7 0 4

0 . 0 0 2 3

0 . 0 8 5

S O I L G

2 . 7 3 7

2 . 7 5 4

2 . 7 4 9

2 . 7 6 3

2 . 7 5 8

2 . 7 4 5

2 . 7 7 0

2 . 7 5 5

2 . 7 5 3

0 . 0 1 0

0 . 3 6

S OIL W

2 . 7 7 8

Z . 7 9 4

2 . 7 9 0

2 . 7 7 8

2 . 7 9 0

2 . 7 8 2

2 . 7 8 2

2 . 8 1 0

2. 7 8 8

O. 011

0 . 3 6

T A B L E 12

C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r ep r o d u c i b i l i ty o f s p ec i fi c g r a v it y

r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d u n d e r d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s

8 r e s u l t s

Soil

M e a n

B

G

W 2 . 7 8

by 1 o p e ra t o r

S . D . C . O . V .

0 . 0 0 7 3 0 . 2 6

8 R . R . L . O p e r a t o r s

M e a n

2. 70

2 . 7 5

2 . 7 9

S . D . C . O . V .

0 . 0 0 0 2 3 0 . 0 8 5

0 . 0 1 0 0 . 3 6

0. 011 0. 36

34 Op e ra t o r s f ro m d i f f e r e n t

o rg a n i s a t i o n s

Mean

2. 66

2 . 7 0

2 . 7 1

S . D . C . O . V .

0 . 0 5 5 2 . l

0 . 0 5 9 2. 2

0. 05 9 2. 2

2 0

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T h e e f f e c t o f t h e v a r i a t i o n s o b t a i n e d i n t h e s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y

r e s u l t s o n t h e c a l c u l a t e d a i r c o n t e n t c a n b e a s s e s s e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g

w h a t w o u l d h a p p e n i f t h e s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y v a l u e s o f t h e v a r i o u s

l a b o r a t o r i e s w e r e u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e a i r c o n t e n t o f t h e s o i l s c o m -

pa c t e d i n f a c t t o a n a i r c on t e n t o f 10 pe r c e n t a t a moi s tu re c on t e n tc o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e m e a n o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t f o u n d i n t h e

c o m p a c t i o n t e s t s . T h e c o r r e c t d r y d e n s i t i e s o f t h e t h r e e s o i l s s o

c ompa c t e d a re 1 . 74 Mg/m 3 fo r So i l B . , 1 . 57 Mg/m 3 fo r So i l G a nd

1 . 61 Mg/ m 3 fo r So i l W. Us in g t he se va lu e s a s a ba s i s , f i g . 4 g ive s

t h e a i r c o n t e n t o f e a c h s o i l a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i f i c

g r a v i t y v a l u e s o f t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s . T h e f i g u r e s h o w s t h a t o v e r a t h i r d

o f t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e t e s t i n g p r o g r a m m e w o u l d h a v e

r e c o r d e d a i r c o n t e n t s w i t h e r r o r s g r e a t e r t h a n 2 u n i t s . A r e s u l t s u c h

a s t h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e r e c o u l d b e a s t r o n g p r o b a b i l i t y o f u n s a t i s f a c t o r y

s t a t e s o f c o m p a c t i o n b e i n g a c c e p t e d i n p r a c t i c e .

7. 3 I m p r o v e m e n t s t o t he s pe ci fi c g r a v i t y t es t p r o c e d u r e

A s i n c o m p l e t e r e m o v a l o f a i r i s t h e m a j o r c a u s e o f e r r o n e o u s

r e s u l t s i t i s c l e a r t h a t i f t h e t e s t i s t o b e i m p r o v e d t h e m e t h o d o f

r e m o v i n g t h e a i r n e e d s t o b e c l o s e l y e x a m i n e d . I t i s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e

B . S . t e s t p r o c e d u r e t h a t t h e a i r p r e s s u r e a b o v e t h e w a t e r i n t h e

d e n s i t y b o t t l e s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 2 0 m m o f m e r c u r y a n d t h i s r e d u c e d

p r e s s u r e s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d u n t i l a l l t h e a i r i s r e m o v e d . H o w e v e r ,

i n p r a c t i c e i t i s n o t e a s y t o t e l l w h e n t h i s s t a t e h a s b e e n r e a c h e d . I n

a d d i t i o n f e w v a c u u m p u m p s i n u s e i n t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s v i s i t e d h a d

p r e s s u r e g a u g e s f i t t e d s o t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r s h a d n o m e a n s o f k n o w i n g

w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e y h a d r e d u c e d t h e p r e s s u r e t o t h e v a l u e r e q u i r e d b y

B. S . 1 3 7 7 .

T h e L a b o r a t o r y h a s t h er e fo r e in ve st ig at ed a n i m p r o v e d p r o c e d u r e

fo r r e m o v a l o f a ir a n d t hi s w o r k h a s s h o w n ° t ha t t h e p r e s e n t B . S.

m e t h o d for c o a r s e - g r a i n e d s oi ls c a n b e m a d e m o r e r el ia bl e a n d u s e d

for all types of soils if the air is r e m o v e d f r o m the soil by a sh akin g

t e c h n i q u e r a t h e r t h a n b y r e d u c i n g t he a i r p r e s s u r e .

8. T H E P A R T I C L E - S I Z E D I S T R I B U T I O N T E S T

T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e - s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a s o i l c o m p r i s e s

t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s a n d a n d g r a v e l f r a c t i o n s b y s i e v e a n a l y s i s

a n d t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s i l t a n d c l a y f r a c t i o n s b y s e d i m e n t a t i o n .

S i e v e a n a l y s i s w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d p r o v i d e d w e t s i e v i n g

i s u s e d b u t t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n t e s t i s w e l l k n o w n t o b e s u b j e c t t o m a n y

e r r o r s a n d b e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n v o l v e d i t i s f r e q u e n t l y o m i t t e d

f o r s o i l s w h i c h h a v e a c o m b i n e d s i l t a n d c l a y c o n t e n t o f l e s s t h a n a b o u t

2 5 p e r c e n t .

2 1

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T h e m a i n d if fi cu lt y e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n t es t is t h at

o f e n s u r i n g tha t a g g r e g a t i o n s o f c l a y a r e b r o k e n d o w n i n t o d i s c r e t e

p a r t i c l e s a n d t h e t e st is d e s i g n e d s o a s to e n s u r e t ha t all c e m e n t i n g

a g e n t s l ik el y t o l e a d to t he c o a g u l a t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e s a r e r e m o v e d .

T h i s r e m o v a l c o ns i st s o f p r e t r e a t m e n t of t he soi l w i t h h y d r o g e n

p e r o x i d e t o r e m o v e o r g a n ic m a t te r , w i th a ci d to r e m o v e c a l c i u m

c a r b o n a t e a n d w i th a d i s p e r s i n g a g e n t to i m m o b i l i z e a n y ot h er c a l c i u m

c o m p o u n d s a n d se s q ui o x id e s n ot r e m o v e d b y t he a c i d . F a il u re to

c o m p l e t e l y r e m o v e c e m e n t i n g a g en t s le a ds to l o w va l ue s o f c la y

c o n t e n t a n d h e n c e h i g h s il t c o n t e n t s b e i n g r e c o r d e d . It i s t h e r e f o r e

u s u a l t o r e g a r d t he h i g h e r v a l u e s o f c l a y c o n t en t r e c o r d e d b y d i f fe re nt

o p e r a t o r s i n a p a r t i c u l a r s oi l a s b e i n g m o r e l ik el y t o b e t he be t t er

i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e a c t u a l c l a y c o n t en t .

T h e r e p e at a b i li t y of t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n t es t o b t a i n e d b y o n eo p e r a t o r i s g i v e n in T a b l e 1 3; t hi s p a r t o f t h e i n v e st i g a ti o n w a s d o n e

o n l y w i t h S oi l W . T h e " w i t h i n - l a b o r a t o r y " r e p ro d u c ib i l i ty o f t he

s e d i m e n t a t i o n t es t is g i v e n i n T a b l e 14, a n d t he b e t w e e n - l a b o r a t o r y

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y is g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 5 a n d F ig . 5.

8. 1 D i s c u s s i o n o f p a r t i c l e - s i z e d i s tr i b ut i o n t es t r e s u lt s

T h e r e pe a ta b il i ty of t he t es t w h e n p e r f o r m e d b y o n e o p e r a t o r is

v e r y g o o d ( T a b l e 1 3) a n d t h e r e s u l t s i n T a b l e 1 4 fo r t h e R . R . L .

o p e r a t o r s s h o w t h at t h e y o b t a i n e d r e a s o n a b l y c o n si s t en t v a l ue s .E x a m i n a t i o n o f T a b l e 1 5 a n d F ig . 5 s h o w s t ha t a v e r y l a r g e s c at t er w a s

o b t a i n e d i n t h e r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d b y t h e o t h e r o p e r a t o r s ; t h e s c a t te r is

in fact s o la rg e that it is cle ar that as it sta nds the test is of little

p r a c t i ca l v a lu e . H o w e v e r , a c l o s e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f t he r e su l ts r e v e a l s

a c e r t a i n p a t t e r n ; t h u s f o r S oi l B , 1 2 o f t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s o b t a i n e d

r e s u lt s b e t w e e n 2 4 a n d 2 9 p e r c e n t f or t he c l a y f r ac t io n w h i l e t h e

r e su l t s o f t he r e m a i n i n g II l a b o r at o r i es w e r e s c a t te r e d b e t w e e n 8 a n d

2 3 p e r c en t. S i m i l a r l y f o r S oi l W , 1 4 o f t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s o b t a i n e d

r e s u l t s b e t w e e n 7 0 a n d 7 7 p e r c e n t f or th e c l a y f r ac t io n a n d t h e s e 1 4

i n c l u d e d I 0 o f t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s t h at o b t a i n e d h i g h r e s u l t s f o r S oi l B . Its e e m s l i k e l y t h e r e f o r e t ha t t he b e s t e s t i m a t e f r o m t he re s ul t s i n T a b l e 1 5

o f t h e " t r u e " c l a y c o n t e n t o f S oi l B i s a b o u t 2 7 p e r c e n t a n d a b o u t 7 4

p e r c e n t f or So il W w h i c h a g r e e s q u it e w e l l w i t h t he R . R . L . r e s u l t s

( T a b l e 1 3 a n d 1 4 ) . T h e l o w e r r e s u lt s o b ta i n e d b y t he o t h e r l a b o r a t o r i e s

w e r e a l m o s t c e r t a in l y d u e t o i n c o m p l e t e d i s p e r s i o n o f t he cl a y p ar ti cl es .

T h e r e s u l t s f o r S oi l G a r e c o m p l i c a t e d b y t h e f ac t t ha t t hi s

p a r t i c u l a r s o i l h a d a l a r g e c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e c o n te n t l e a di n g to a h i g h

l o s s o n p r e - t r e a t m e n t . V a r i a t i o n s i n d e t e r m i n i n g t he l o ss o n p r e -

t r e a t m e n t w o u l d b e r e f l e c te d i n v a r i at i o ns i n r e c o r d e d c l a y c o n t e n ts i n c e all t h e f r a ct i on s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t he w e i g h t o f

2 2

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T A B L E 1 3

R e p e a t a b i l i t y o f t he p a r t ic l e - s i z e d i st r ib u ti o n t es t w h e n p e r f o r m e d

b y o n e o p e r a t o r o n S oi l W

T e s t

N o .

l

2

3

4

5

6

L o s s o n p r e -

t r e a t m e n t ( %)

S a n d F r a c t io n

( % )

S il t F r a c t i o n

( % )

2 4

2 3

2 4

2

2

2

I

2

1

2 4

2 4

2 4 I

M e a n 1 2 2 3 ! 7 5

m

I

C l a y F r a c t i o n

( % )

7 4

7 5

7 4

7 5

7 4

7 5

s oi l a ft er p r e - t r e a t m e n t . It is e v i d e n t f r o m t h e l o w v a l u e s t ha t t h e y

r e c o r d e d f or t he los s o n p r e - t r e a t m e n t ( T a b l e 1 5 ) t ha t L a b o r a t o r i e s 7,

27, 31, 35 , 3 7 a n d 5 0 m u s t h a v e O m i t t e d t r e a t m e n t w i t h di lu te

h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d a n d t ha t the ir, r e su l ts f or c l a y c o n t e n t w o u l d b e a b o u t3 0 p e r c e n t l o w e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e o t h e r l a b o r a t o r i e s d u e t o t hi s c a u s e

a l on e . If t h e c l a y c o n t e n t s a r e r e - c a l c u l a t e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e

w h o l e s oil ( T a b l e 1 5) it b e c o m e s a p p a r e n t t ha t t h i r t e e n o f t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s

o b t a in e d c l a y c on t en t r e su lt s t ha t w e r e b e t w e e n 4 1 a n d 4 7 p e r c e n t a n d ~

t ha t a v a l u e o f a b o u t 4 4 p e r c e n t o f t he w h o l e s oi l is t h e m o s t l i k e l y

val ue for Soil G. It is of inter est to note that eight of the thi rte en

l a b o r a t o r i e s m e n t i o n e d a l s o o b t a i n e d t he b e s t e s ti m a t~ e s fo r t h e c l a y

c o n t e n t s o f S o i ls B a n d W .

8. 2 Im pli cat io ns of the par tic le- siz e •distribution test resu lts

I n d i vi d u a l c l a y a n d s il t c o n t e n t s o f s oi l a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n a n y

c u r r e n t s p e c if i c at i o ns b e c a u s e o f t he k n o w n d iff icu lti es e n c o u n t e r e d i n

t h ei r d e t e r m i n a t i o n . T h e t o ta l c l a y a n d s i lt c o n t e n t a s i n d i c a t e d b y t he

p r o p o r t i o n p a s s i n g t he N o . 2 0 0 B . S. s i ev e d o e s h o w e v e r , f o r m a n

i m p o r t a n t p a r t of m a n y s pe c if ic at i on s f or r o a d m a k i n g m a t e r i a l s .

T h e r e a r e t h e r e f o r e s e r i o u s i m p l i c a t i o n s i n t h e f a ct t h a t i n t h e c a s e o f

S oi l B ( w h i c h i s t h e o n l y s oi l to h a v e a n a p p r e c i a b l e s a n d f r a c ti o n ) t h e

a m o u n t o f m a t e r i a l r e c o r d e d a s b ei n g r e t ai n e d o n th e N o . 2 0 0 B . S .

s i ev e r a n g e d f r o m 4 2: to 7 2 p e r c e n t ( e ve n w h e n t he h i g h e s t a n d l o w e s tv a l u e s a r e o m it t ed ) . In m a n y c a s e s a g g r e g a t i o n s o f s il t a n d c l a y m u s t

2 3

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o

o0

0

0

4~

o

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I

u

4~

0

0

o

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°r l

i i

L) ---~ ".O ~o ,.o ~O ~ ,,O

, t

O

I " i+ J

~ ~'¢~ ee3 ~ 0"3 (~ . ~

i i

0-..~

i_ i

~ I°r-t

0

I ' , . -' ~ ~ ~ ' 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'~

~ on

,.o ,~ N

'~ ~ o~

o0 O

c~

or~ cO

O o o

e~ o', o0

• o o0 o~

O

O

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D- D- O

D- u'~ ,.oL O °

o ~ o, - 4 o ~

. o

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TABLE 15

R e s u l t s o f p a r t i c l e - s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n t e s t s o n t h e t h r e e s o i l s

S O I L B

L A B . MethodL . O.P . Sand SHt Clay L .O.P .

NO. Used (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

l(RRL) P 0. 7 55 18 Z7 32. 6

3 P 3 55 16 29 23

4 P 1 54 21 25 32. 5

5 P 0 4 6 2 8 2 6 3 3

6 H 5 65 9 26 34

7 P 1 60 13 27 1

8 N . R . 0 . 8 5 9 1 4 2 7 3 4 . 2

i0 H - -

IIA H 1 87 5 8 Ii

li B H 0 60 " 14 26 28

14 P 3.4 49 33 18 34.6

27 P 2 63 13 24 2

28 P 6 64 21 15 24

29 P 3.8 54 20 26 6.4

31 H 0.3 60 19 21 0. I

3 3 N . R . N . R . 7 2 1 8 I 0 N . R .

3 4 N . R . - 3 4 . 8

3 5 N . R . 3 . 1 5 8 3 1 ' I0 3 . 6

37 P 0.7 70 20 10 0.4

39 H 3.6 66 15 19 34.4

42 P 1 62 24 14 32

43 H 6.7 56 16 28 5.8

45 H 7.7 42 32 23 32.8

5 0 P N . R . 7 + 6 7 + 2 6 + N . R .

S OIL G

Si l t C lay Clay

(%) (%) (% ofwhole

soil

35 65 44

41 59 46

35 64 44

34 65 44

23 62 41

41 58 57

3 6 6 3 4 2

39 57 5O

3 7 5 8 4 2

35 65 43

4 4 5 5 5 4

6 0 3 8 2 9

4 0 5 9 5 5

51 47 47

5 6 4 3 4 3

37 63 42

5 6 4 4 4 3

4 5 4 2 4 1

41 54 36

4 8 4 7 3 2

20 75 71

3 0 7 0 4 6

4 4 + 5 6 + 5 6

No. of2 2 2 3

R e s u l t s

L. O. P.

(7.)

2

3

3

2

6

l

8

N . R .

4

0

3. 5

3

i 45 . 5

0.1

N . R .

2

0 .5

l l . 5

3

4

1 7 . 3

N . R .

S OIL W

Si l t

( 7 0 )

24

Z 6

25

22

25

23

34

2 9 +

22

24

5 0

35

4 8

'3 3

23

27

38

47

27

4 0

3 0

32

2 5 +

23

C l a y(%)

75

7 2

7 4

77

7 4

7 4

75

7 0 +

! 7 5

i 7146

60

47

66

72

72

59

4 3

71

5 4

6 6

66

7 4 +

P = P ipe t t e H = Hydrom eter L .O.P . = Loss on Pre t r ea tme n t N.R. = Not Recor ded

+ Pre t rea t ed wi th perox i de bu t no t wi th ac id ; resu l t s expre ssed as a perce n tage o f who le so i l .

(Al l o t h e r r e s u l t s a r e e x p re s s e d a s a p e rc e n t a g e o f p r e t r e a t e d s o i l. )

25

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T A B L E 1 6

R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f w e t - s i e v e a n a l y s i s r e su l ts o b t a i n e d b y R . R . L. o p e r a t o r s

P e r c e n t a g e r e ta i n ed a s d e t e r m i n e d

B . S . S i e v e b y o p e r a t o r : -

Siz e A I B C ] D G L

~ i n ( Z 0 m m ) 5 Z 5 4 6

) i n ( l O m m ) 1 4 1 5 I i 1 2 1 4

3 / 1 6 i n ( 5 m m ) i i i Z 9 i i i 0

M e a n

5 5

13 13

i0 l0

6 6

6 6

9 9

23 24

16 14

3 3

i0 i0

N o. 7 ( 2 . 4 m m )

N o . 1 4 (i . 2 r a m )

N o . 2 5 (0 . 6 r a m )

No. 52(0. 3m m )

N o . 1 0 0 ( 0 . 1 5 m m )

No. Z 0 0 ( 0 . 0 7 5 m m )

P a s s i n g N o . 2 0 0

6 5 5 6 7

6 7 5 6 6

9 ii I0 9 9

Z3 Z3 27 24 21

14 14 14 15 14

3 3 3 3 3

9 8 ii I0 I01

h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d a s s a n d a n d t h e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t " b e t w e e n -

l a b o r a t o r y " r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e s i e v e a n a l y s i s o f g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l s

w o u l d h a v e b e e n w o r t h i n v e s t i g a t i n g . A l t h o u g h i t w a s t o o l a t e t o d o t h i s ,

a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s m a d e o f t h e " w i t h i n - l a b o r a t o r y " r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y .

T h e r e s u l t s ( g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 6 ) s h o w t h a t g o o d a g r e e m e n t w a s o b t a i n e d

w h e n s i x R . R . L . o p e r a t o r s c a r r i e d o u t w e t - s i e v e a n a l y s e s o n a h o g g i n .

8 . 3 I m p r o v e m e n t s t o t h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e

T h e p r e - t r e a i r n e n t p r o c e d u r e is o n e o f t he m a j o r d if fi cu lt ie s w i t h

t h e p a r t i c l e - s i z e d is t ri b ut i on t e s t . P r e - t r e a t m e n t o f c a l c a r e o u s s oi ls

w i t h a c i d c a n l e a d t o t h e r e m o v a l o f c o n s i d e r a b l e q ua nt it ie s o f m a t e r i a l

(as in the ca se of Soil G) an d if this occu rs it is questionabl e w ha t the

f in al r e s u lt s m e a n . T e s t p r o c e d u r e s f or t he d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t he

particl e-size distribution in us e in other countries often om it acid pre-

t r e a t m e n t a n d, if it w e r e o m i t t e d f r o m t he B . S . p r o c e d u r e , t he

d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e pa r t ic l e - s i ze d i s t ri b ut i on w o u l d b e c o n s i d e r a b l y

s i mp l if i ed . T h e r e q u i r e m e n t f or a c i d t r e a t m e n t in B . S. 1 3 7 7 : 1 9 6 7

origi nated in the first edition of the sta nda rd (B. S. 1377:1 948) w h e n

s o d i u m o x a l at e w a s s p ec i fi e d a s t he d i s p er s i n g a gen t. T h e r e p l a c e m e n t

o f t his d i s p e r s a n t w i th th e m o r e e ff ic ie nt s o d i u m h e x a m e t a p h o s p h a t e

Z 6

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w h i c h o c c u r r e d i n t he 1 9 6 1 e d it io n s h o u l d h a v e m a d e t he u s e o f a c i d

t r e a t m e n t u n n e c e s s a r y . T h e f ac t t ha t s i x l a b o r a t o r i e s o m i t t e d t h e

tr eat men t with acid and still obtaine d values at least as high as the

other laboratories also sugges ts that acid tr ea tm en t is superfluou s.

In the next revision of the British S tan da rd it is ther efor e pro -

p o s e d t ha t t h e p r e - t r e a t m e n t s ha ll b e c o n f i n e d t o t h e r e m o v a l o f

o r g a n i c m a t t e r w i t h h y d r o g e n p e r o xi d e . A s t he so il s e n c o u n t e r e d i n

r o a d c o n s t r uc t i o n r a r e l y c o nt a in m o r e t h a n 2 p e r c e n t o f o r g a n i c

m a t t e r t he r es ul ts c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e p r e - t r e a t e d

s oi l a n d t h e l os s in w e i g h t o n p r e - t r e a t m e n t n e e d n o t b e d e t e r m i n e d .

T h i s w i ll s i m p l i f y a n d s h o r t e n t he te st p r o c e d u r e .

A l t h o u g h p a r ti c le - si z e d e t e r m i n a t i o n b y s i ev e a na l y si s w a s n o t

fully investigated there are indications that ther e ar e s o m e amb igui tie sin the descript ion of the test pro ced ure . In the next re vision of B.S. 1 377

t h e s e a m b i g u i t i e s w i ll b e r e m o v e d .

9. T H E S O I L C O M P A C T I O N T E S T S

T h e c u r r e n t e di ti on ( 1 9 67 ) o f B . S. 1 3 7 7 1 i n c l u d e s t h r e e c o m p a c t i o n

tests but at the tim e that the pre sen t investigation w a s started the test

p r o c e d u r e f or t he d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f th e m o i s t u r e - d e n s i t y r e la t io n b y

t he v i b ra t i ng h a m m e r m e t h o d h a d n o t b e e n p ub l i s h e d , s o t ha t t h i s t es t

c o u l d n o t b e i n c l u d e d i n t he o r i g in a l p r o g r a m m e . T h e i n v e s t ig a t i on o f

t he " b e t w e e n - l a b o r a t o r y " r e pr o du c ib i li t y o f t he c o m p a c t i o n t es ts w a s

t h e r e f o r e c o n f i n e d t o t he d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t he m o i s t u r e - d e n s i t y

r el at io ns of all t h r ee s oil s b y t he 2 . 5 K g r a m m e r m e t h o d a n d t he 4 . 5 K g

r a m m e r m e t h o d . H o w e v e r , t he r e pr o du c ib i li t y o f t he v i br a ti n g h a m m e r

test w h e n d e t e r m i n e d b y R . R . Z . o p e r a to r s o n a h o g g i n w a s s t ud i ed

later a nd the results of this investigation a re inc lud ed in this section.

I n t he c a s e o f all t he c o m p a c t i o n t es ts t h e r e a p p e a r s to b e n o

r e a s o n w h y t he m e a n r es ul t f or t he o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e c on t en ts a n d

m a x i m u m d r y d en s it i es s h o u l d n o t b e t he b e s t e s t i m a t e o f t h e a c tu a l

v a l u e s a n d t he m e a n r e su l ts o f all t he o p e r a t o r s h a v e t h e r e f o r e b e e n

taken as the basis for co mp ar is on . Th e results of the tests are given

i n T a b l e s 1 7 - 2 0 a n d F i g s . 6 a n d 7.

9. 1 Dis cuss ion of comp ac t i on resu l t s

T h e r e pr o du c ib i li t y o b t a i ne d w h e n o n e o p e r a t o r r e p e a t e d t h e

2 . 5 K g a n d 4 . 5 K g r a m m e r m e t h o d s s e ve r al t i m e s w a s i nv es ti ga te d o n ly

with Soil G but the results obtai ned (Table 19) s h o w that a high d eg re e

o f p r e c i s i o n i n t he d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t he o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e c o n te n t a n d

m a x i m u m d r y de n si t y c a n b e o b t a in e d w i t h b o t h m e t h o d s .

27

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T A B L E 17

R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f c o m p a c t i o n t e s t r e s u l t s o b t a in e d b y R . R . L . o p e r a t o r s

M E T H O D O P E R A T O R

A

O

B

c

E D

S C

L

M~

u'3 .

M e a n

~ n S . D .

C . O . V .

,~ AO

~ B

c

~ D

L

MO

M e a n

S . D .

C . O . V .

!

O P T I M U M M O I S T U R E C O N T E N T [ M A X I M U M D R Y D E N S I T Y

S O I L B S O I L G I S O I L W ] S O I L B T S O I L G I

i

21

2 0

18 .

2 2

2 0

1 9

20

1 . 4

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T h e r e s u lt s o b t a i n e d b y t he R . R . g ] o p e r a t o r s f o r t h e s e t e st s

( T a b l e 1 7) h o w e v e r , s h o w t h at t h e r e i s a f a i rl y l a r g e s c a t t e r i n t h e

r e su l ts a n d th e r e q u i r e m e n t s for a c c u r a c y g i v e n in T a b l e 1 0 C a n n o t b e

s a ti s fi e d if t he t es ts a r e to b e u s e d f or c o n t r o l p u r p o s e s a l t h o u g h t h e y

c a n if it i s u s e d f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s . T h e " w i t h i n - l a b o r a t o r y "r e p r o d u c i b il i t y O f t he v i b r at i n g h a m m e r t es t ( T a b l e 2 0 ) is m u c h b e t t e r

a n d w i t h i n t he li m i t s g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 0.

T h e r e su l ts f r o m t he s t ud y o f t he " b e t w e e n - l a b o r a t o r y "

r e p ro d u ci b i li t y ( T a b l e 1 8) s h o w t ha t t he r e q u i r e m e n t s f or a c c u r a c y

g i v e n i n T a b l e l 0 c a n n o t b e m e t if t he te st s a r e t o b e u s e d f o r d e s i g n

a n d c o n tr o l p u r p o s e s . T h e r e w a s a w i d e r a n g e i n t he r e p o r t e d

r e s ul t s a n d a s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e o t h e r t e st s c e r t a i n l a b o r a t o r i e s

o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s t ha t w e r e e it h er c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h o r c o n s i s t e n t l y l o w.

9. 2 I m p l i c a t i o n s o f c o m p a c t i o n t es t r e s u lt s

T h e 2 . 5 K g r a m m e r c o m p a c t i o n t es t a p p e a r s to" b e w i d e l y u s e d ;

t he 4 . 5 K g r a m m e r t es t is a l s o u s e d b u t to a l e s s e r e xt en t. T h e w i d e -

s p r e a d u s e o f t h e s e te st s is u n e x p e c t e d b e c a u s e a n e x a m i n a t i o n o f t he

i n s t an c e s w h e r e t h e y a r e r e f e r r e d t o i n t he M i n i s t r y o f T r a n s p o r t

S p ec i fi c at i on f or R o a d a n d B r i d g e W o r k s w o u l d n o t s u g g e s t t ha t e i th er

o f t he t es ts w a s c o m m o n l y e m p l o y e d , I n f a c t, a l t h o u g h t he S p e c i f i ca t i o n

r e c o m m e n d s t hat t he o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e c o n te n t o b t a i ne d f r o m t he 2. 5 K g

r a m m e r t es t s h o u l d b e u s e d to d e c i d e w h e t h e r t he m o i s t u r e c o n t en t o fn o n - p l a s t i c fil l m a t e r i a l s i s t o o h i gh , t h e t e st d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e

w i d e l y u s e d f or th is p u r p o s e .

It w o u l d s e e m t ha t t he c o m p a c t i o n t es ts a r e p o p u l a r b e c a u s e it is

f el t t h at t h e y g i v e a u s e f u l g u i d e t o t h e d e g r e e o f c o m p a c t i o n l i k e l y t o

b e a c h i e v e d i n p r a ct i c e. T h e y a r e a l s o u s e d to s p e c i f y f ie ld c o m -

p a c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s ; a f ie ld d r y d e n s i t y o f a t ~ le a s t 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e

m a x i m u m d r y d e ns i ty o b t ai n e d in t he 2. 5 K g r a m m e r c o m p a c t i o n t es t

is s o m e t i m e s s p ec i fi e d i n p l a c e of t he r e q u i r e m e n t s g i v e n i n t he

M i n i s t r y o f T r a n s p o r t S pe ci fi ca ti on .

T h e u s e o f t he o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e c o n te n t a s a b a s i s fo r

s p e ci f y in g l i m it s fo r t he m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f n o n - p l a s t i c m a t e r i a l s u s e d

in e a r t h w o r k c o n st r u ct i o n su ff er s f r o m t he s a m e d r a w b a c k s a s t he u s e

o f t he p la s ti c l i m i t t o c o n t r o l t he m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f p l a s t ic m a t e r i a l s

( s ee d i s c u s s i o n , S e c t i o n 6. 3). A l t h o u g h t h e s c a t t e r o f r e s u l t s f o r t he

o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t is s li gh tl y l e s s t h a n it i s f o r t h e p l a s ti c

l i m i t (c f F i g . 2 a n d F i g. 6) t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 0 f o r t h e

u s e o f o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e c o n te n t a s ia b a s i s f or co n t r o l c a n n o t b e m e t

e v e n b y t h e R . R . L . o p e r a t o r s .

3 1

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T A B L E 2 0

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9 . 3 I m p r o v e m e n t s to t he c o m p a c t i o n test p r o c e d u r e

C o m p a c t i o n t es ts b y t he t w o st at ic c o m p a c t i o n m e t h o d s m a y b e

d o n e e it he r m a n u a l l y o r b y m a c h i n e . I n t he test ing p r o g r a m m e t he

n u m b e r o f l a bo r at o ri e s p e r f o r m i n g t he test w i th a c o m p a c t i o n m a c h i n e

w a s a b o u t e qu a l t o t he n u m b e r p e r f o r m i n g the t est b y h an d . N o

s i gn i fi c an t d i f f e r en c e s c o u l d b e o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e r e su l ts a c h i e v e d

b y h a n d c o m p a c t i o n a n d t h os e a ch i e v e d b y m a c h i n e c o m p ac t i o n .

M a n y f a c t o r s c a n e f fe ct t h e re s u l t s o f t h e c o m p a c t i o n t es ts bu t,

a p a r t f r o m o n e o r g a n i s a t i o n t ha t c o n s is t e nt l y o b t a i n e d l o w d r y

d e ns i ti e s, w h i c h c o u l d b e a t t ri b u te d to i n s e c u r e m o u n t i n g o f t he

a p p a r a t u s , n o o b v i o u s r e a s o n s c o u l d b e f o u n d f or t he v a r ia t i on s

o b s e r v e d . T h e v a ri a ti o ns w e r e p r o b a b l y d ue , i n t he c a s e o f m e c h a n i c a l

a p p a r a t u s , t o i n c o r r e c t s e tt in g s o f t he m a c h i n e . I n t he c a s e o f h a n d

c o m p a c t i o n t he v a ri a ti o ns i n t he w e i g h t a n d h e i gh t of d r o p o f t he h a m m e r

c o u l d g i v e r is e to d i f f e r en c e s b u t n o fa ul ty c o m p a c t i o n e q u i p m e n t w a s

l o c a t e d d u r i n g t h e v is i ts t o t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s . It s e e m s t ha t t h e a c t u a l

c a u s e s o f e r r o r c o u l d b e v e ri f i e d o n l y b y o b s e r v i n g t he te st s b e i n g

c a r r i e d o u t b y t he i n d i vi d ua l o p e r a t o r s .

3 2

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1 0. G E N E R A L D I S C U S S I O N O F R E S U L T S

T h e r e s u l ts o f t h i s i n v e s ti g a t i o n g i v e a n i n d i c at i o n o f t h e d e g r e e o f

r el ia bi li ty t ha t c a n b e p l a c e d o n t h e s o i l t es t p r o c e d u r e s e x a m i n e d .

T h e y a r e f o r th e m o s t p a r t r a t h e r d i s t u r b i ng s i n c e i t i s c l e a r t ha t n o n eo f t h e m c a n b e u s e d w i th o ut q ui te w i d e t o l e r a n c e s b e i n g p l a c e d o n t h e

v a l u e s o b t a in e d . I n a d d it i o n it m u s t b e b o r n e i n m i n d t h at i n t hi s w o r k

v a ri a ti o ns d u e to s a m p l i n g e r r o r s w e r e r e d u c e d to a m i n i m u m b y t he

a d o p t i o n o f c a r ef u l s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e s . I n p r a c t i c e e r r o r s a r i s i n g

f r o m d if fe re nt s a m p l i n g t e ch n iq u es m i g h t b e s u p e r i m p o s e d o n th e

e r r o r s d u e t o o p e r a t o r e ff ec ts w i t h a c o n s e q u e n t i n c r e a s e i n

variability.

C l e a r l y s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n w il l h a v e t o b e g i v e n t o t h e w h o l e

q u e s t i o n o f s o i l t e st i ng a n d t h e p r e s e n t u s e o f so i l t es t r e s u l t s i n t h ed e s i g n a n d c o n tr o l of r o a d w o r k s .

A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s r o o m f o r i m p r o v e m e n t , t h e t e s t s t h e m s e l v e s

a r e no t i n h e r e n t l y i n c a p a b l e o f g i v i n g r e p r o d u c i b l e r e s u l t s b u t t h e

t o l e r a n c e s t h a t m u s t b e p l a c e d o n t h e r e s u l t s a r e m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n i s

g e n e r a l l y r e a l i s e d . T h e R . R . L . o p e r a t o r s o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s t h a t w e r e

i n r e a s o n a b l e a g r e e m e n t a n d n i n e o f t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s

t h a t w e r e r e a s o n a b l y c l o s e t o t h e e x p e c t e d v a l u e s w i t h a l l t e s t s o n a l l

t h r e e s o i l s . T h e s e l a b o r a t o r i e s c o m p r i s e d f o u r G o v e r n m e n t

E s t a b l i s h m e n t s , o n e L o c a l A u t h o r i t y , o n e U n i v e r s i t y R e s e a r c hD e p a r t m e n t a n d t h r e e o f t h e f o u r l a b o r a t o r i e s o f o n e o f t h e S o i l T e s t i n g

H o u s e s .

M o s t o f t h e r e m a i n i n g l a b o r a t o r i e s o b t a i n e d d i s c r e p a n t r e s u l t s

w i t h o n e o r t w o t e s t s o n l y. M a n y o f t h e s e e r r o r s w e r e c o n s i s t e n t i. e.

t h e o p e r a t o r s o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s o n a l l t h r e e s o i l s t h a t w e r e e i t h e r a l l t o o

h i g h o r a l l t o o l o w . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r ' s t e c h n i q u e o r t h e

a p p a r a t u s w a s a t f a u l t .

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e n i n e l a b o r a t o r i e s a r e t h e b e s t t h a t i s l i k e l y t ob e e v e r o b t a i n e d i n p r a c t i c e w i t h t h e t e s t s a s t h e y e x i s t a t p r e s e n t .

T a b l e 1 0 s h o w s t h a t t h i s d e g r e e o f r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d

g o o d e n o u g h f or c o n t r o l p u r p o s e s a n d i s o n l y j u s t a c c e p t a b l e f o r d e s i g n

p u r p o s e s . T h i s i s a n u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s t a t e o f a f f a i r s a s i t m e a n s t h a t

f o r n o r m a l r o u t i n e c o n t r o l o n s i t e a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f t e s t s a r e

r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e m e a n i n g f u l r e s u l t s e v e n f o r t h e r a r e c a s e o f a

u n i f o r m s o i l . I n t h e u s u a l c a s e o f a v a r i a b l e s o i l , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d

c o m p a c t i o n t e s t s m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e u s e d w i t h s k i l l e d j u d g e m e n t a n d

t h e n o n l y t o i n d i c a t e t r e n d s . O n l y i n c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , e . g . i n

s e t t l i n g d i s p u t e s , i s i t l i k e l y to b e w o r t h - w h i l e d o i n g t h e l a r g e n u m b e ro f t e s t s n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e a r e l i a b l e c h e c k o n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e w o r k .

33

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I n v i e w o f t h e s c a t t e r i n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e te s ts s t u d i e d, c o n -

s i d e r a t i o n w a s g i v e n t o t h e p o s s i b il i t y o f i n v e st i g a ti n g t h e v ar i a bi l i ty

o f t h e r e s u l t s o f o t h e r s oi l t e s t s s u c h a s t h o s e f o r d r y d e n s i ty , s t r e n g t h

a n d c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y . It w a s a g r e e d t ha t it w o u l d b e v e r y d if fi cu lt to

e x a m i n e t h e s e t es ts in t h e m a n n e r a d o p t e d f or t he c l as s if i ca t io n a n d

c o m p a c t i o n te sts. It w a s t h o u g h t r e a s o n a b l e to e x p e c t t ha t t he

v a r i a bi l i t y o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e t e st s w o u l d b e m u c h t h e s a m e a s

t h o s e e x a m i n e d a n d t h at t he s it ua t io n r e v e a l e d b y th e t es ts e x a m i n e d

c o u l d b e a s s u m e d to a p p l y g e ne r al l y.

B e f o r e d e ci d in g o n w h a t r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s c o ul d b e t a k en to

i m p r o v e t he r el ia bi li ty o f soi l t es t p r o c e d u r e s d i s c u s s i o n s w e r e h e l d

w i t h m o s t o f t he p a r ti c i pa n t s. T h e r e su l ts o f t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s a r e

g i v e n i n t h e n e x t S e c t i o n o f t hi s R e p o r t .

ii. R E S U L T S O F D I S C U S S I O N S W I T H O R G A N I S A T I O N S

T A K I N G P A R T I N T H E T E S T I N G P R O G R A M M E

F o l l o w i n g t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t he t es ti ng p r o g r a m m e d i s c u s si o n s w e r e

h e l d w i t h m o s t o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s t o f i nd t h e f o ll o wi n g:

i. T h e i m p o r t a n c e a t t a c h e d t o soil t es ti ng a n d t he u s e s m a d e o f t h e

r e s ul t s , i .e . w h e t h e r t h e y w e r e u s e d f or c l as si f ic at i on , d e s i g n

o r c o n tr o l p u r p o s e s .

2. W h a t t y p e o f staf f a r e e m p l o y e d a n d h o w t h e y a r e t ra in ed .

. P o s s i b l e r e a s o n s f or d i s c r e p a n t r e su l ts , e . g. f a u l t y t e c h n i q u e s ,

n o n - s t a n d a r d a p p a r a t u s, a m b i g u o u s t es t s pe ci fi ca ti on s. T h e

r e s ul t s o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o n t his a s p e c t h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n

m e n t i o n e d u n d e r t h e r e l e va n t tests.

I i. i I m p o r t a n c e o f s oi l t e s ti n g a n d t h e u s e s m a d e o f t es t r e s u l ts

T h e v a l u e a t t a c h e d t o s oi l t e s ti n g v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y w i t h th e

t y p e o f o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d is c l o s e l y a p p l i e d to t h e u s e t ha t is m a d e o f

t h e r e su l ts . M o s t o f t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s c o n s i d e r e d t ha t s o m e , a t l ea st ,

o f t h e t e s t s w e r e u s e f u l t o t h e m , e . g. f o r s oi l c l a ss i f ic a t io n , s i t e

c o n tr o l , o r d e s i g n, a l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s s o m e d i v i si o n o f o p i n i o n a s t o

w h e t h e r t he t es ts in v e s ti g a te d w e r e t he o n e s m o s t w i d e l y u s e d o r th e

m o s t i m p o r t a n t . D e t e r m i n a t i o n of t he C . B . R . , t ri ax ia l t es ti ng o f

s oils , b i n d e r c o n t e n t o f b i t u m i n o u s m a t e r i a l s a n d c o n c r e t e t e st in g

w e r e all m e n t i o n e d a s b e in g p r o b a b l y e q ua l ly i m p o rt a n t.

I n m a n y i n s t a n c e s t h e r e a s o n f o r d o i ng th e t es ts w a s u n k n o w n .

T e s t in g H o u s e s d id t h e m b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e a s k e d to a n d t h ey w e r e n ot

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n e c e s s a r i l y c a ll e d u p o n to i n t er p r et t he r e su l ts . F r o m t h e

d i s c u s s i o n s it w a s n o t p o s s i b l e t o g e t m u c h i n d ic a t i on of t he u s e s w h i c h

w e r e m a d e o f t he t es ts f or d e s i g n p u r p o s e s . It w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y to

o b t ai n thi s i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m D e s i g n E n g i n e e r s , i.e . t he u s e r s o f t he

te sts , r a t h e r t h a n t he p e o p l e p e r f o r m i n g t he t e st s f or t h e m . T h e r e iss o m e e v i d e nc e f r o m t he k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t o c c u r s d u r in g s oil s u r v e y s

t h at t h e r e s u l t s o f m a n y t e st s c a l l e d f o r a r e n o t i n f a c t u s e d .

1 I . 2 T y p e o f sta ff e m p l o y e d o n so il t e st in g

T h e t y p e o f s t a f f e m p l o y e d o n s o i l t e s t i n g a n d h o w t h e y a c q u i r e d

t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e v a r i e d a n d c o u l d n o t b e r e I a t e d t o t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e

r e s u l t s p r o d u c e d .

T h e t y p e o f s t a f f e m p l o y e d f e l l m a i n l y i n t o t w o g r o u p s : -

( a )

(b)

S c h o o l l e a v e r s w i t h " O " l e v e l s w h o d i d n o t u s u a l l y s t a y l o n g

b u t r e g a r d e d t h e w o r k a s a m e a n s o f g a i n i n g e x p e r i e n c e

b e f o r e m o v i n g o n . T h i s w a s , i n a t l e a s t o n e c a s e , a c t u a l l y

e n c o u r a g e d b y t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n w h i c h m a d e i t s n e w c o m e r s

s p e n d a p e r i o d o n s o i l t e s t i n g b e f o r e m o v i n g o n t o o t h e r j o b s

w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n .

O l d e r m e n l e s s w e l l q u a l i f i e d b u t w h o h a d b e e n t r a i n e d t o

c a r r y o u t t h e t e s t s p o s s i b l y i n a m e c h a n i c a l f a s h i o n b u t w h oh a d b u i l t u p a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e r i e n c e o f t e s t i n g . T h e s e

m e n i f t h e y h a d b e e n p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d g a v e r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s

a n d w e r e m u c h l e s s l i k e l y t o l e a v e t h e i r j o b t h a n t h o s e i n

t h e o t h e r g r o u p .

N o r m a l l y , t h e s t a f f i n t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s d i d t h e w h o l e r a n g e o f

t e s t s e n c o u n t e r e d i n r o a d e n g i n e e r i n g b u t i n s o m e c a s e s t h e o p e r a t o r s

s p e c i a l i s e d i n o n e t e s t . o r i n a g r o u p o f r e l a t e d t e s t s . S o m e o r g a n i s a -

t i o n s w h i c h c a r r i e d o u t l a r g e n u m b e r s o f t e s t s a r r a n g e d t h e i r w o r k o n

a p r o d u c t i o n - l i n e b a s i s w i t h , f o r e x a m p l e , o n e o p e r a t o r d o i n g t h ea c t u a l t e s t , a s e c o n d o p e r a t o r w e i g h i n g t h e m o i s t u r e - c o n t e n t t i n s a n d

a t h i r d o p e r a t o r p e r f o r m i n g t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s . A l t h o u g h t h e • o p e r a t o r s

w e r e i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e t h i s m e a n t t h a t t h e m a n d o i n g t h e t e s t d i d n o t

s e e t h e e n d r e s u l t . H e c o u l d n o t t h e r e f o r e b u i l d u p a n e x p e r i e n c e o f

t h e t e s t t o t h e p o i n t w h e r e h e w o u l d b e a b l e t o a s s e s s w h e t h e r a

p a r t i c u l a r r e s u l t w a s l i k e l y t o b e r i g h t o r w r o n g . T h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s

c o n c e r n e d w e r e a w a r e o f t h i s c r i t i c i s m b u t c l a i m e d t h a t s o i l t e s t i n g

w a s h i g h l y c o m p e t i t i v e - l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s i n p a r t i c u l a r a l w a y s

a c c e p t e d t h e l o w e s t q u o t a t i o n - a n d t h e y t h e r e f o r e h a d t o d o a l l t h e y

c o u l d t o k e e p p r i c e s d o w n .

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M o s t o f t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s d i d t h ei r o w n t ra in in g if n e c e s s a r y ,

b u t if t h e o p e r a t o r h a d a l r e a d y g a i n e d e x p e r i e n c e i n h i s p r e v i o u s

e m p l o y m e n t t h e y d id n ot n o r m a l l y t ro ub le t o c h e c k h is p e r f o r m a n c e .

N o n e o f t he o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h o u g h t t ha t s t af f c o u l d a c q u i r e t he n e c e s s a r y

t e c h n i q u e s m e r e l y b y r e a d i n g B . S. 1 3 77 .

I t s e e m e d t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g w a s u s u a l l y a t t h e b e n c h a n d t h e r e

w a s e v i d e n c e t h a t i t w a s o f t e n d o n e i n s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e p e r s o n n e l

d i d n o t l e a r n t h e t e s t i n g t e c h n i q u e s a d e q u a t e l y a n d d i d n o t a c q u i r e t h e

a t t i t u d e o f m i n d n e c e s s a r y t o m a i n t a i n a h i g h l e v e l o f a c c u r a c y i n t h e i r

w o r k . T h e r e i s a c l e a r n e e d f o r s h o r t t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s a t w h i c h b o t h

t h e s k i l l s a n d t h e a t t i t u d e c a n b e i n s t i l l e d i n t o t h e o p e r a t o r s .

12. R E M E D I A L M E A S U R E S N E C E S S A R Y T O I M P R O V E

T H E R E P R O D U C I B I L I T Y O F S O I L T E S T R E S U L T S

T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o w s q u i t e c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d

c o m p a c t i o n t e s t s a r e n o t c a p a b l e o f g i v i n g r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s u n l e s s

g r e a t e r c a r e i s e x e r c i s e d t h a n h a s h i t h e r t o b e e n c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y .

E v e n t h e n t h e s c a t t e r o f r e s u l t s i s u n e x p e c t e d l y h i g h .

A l t h o u g h t h e s e c o n c l u s i o n s c a n r e l a te o n l y to t he t es ts c o n s i d e r e d

i n t h e R e p o r t it i s h a r d l y l i k e l y t h a t t h e s i tu a ti o n w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e

s oi l t e st s n o t i n v e s t i g a t e d i s a n y b e t t e r p a r t i c u l a r l y a s m a n y o f t h e s e

o t h e r te st s a r e m o r e c o m p l e x t h a n t he c la ss if ic at io n a n d c o m p a c t i o n

t es ts . It i s t h e r e f o r e a p p a r e n t t h at f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n n e e d s t o b e

g i v e n t o so il t e s ti n g if t h e r es u l t s a r e t o b e m a d e m o r e r el ia bl e.

T w o l i n e s o f a p p r o a c h a r e p o s s i b l e , t h e f i r s t o f w h i c h i s t o

i m p r o v e t h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e s a n d i f n e c e s s a r y t o s u b s t i t u t e a l t e r n a t i v e

t e s t s t h a t a r e l e s s s u b j e c t t o e r r o r . T h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h i s m i g h t

b e d o n e h a s a l r e a d y b e e n c o n s i d e r e d u n d e r t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e

v a r i o u s t e s t s . S o m e s u c c e s s i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n h a s a l r e a d y b e e n

a c h i e v e d a n d t h e B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e s f o r a l l t e s t s m i g h t w e l l

b e e x a m i n e d t o m a k e s u r e t h a t s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l i s g i v e n a n d t h a t

a m b i g u i t i e s a r e r e m o v e d .

H o w e v e r , t h e r e is a g r e a t d e a l o f e v i d e n c e t ha t t he B . S . p r o c e d u r e

is o f t en n o t st ri ct ly f o l l o w e d a n d v a r i o u s s h o r t - c u t m e t h o d s a r e u s e d .

T h i s i s b o u n d t o l e a d t o e r r o r s i n t h e r es u l t s a n d a t t e n ti o n t h e r e f o r e

n e e d s to b e g i v e n to t he s e c o n d a p p r o a c h w h i c h is to c l os e ly e x a m i n e

t he p r e s e n t o r g a n i s a t i o n o f t es ti ng i n t h i s c o u n t r y a n d t h e m a n n e r i n

w h i c h t h e t e c h n i c i a ns a r e t r a in ed .

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1 3 . A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

T h i s R e p o r t w a s p r e p a r e d i n t h e E a r t h w o r k s a n d F o u n d a t i o n s S e c t i o n

o f t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n D i v i s i o n . T h e r e s e a r c h t e a m c o n s i s t e d o f

P . T . S h e r w o o d , R . G . P o c o c k , M . D . R y l e y a n d J . K r a w c z y k w o r k i n gu n d e r t h e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n o f W . A . L e w i s .

i .

.

.

.

.

.

1 4 . R E F E R E N C E S

B R I T I S H S T A N D A R D S I N S T I T U T I O N . M e t h o d s o f t e s t i n g s o i l s

f o r c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g p u r p o s e s . B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d 1 3 7 7 : 1 9 6 7 .

M I N I S T R Y O F T R A N S P O R T . A g ui de to the s tr uc tu ra l d e si g n of

f le xi bl e a n d r ig id p a v e m e n t s f or n e w r o a d s. R o a d N o t e N o . 2 9

2nd Edition, H. M. S.O. Lo nd on 1965.

D U M B L E T O N , M . J . T h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d d e s c r i p t i o n o f s o i l s

f o r e n g i n e e r i n g p u r p o s e s : a s u g g e s t e d r e v i s i o n o f t h e B r i t i s h

s y s t e m . R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y R e p o r t N o . L R I 8 2 , R o a d

R e s e a r c h L ab o r a to r y , C r o w t h o r n e 19 68 .

S H E R W O O D , P . T . a n d M . D . R Y L E Y . A n e x a m i n a t i o n o f c o n e -

p e n e t r o m e t e r m e t h o d s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e l i q u i d l i m i t o f s o i l s . •

R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y R e p o r t N o . L R 2 3 3 , R o a d R e s e a r c h

L a b o r a t o r y , C r o w t h o r n e 1 9 6 8 .

M I N I S T R Y O F T R A N S P O R T .

W o r k s 3rd Edition H. M. S. O.

Specification for R o a d and Br idg e

L o n d o n 1 96 9.

K R A W C Z Y K , J, A n ex a m i na t i o n of m e t h o d s of d e t e r m in i n g the

s pe ci fi c g ra vi ty o f s oi ls . R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y R e p o r t N o .

L R 2 7 2 , R o a d R e s e a r c h L a bo r at o ry , C r o w t h o r n e 1 969.

3 7

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A P P E N D I X 1

D e f i n i t i o n s o f s o m e o f th e t e r m s u s e d i n t h e R e p o r t

A C C U R A C Y (of a result). T h e c l o s e n e s s o f a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n a ne x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t a n d t h e t r u e v a lu e .

A C C U R A C Y (of a m e t h o d ) . A m e a s u r e o f t he a bili ty o f a m e t h o d t o

p r o v i d e a c c u r a t e r e s u lt s i.e. r e s u lt s w h i c h a r e p r e c i s e a n d fr e e f r o m

bias.

B I A S . T h e t e n d e n c y t o o b t a i n a v a l u e w h i c h is e it he r p e r s i st e n t l y

h i g h e r o r p e r s i s t e n t l y l o w e r t h a n th e c o r r e c t v a l ue .

P R E C I S I O N . A m e a s u r e o f t he a bi li ty o f a m e t h o d to y i el d r e p r o d u c i b l er es u lt s . It s h o u l d n o t b e c o n f u s e d w i t h a c c u r a c y ; a d e t e r m i n a t i o n m a y

b e m a d e w i t h g r e a t p r e c i s i o n b u t t he re s ul t s w il l b e a c c u r a t e o n l y if

t h e y a r e f r e e f r o m b ia s.

R A N G E . T h e d i f f er e n ce b e t w e e n th e h i gh e s t a n d l o w e s t v a l u es i n a

g r o u p of m e a s u r e m e n t s .

R E P E A T A B I L I T Y . T h e r a n g e v ~ t h i n w h i c h r e p e a t e d m e a s u r e m e n t s

a r e m a d e b y t h e s a m e o p e r a t o r o n t h e s a m e a p p a r a t u s .

R E P R O D U C I B I L I T Y . T h e r a n g e w it hi n w h i c h c h e c k m e a s u r e m e n t s b y

d i ff e re n t o p e r a t o r s o n d i f f er e nt a p p a r a t u s s h o u l d a g r e e.

S T A N D A R D D E V I A T I O N . T h e s q u a r e r oo t o f t he a v e r a g e v a lu e o f t he

s q u a r e s o f t h e d e v i a ti o n s f r o m t h e m e a n o f t h e o r i gi n a l r e a d i n g s.

V A R I A T I O N . D i f f e re n c e s , d u e to a n y c a us e , in m e a s u r e d v a l u es o f a

m e a s u r a b l e c h a r ac t er i st i c.

C O E F F I C I E N T O F V A R I A T I O N . T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n e x p r e s s e d a s

a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e m e a n v a l u e .

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A P P E N D I X 2

Copy of l e t te r a n d e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e th a t w a s s e n t t o th e t e s t i n g o r g a n i s a t i o n s

(a) C o v e r i n g l et te r

V a r i a b i l i t y o f s oi l c l a s s i f i c a t io n t e s t r e s u l t s

T h e R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y i s o r g a n i s i n g a c o - o p e r a t i v e

t e s t i n g p r o g r a m m e t o h e l p L a b o r a t o r i e s c h e c k t h e a c c u r a c y o f

t h e i r t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s a n d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e l i k e l y v a r i a b i l i t y

of the results o f soil classif icatio n tests. Det ail s of the

p r o p o s a l s a r e at t ac h e d.

W e s h a l l b e g l a d t o k n o w i f y o u r l a b o r a t o r y w i s h e s t o

p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e p r o g r a m m e o f w o r k . I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t

s o m e l a b o r a t o r i e s w i l l n o t w i s h t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e f u l l

p r o g r a m m e a n d m a y p r e f e r t o d o o n l y a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f t e s t s

on one o r two o f t he t h re e so i l s . In a dd i t i on we do no t wi sh

l a b o r a t o r i e s t o u n d e r t a k e t o d o t e s t s w h i c h t h e y d o n o t n o r m a l l y

p e r f o r m o r o f w h i c h t h e y h a v e n o e x p e r i e n c e m e r e l y f o r t h e

s a k e o f c o m p l e t i n g t h e p r o g r a m m e . I f y o u a g r e e t o t a k e p a r t

w e s h o u l d a l s o l i k e t h e r e f o r e t o k n o w t h e e x t e n t o f y o u r

p a r t i c i p a t i o n s o t h a t w e c a n b u d g e t f o r t h e a m o u n t o f s o i l sr e q u i r e d .

F o r y o u r . c o n v e n i e n c e w e a r e e n c l o s i n g a f o r m w i t h a l is t O f

t he p r o p o s e d t e st s s o t ha t y o u c a n m a r k i n t he a p p r o p r i a t e s p a c e

t he t es ts w h i c h y o u w i s h t o d o. T h i s f o r m c a n t h e n b e r e t u r n e d

to u s i n t he e n c l o s e d s t a m p e d , a d d r e s s s e d e n v e lo p e .

(b) E x p l a n a t o r y n o t e

P r o p o s e d r e s e a r c h o n soil c la s si f ic at i on

t e s t i ng

T h e R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y is s p o n s o r i n g a c o - o p e r a t i v e

t e st i ng p r o g r a m m e t o f i nd t he v a r i a b i l i t y o f s oi l c l a s s i f ic a t i o n

t es t r e su l ts . T h e a i m s o f t hi s p r o g r a m m e a r e t w o - fo l d , f i r st ly

it w i ll e n a b l e e a c h o f t h e p a r t i c i p a ti n g l a b o r a t o r i e s t o c h e c k t h e

a c c u r a c y o f t he ir t e st in g p r o c e d u r e , a n d s e c o n d l y , it w il l a s s i s t

i n t he p r e p a r a t i o n o f r ea li st ic t e st in g p r o c e d u r e s a n d

specifications.

I

39

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4 0

T h e c l a ss i f ic a t io n t e st s f o r s oi ls a r e w i d e l y u s e d i n

d e c i d i n g t h e s u it ab il it y o f s o i l f o r u s e i n e a r t h w o r k s a n d o t h e r

p u r p o s e s . E x a m p l e s a r e t h e u s e o f a m o i s t u r e c o nt e nt o f soi l i n

e m b a n k m e n t c o ns t ru c ti o n, t he u s e of c o m p a c t i o n t est s a s a g u i d e

to t he li ke ly d e g r e e o f c o m p a c t i o n w h i c h s h o u l d be o b t a i n e d in

p r a c t i c e a n d t he n e c e s s i t y o f k n o w i n g t h e sp ec if ic g r a v i t y w h e n

c o m p a c t i n g t o a s p e c i f i e d a i r c on te nt .

E r r o r s i n d e t e r m i n i n g a n y of t h e s e f a c to r s c o u l d ea s il y g i v e

r i s e to t h e r e j e c t i o n o f s a t i s f a c t o r y m a t e r i a l s o r w o r k , o r sti ll

w o r s e , t he a c c e p t a n c e o f u n s a t is f a c t o ry m a t e r i a l s o r w o r k .

A l t h o u g h it h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d b y i n v e st i ga t io n s c a r r i e d o u t a t

t he R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y t hat r e p r o d u c i b l e r es ul ts of all

soil classification tests c an be ob ta in ed within close limits, the

v a r i a t i o n o f r e s u lt s b e t w e e n l a b o r a t o r i e s h a s n e v e r b e e n

e x a m i n e d in t hi s c o u nt r y. B e c a u s e o f t he i m p o r t a n c e w h i c h i s

att ach ed to the results of classification tests it is ve r y des ira ble

to find the exten t of this variation.

T h e R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y is t h er e fo r e o r g an i s in g thi s

c o - o p e r a t i v e t es ti ng p r o g r a m m e a n d is i nv it in g t h e s oi l t e st i ng

l a b o r a t o r i e s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g t y p e s o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t o

participate: -

G o v e rn me n t R e s e a rc h L a b o ra to r i e sU n iv e r s i t y R e s e a rc h D e p a r tme n ts

County Counc i l Tes t ing Labora to r ie s

C o mme rc i a l T e s t i n g L a b o ra to r i e s

C ivi l E ng in e e r in g C o n t r a c to r s L a b o ra to r i e s

~ % " ~

T h r e e b u l k s a m p l e s o f so i l o f w i d e l y d if fe ri ng c h a r a c te r i s t i c s

will b e o b t a in e d a n d t he R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y will e n s u r e

that sufficient quantities of repr ese nta tiv e sa m pl e s of these soils

w il l b e s e n t to e a c h p a r t ic i p an t . T h e p a r t i c i p a n t s w il l b e a s k e d

t o p e r f o r m t h e f o l l ow i n g ,tes ts o n e a c h s o i l a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

p r o c e d u r e s g i v e n in t h e 1 9 61 e di ti on o f B . S . 1 3 7 7 " M e t h o d s o f

t e st i n g s oi ls f o r c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g p u r p o s e s " .

(a) Plastic Li mi t

(b) L i q u i d L i m i t

(c) Par tic le-s ize distribution

(d) Specific Gr av it y

(e) C o m p a c t i o n t es t - S t a n d a r d ( 5 .5 lb. r a m m e r ) M e t h o d

(f) C o r ~ p a c t i o n t es t - H e a v y C o m p a c t i o n ( 10 lb. r a m m e r )

M e t ho d

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A l l l a b o r a to r i e s t a ki n g pa r t a r e a s k e d n o t t o r e v e a l t h e

p u r p o s e o f t he t es ts t o t he l a b o r a t o r y s ta ff a c t u al l y p e r f o r m i n g

t he t e st s a n d to t r ea t t h e s oi ls i n t he ir n o r m a l m a n n e r . A l t h o u g h

t h e r e i s n o t i m e l i m i t it is d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h e r e s u l t s s h o u l d b e

r e t u r n e d to t he R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y w it h in 3 m o n t h s o f t her e c e i p t o f t h e s a m p l e s .

E a c h l a b or a t o ry will b e g i ve n a c o d e n u m b e r , c o m p l e t e

a n o n y m i t y w ill b e p r e s e r v e d a n d the R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y

u n d e r t a k e s n o t to d i v u lg e t he n a m e s o f a n y o f t he o r g a n i s a t i o n s

p ar ti ci pa ti ng e x c e pt i n g e n e r a l t e r m s , e .g . G o v e r n m e n t r e s e a r c h

l a b o r a to r y , s o i l t es ti ng h o u s e , e t c . H o w e v e r , e a c h l a b o r a t o r y

w il l b e a b l e t o c o m p a r e its o w n r e s u l t s w i t h a ll t h e o t h e r r e s u l t s

o b t a i n e d .

4 1

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A P P E N D I X 3

C o p y o f l e t t e r s e n t t o o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t a g r e e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n

W e a r e p l e a s e d t o n o t e t h at y o u a r e w il li ng t o p a r t ic i p a t e i n t h e

c o - o p e r a t i v e soi l t es ti ng p r o g r a m m e a n d w e wil l n o w m a k e t he

n e c e s s a r y a r r a n g e m e n t s to s e n d y ou t he s oi l s a m p l e s , w h i c h w e h o p e

w il l b e d i s p a t c h e d w i t h i n t h e n e x t f e w w e e k s .

A s a l r e a d y i n di c a t e d w e w o u l d l ik e t he s oi ls p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e p r o c e d u r e s g i v e n i n P a r t O n e S e c t i o n F o u r o f t h e 1 9 6 1 e d i ti on o f

B . S . 1 3 7 7 " M e t h o d s o f t es t in g s oi ls f or c i vi l e n g i n e e r i n g p u r p o s e s "

T h e s a m p l e s s h o u l d t he n b e t e s te d u s i n g th e m e t h o d s g i v e n i n t he

S t a n d a r d e x c e p t f or t he soil c o m p a c t i o n tes ts ( T e st s i 0 a n d I i ) w h e r e ,t o r e d u c e t h e a m o u n t o f s oi l r e q u i r e d , a sl ig ht ly m o d i f i e d p r o c e d u r e

s h o u l d b e a d o p t ed . F o r e a c h o f t he c o m p a c t i o n t e s t s, t h er e f or e , a

s in gl e s a m p l e o f so il s h o u l d b e u s e d f or t he c o m p l e t e r a n g e o f m o i s t u r e

c o n t e n t s i n s t e a d o f t h e e ig h t s e p a r a t e s a m p l e s a s s p e ci f i ed in t he

S t a n d a r d t es t p r o c e d u r e . A l s o f or t h e l iq ui d l i mi t t es t w e w o u l d

p r e fe r t he S t a n d a r d M e t h o d ( T e s t Z ( A ) ) to b e u s e d r a t h e r t h a n t h e

S u b s i d i a r y ( O n e P o i n t ) M e t h o d , ( T e s t Z ( B ) ).

T h e r e s u l t s o f e a c h t e s t s h o u l d b e r e p o r t e d i n d e t a i l a s s p e c i f i e d

i n B . S . 1 3 7 7 a n d s h o u l d b e S u b m i t t e d t o t h e R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r ya s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n o f a l l t h e t e s t s o n e a c h s o i l

s a m p l e . W e w i l l b e p l e a s e d i f y o u w i l l a l s o p r o v i d e u s w i t h t h e

f o l l o w i n g a d d i t i o n al i n f o r m a t i o n :

( i ) If m o r e t h a n o n e t es t is c a r r i e d o u t o n a n y s a m p l e t h e n t he

i n d i v id u a l r e s u l t s s h o u l d b e r e p o r t e d i n a d d i ti o n t o t h e

a v e r a g e v a l ue s .

(i i) F o r t h e l iq ui d l i m i t a n d c o m p a c t i o n t es ts w e w o u l d l i k e t h e

r e l e v a n t c u r v e s t o b e s u b m i t t e d .

(iii) T h e m a k e a n d t yp e ( w h e r e k n o w n ) o f t he c o m p a c t i o n a n d

l i qu i d l i m i t a p p a r a t u s s h o u l d b e no t ed .

A n y c o m m e n t s o r o b s e r v a t i o n s a b o u t t he tes t p r o c e d u r e s , o r a n y

a d di t io n al i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e t e st s , w h i c h y o u th i nk m a y b e

o f h e l p i n a c h i e v i n g t h e a i m s o f t h i s c o - o p e r a t i v e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t w il l

b e g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d.

4 2

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AP P E NDIX 4

R e s u l t s o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o f t he r e p e a t a b i l i t y a n d r e p ro d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e s o i l p l a s t i c i t y

tes t s when perfo r med by one (R . R . L . ) opera to r

Mean

S.D.

C. O. V.

S O I L I

( ~ )

2 1 . 4

2 1 . 5

2 1 . 5

2 1 . 5

2 1 . 3

2 1 . 1

2 1 . 0

2 1 . 2

2 1 . 7

2 1 . 3

2 1 . 4

0 . 2

0 . 9

P L A S T I C L I M I T O F : -

S O I L II S O I L III

(%) (%)

18. 1 28. 0

18.7 28.9

S O I L I V

(70)

3 3 . 2

33 .5

S O I L I

(7°)

31 .3

30 .8

L I Q U I D L I M I T O F : -

S O I L II S O I L III

( 7 0 ) ( 7 ° )

42.4 81. 6

42. 0 80. 0

19.

18.

20.

20.

19.

19.

19.

18.

19.

O.

3.

0 28.

7 30.

2 29.

4 28.4 30.

1 28.

4 29.

4 29.

1 29.

7 O.

7 2.

4 33.3

0 33.3

7 32.2

2 34. 06 31.6

7 32. 0

0 33.0

6 34. 2

1 33.0

8 0 .8

7 2.4

3 1 . 2

3 0 . 3

3 0 . 5

3 0 . 4

3 0 . 1

3 1 . 1

3 0 . 5

3 0 . 7

30 .7

0 .4

1.3

4 1 . 5

4 1 . 5

4 1 . 4

4 1 . 5

43. 1

4 1 . 9

43. 1

42. 6

42. 1

0 . 6

1 . 4

8 0 . 0

8 0 . 2

8 0 . 7

8 0 . 8

8 1 . 6

8 0 . 6

8 1 . 0

8 2 . 2

8 0 .9

0 .7

0 .9

S O I L I V

(7°)

86. 6

8 7 .3

8 6 .9

8 6 .8

85. 5

8 6 .88 4 .8

84. 4

8 5 .6

8 5 ,2

8 6 . 0

1 . 0

1 . 2

R e s u l t s of a prev iou s study of the reproduci bility of the liquid limit and plastic

l im it t es ts w h e n p e r f o r m e d b y R . R . L . o p e r a t o r s

OP E R AT OR

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

M e a n

St. Deviat ion

C . O . V .

S O I L I -

S O I L II -

S O I L III -

S O I L I V -

S O I L I(% )

19.5

2 0 . 0

1 9 . 9

2 0 . 7

2 0 . 0

2 0 . 1

20. 0

19 .8

20.1

20.5

20.1

0 .4

2 . 0

P L A S T I C L I M I T O F : -

S O I L II

( 7 0 )

19 .6

18 .9

19.5

2 0 . 2

1 9 . 8

1 9 . 0

1 9 . 5

1 9 . 3

1 8 . 9

1 9 . 4

19 .4 l

0 . 4

2. 1

L I Q U I D L I M I T O F : -

S O I L III S O I L I V

( 7 ° ) ( 7 0 /

26. 4 28. 2

25.7 30. l

23. 2 24. 3

- 3 O . l

26.5 28. 2

28. 1 28. 5

2 6 . 2

28. 2 27. 6

25. 6 28. 0

26. 4 29. 2

26.4 28. 6

i ~ 4 1 . 8

5.1 6.3

SOIL I

( 7 0 )

2 9 . 5

2 9 . 7

2 9 . 8

3 0 . 7

31.1

3 1 . 3

3 1 . 8

3 2 . 0

3 0 . 7

0 . 9

3 . 0

S O I L I I( 7 0 )

4 0 . 0

44. 6

38. 6

4 1 . 4

42. 0

4 2 . 0

4 1 . 7

4 2 . 5

4 1 . 6

1 . 4

3 . 3

SOIL I I I SOIL IV

( 7 ° ) ( 7 0 )

80. 0 80 .8

83. 5 87 .2

78. 8 80 .2

8 5 . 5

81. 2 87. 7

83. 7 85. 0

8 2 . 5

83. 4 86. 5

81. 9 84. 7

1 . 8 2 . 8

2 . 1 3 . 3

S i l t y C l a y f ro m Ha rm o n d s wo r t h , M i d d l e s ex .

S a n d y C l a y f ro m Ha rm o n d s wo r t h , M i d d l e s e x .

L o n d o n C l a y f ro m He a t h ro w, M i d d l e s ex .Gau l t C lay f rom Sevenoa ks , Ken t .

4 3

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m

m

i/1

"6

0 20

~ An

} o r

T h e n u m b e r s o n t h e h i s t o g r a m sare th e code ha s of the port lcipotingI a bo r a to r i es

L iqu id . l im i t So i l B

M ean 34%

Standa r d dev iahon 2 "4

~ B

3 0 [

5 ,1 I1 A I E 73

.> 1 2 9 3 A ' 2 .> 88

2 " 1 8 3 5 1 4 ~ , 1

2=- 31 4 2 2 ; ' -, 3 3 2 1 ~

24 28 32 36 40 44L iqu id I i m i t ( per ce n t )

_

_

~ 4t , = .

" 6

E 2

Z

5 0

ii

1 7 1 8 1 0 ~R

I1 A 3 1 1 3 3

2 2 3 2 2 7 2 0 1 R F I ~ 1

60 64 68 72 76

L i q u i d l i m i t ( p e r c e n t )

L iq u id l i m i t S o i l 'G "

Mean 69°1o

Standard deviat ion 5 '2

R80 84

o

E 2 -

Z

0

52

R56"

r /

2 3

1 8I + 1 o

eo 64

i

9

3 7 A I 4

2 ( ~ 1 3

68 72 ?6

L iq u id l i m i t ( p e r c e n t )

L quid I i m it Sol I"W"

Mean 67%

'Stanord dev ia t ion 5"3

" 8 5

F i g . 1 . V A R I A T I O N O F L I Q U ID L IM IT R E S UL T

L R 3 3 9

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I/1

3I/I

I . , .

o

o. a

E3

Z

In

I . .

ot _

,. a

E3

Z

u l

t . .

O

.£3

E:3

Z

12

8

The numb ers on the h i s tog ramsare the code has o f the par t ic ipa t inglab= ra t=des .

0

12

016

1 2 -

t , -

016

P l a s t i c l i m i tSoil ~B"

6

12 16 20

P l a s t i c l i m i t

[ ~ I

24 28

( p e r c e n t )

Me an 18=/oSta nda rd deviat ion 2"/,

I I32 36

Plast ic l imi tSo i l 'G "

3Q~

J

&A 19 1711~ 13

2731 {,13"7 ~2

2~

5

2 5

28

Mean 25%Standard dev ia t ion 3 .2

1 3 1 ¸ i

32 36, 40

P t a s t i c l i m i t ( p e r c e n t )

20

i m

i!

/~2

2/,

%

28

P last ic l im i tSo~l*W o

Mean 2 5 %Standard deviat ion 3.1

32 36 60

P l a s t i c l i m i t ( p e r c e n t )

F i g . 2 . V A R I A T I O N O F P L A S T I C L IM I T R E SU LT S

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The n um bers on the h is togramsore the co de nos of the par t ic ipat ingI a b o r a t o r i e s .

5 - Sp eci f ic grav i ty soi t°B"

~ z , - !

~ - 2 - - F2.5z, 2.5 8 2-62 .74 q 8

6 p it ic

~ 3

-~ 1 5 E

]o

6 - r

5 - I f l c g r ! s o J t ' W

- ~ a -~

o , , , o. g " " ~ g

2.58 2-62 2-66 2.70 2"74 2"78 2'82Speci f ic gravi ty

F i g . 3 . V A R I A T I O N O F S P E C IF IC G R A V I T Y R E S U L T S

2-80

H2.8l,

2.8~

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oO

I x

o

I

o l

° ~ I , , .

. . .:_

(. )

o °

o

Z

Iu.I

m"

r ~ r ~

L ~( ' ~ ,

...9

o ( 3 " , .

m

" ~ r

~ 41,=.

o

, e - -

c ~._~ ~ . o ~:

. = _ . ~ " ~ , . _U > , . O ,

" 4 - - * ~

o

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¢ ,-.-"

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u') a

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LU

IJ_

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O 0 L ' ~

l u ~ l u o ) j a o l u ~ j o d d V

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" C

0

Ic I c c - -.o ~ o

.~°~= F0 - - "

= ~ I v L L ' g

~ )

I 6 E ' B t L .

§ I - ~ I o ~

~ ~ I 6 ~ ' ~6 ~ ' ~ / I ~ r s ' t I ~

I ~ . " - !.. _

I ' ~ ~ - ' t l' o s ' ~ t t ' ~ " S l

I 6 ~ ' . ~ . . ; ~ ~ : ~

o _ _ _ _ ! ~ o , -

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p

I t ' )

I I I I 0

g l l n s ~ J J o J K I L u n N

o o

t J

0

~ O

I I I I ~ I I I I',.1" ~ ~ " " 0 ",.1" ~ ~ ~'-- 0

s ~ l n s a J j o j ~ q u J n N s l l n s ~ J ~ o j a q u J n N

u)

E l

£ f )

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A B S T R A C T

The reproducib i li ty o f the resu lts o f so i l c lass i f icat ion and com pa ct ion tests:

P . T . S H ER W O O D B . S c . , F . R . I . C . : M i n i st ry o f T r a n s p o r t , R R L R e p o r t L R 3 3 9 : C r o w t h o r n e ,

1 97 0 ( R oa d R e s e a r c h L a b o r at o ry ) . T h i s R e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a n in v e s t i g a t i o n m a d e t o a s s e s s

t he r e p r o d u c i b i l i ty of s o i l - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d c o m p a c t io n t e s t r e s u l t s . T h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i ty

o b t a i n a b l e b y o n e o p e r a to r , o p e r a t o r s w i th i n o n e l a b o r a t o ry a n d o p e r a t o r s i n d i f f e r e n t

l a b o r a t o r i e s w e r e a l l e x a m i n e d . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t r e p e a t a b l e v a l u e s w i t h i n a n

a c c e p t a b l e d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d b y o n e o p e r a t o r b u t t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t yw i t h in a l a b o r a t o ry a n d b e t w e e n l a b o r a t o r i e s w a s m u c h l a r g e r th a n e x p e c t e d . T h e r e a s o n s

f or t h i s l a c k o f r e p r o d u c i b i l i ty a r e d i s c u s s e d a n d t h e R e p o r t c o n t a i n s l s u g g e s t i o n s f o ri m p ro v i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n .

A B S T R A C T

The reproducib i li ty o f the resu lts o f so il c lass i f icat ion and com pa ct ion tests:

P . T . S H ER W O O D B . S c . , F . R . I . C . : M i n is tr y o f T r a n s p o r t , R R L R e p o r t L R 3 3 9 : C r o w t h o r n e ,1 9 7 0 ( R o a d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a to r y ) . T h i s R e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n m a d e to a s s e s s

t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i ty o f s o i l - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d c o m p a c t i o n t e s t r e s u l t s . T h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y

o b t a i n a b l e b y o n e o p er a to r , o p e r a t o r s w it h in o n e l a b o r a to r y a n d o p e r a t o r s i n d i f f e r e n t

l a b o r a to r i e s w e r e a ll ex a m i n e d . T h e r e s u l ts s h o w e d th a t r e p e a t a b l e v a l u e s w i t h i n a n

a c c e p t a b l e d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d b y o n e o p e r a t o r b u t t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y

w i t h in a l a b o r a t o r y an d b e tw e e n l a b o r a t o r i e s w a s m u c h l a r g e r th a n e x p e c t e d . T h e r e a s o n s

f or t h i s l a c k o f r e p r o d u c i b i l it y a r e d i s c u s s e d a n d th e R e p o r t c o n t a i n s s u g g e s t i o n s f o ri m p ro v i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n .


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