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Copyright 2011
Travis RussellDirector, Caribbean Region
Tel: +1.919.460.2172
1 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
This document is for informational purposes only, and Tekelec reserves the right to change any aspect of the products, features orfunctionality described in this document without notice. Please contact Tekelec for additional information and updates.
Travis Russell
The Network Evolution
Copyright 2011
Your Speaker
Travis Russell
• More than 30 years Telecom Experience
• Expertise in voice, data, and signaling networks
• Author of 5 technical books published by McGraw-Hill
• Author of 13 patents in the area of telecom, fraud and security
• No degree …… learned through Bell System training and job experience!
3 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Some Basics
4 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
What is a Standard?
› There are requirements, and there are standards. Requirements are ambiguous, and used as the framework for
more defined standards
Standards define how a network or protocol behaves under all circumstances. They are ratified by the member companies through a voting process.
› There are thousands of standards published for wireless networks, authored by several different organizations. The key standards are put into place by the member companies and ensure that phones will work all over the world.
Copyright 20115 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Who Creates Standards?
› International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications (ITU-T)
Sets worldwide requirements for telecommunications networks, ensuring compatibility between different countries
• Those requirements are then used by the 3GPP and other standards organizations in the creation of a true standard.
Each country is responsible for adapting the standards and requirements for use in their own countries
ITU-R is responsible for setting requirements for radio equipment including frequency allocations
› American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Adapts ITU standards for use in the Americas
› GSM Association
Develops standards for the GSM community and represents the GSM operators worldwide
Responsible for the GSM standards used in most all networks today
› 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
Develops the standards for the evolving wireless network
› Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Responsible for all standards applying to the Internet, including SIP
› Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Develops standards such as 802.11 (WiFi), and 802.16 (WiMax)
Also developed the standards for Ethernet, and much more
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Copyright 2011
Channel Access Technologies
› Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Access method at the data link layer
Requires high performance filters in radio equipment
Allows users to access satellite frequencies simultaneously, but each user transmits at a separate frequency
Crosstalk is a common problem with FDMA
› Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the
channel into time slots
Commonly used in digital telecommunications such as E1/T1
Timing issues are the largest problem
› Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Developed by Qualcomm
Allows multiple transmitters to send simultaneously over the same channel using special coding. Only receivers using the same code will receive
7 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Channel Access Technology Analogy
Put several people into one room that want to talk simultaneously
1. Allow them to speak one at a time, taking turns (TDMA)
2. Allow them to speak at different pitches (FDMA)
3. Allow them to speak in different languages (CDMA)
(Thanks to WiKiPedia for this great analogy)
8 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Cellular Network Concept
› The issue with radio telephone was the inability to reuse the same frequencies in a close proximity Radio interference was a common issue with these
networks
Overlap of coverage areas would cause cross-talk and noise
Because of distance, required higher power radios
› Cellular is a structure that allocates the frequencies into distinct cells, separated from one another, allowing the frequencies to be reused within close proximity
› Allows radios to use less power because base stations are in close proximity
9 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
AB
A
D
BC
C
D
BC
DB
Copyright 2011
Why Are We Changing The Network?
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Because how we use the Internet has changed our everyday lives, and how we interact with one another has changed dramatically as well.
The younger generation is driving many of these changes and will continue to demand an online experience everywhere they go.
Copyright 2011
The Evolution of Wireless
Generation Standards Org Standards
0G Radio Telephone MTS-MTA-IMTS
1G AMPS Family AMPS (TIA/EIA)N-AMPS (TIA/EIA)
2G GSM/3GPP Family GSM
3GPP2 Family cdmaONE (TIA/EIA)
AMPS Family D-AMPS (IS-54 & IS-136)
OTHER CDPD-iDEN-PDC
2.5G GSM/3GPP Family GPRS-EDGE
3GPP2 Family CDMA2000 1x
3G (IMT-200) 3GPP Family UMTS (UTRAN)-WCDMA
3GPP2 Family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
3.5G 3GPP Family HSPA-HSPA+-LTE
3GPP2 Family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO REV A, EV-DO Rel B
IEEE Family WiMAX (802.16)
4G 3GPP Family LTE Advanced
IEEE Family WiMAX Advanced
5G ?????
11 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Mobile networks evolution (0G to 2.75G)
MTA
Ericsson Sweden 1956
MTB
1965
MRT-1327
Russia 1958
AMPS
AT&T USA 1982
D-AMPS1990 (aka TDMA or IS-136)
NMT-450
Finland 1971
DynaTac
Motorola USA 1973
NMT-900
Finland 1986
TACS
UK 1983
JTAC
Japan 1983
GSM
CEPT->ETSI 1991
CDMA
aka CDMAone or IS-95
iDEN
Motorola
PDC
Japan
GSM
CDMA
IS-95
GSM
1995
Japan & Asia
Europe
AmericasGPRS EDGE
GPRS EDGE
GPRS EDGE
1xRTT 3xRTT never deployed
dead-end
1xRTT
12 I Tekelec. For What’s Next. Copyright 2011
Copyright 2011
Mobile networks evolution (3G, 4G, +)
GSM
CDMA
GSM
Worldwide
Americas, China, Korea, Japan, Australia
GPRS EDGE
GPRS EDGE
1xRTT
UMTS aka WCDMA
HSPA LTE
2010-11
CDMA-EVDO aka IS-2000
WiMAX
802.16d (fixed) 2007
dead-end
WiFi
WiBRO
HiBurstHyperMAN
UMB
F-OFDM
WiMAX
802.16e (mobile) 2009
5G ??
802.20
802.16m
LTE advanced
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Copyright 2011
GSM network architecture
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
MSC/VLR
HLR
G-MSC
PSTN (Fixed
network)
Mobile Station
Access Network
Core Network
VAS (voice mail, SMS, etc.)
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Copyright 2011
GPRS/EDGE network architecture
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
MSC/VLR
SGSN GGSN internet
AAAHLR
G-MSC
PSTN (Fixed
network)
Mobile Station
Access Network
Core Network
VAS (voice mail, SMS, etc.)
15 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
3GPP R4 network architecture
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
MSC server
SGSN GGSN internet
AAAHLR
G-MSC server
PSTN (Fixed
network)
Mobile Station
Access Network
Core Network
MGW MGW
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Copyright 2011
UMTS (3G) network architecture
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
RNC
RNC
MSC server
SGSN GGSN internet
AAAHLR
G-MSC server
PSTN (Fixed
network)
User Equipment
UTRAN Core Network
MGW MGW
17 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Adding the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
RNC
RNC
MSC server
SGSN GGSN internet
AAAHLR
G-MSC server
PSTN (Fixed
network)
User Equipment
UTRAN Core Network
MGW MGW
IMSHSS
18 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
3GPP LTE (4G) network architecture
eNB
eNB
eNB
eNBMME/UPE internet
LTE HSS
PSTN (Fixed
network)
User Equipment
E-UTRAN Evolved Packet Core
IMS
IMS-HSS
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Copyright 2011
WiMAX (4G) network architecture
BTS
eNB
eNB
eNB
ASN-GW
internet
WiMAX AAA
PSTN (Fixed
network)
Subscriber Station
Access System Network
Core System Network
IMSHSS
20 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Putting together a network
• Simple network starts with a few nodes• Direct peer-to-peer IP addressing
• But, as the traffic demands increase…
• More nodes are added to the network
• Which increases the complexity of the network
• Leading to a mesh architecture that is unmanageable
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Copyright 2011
The IP Cloud
Application Application
Application
Application
Application
Application
Application Application
Application
Application
Application
Application
IP Cloud
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Copyright 2011
Analysis of IP network
Network Interface
IP
TCP/UDP/SCTP
OSI L1
OSI L2
OSI L3
OSI L4 IP Services- IP Routing/Optimization- IP network management- Unreliable/reliable transport- Transport services (i.e. ack, retransmission etc.)
Addressing
-IP Address- Transport port
Application
Relies on IP to provide transport services Addressing
- Abstract (IMSI, URL, name etc.)
Abstract Address
IPAddress
› Application layer utilizes abstract address for identification of recipient
› However, the IP layer requires IP address for routing.
› Therefore, abstract address must be translated to IP address for routing to the destination by IP layer
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Copyright 2011
Abstract address represents many things
SDM
SDM
SDM
PartitionBased
IVR1
IVR2
IVR3
CapacityBased
NPDB1
NPDB2
NPDB3
N+1
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Copyright 2011
Who knows about L4 context
NPDB1
NPDB2
Application
IVR3 IVR2
SDM
SDM
SDM
IVR1
IP Cloud
NPDB3
• End point must understand L4 context
Application
• Variation in implementations
SDM PartitionBased
N+1
25 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Layer 4 network view
NPDB1
NPDB2
Application
IVR3 IVR2
SDM
SDM
SDM
IVR1
NPDB3
Application • L4 Network/Traffic Management• L4 routing and address
resolution• Subscriber Data management
• Admission Control• and more
Network Intelligent Layer
Issues with fully mesh network ….
• Route management
• Fault handling
• Connection management (for connection oriented transport)
• Interoperability
• Network Interconnection
• Load balancing/sharing
… that effect robustness of the network
26 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
L4 Cloud
Copyright 2011
What is Long Term Evolution (LTE)?
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Copyright 2011
LTE/EPC Architecture
MME SGWPGW
IMSIMS
HSS
E-NodeB
E-U
TR
AN
(Acc
ess)
EP
C(C
ore
Sw
itchi
ng
& T
rans
port
)
App
licat
ions
(Ser
vice
Con
trol
& D
atab
ases
)
EPC = Evolved Packet CoreMME = Mobility Management EntitySGW = Serving GatewayPGW = PDN (Packet Data Network) GatewayDRA = Diameter Routing AgentHSS = Home Subscriber ServerPCRF = Policy and Charging Rules FunctionIMS = IP Multimedia Subsystem
DPI = Deep Packet Inspection
SAE = System Architecture Evolution (project name for EPC)
DPI
DRA DRA
PCRF
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Copyright 2011
Initial LTE Deployments – a series of islands
3G
LTE
3G 3G
LTELTE3G
LTE islands within 3G nationwide networkMulti-mode devices supporting 2G/3G/LTEInitially, LTE carries data only (limited VoIP)
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Copyright 2011
Signaling Protocol Evolution
› Diameter and SIP become the dominant signaling protocols
› SCTP “point-to-point” connections remain
Mobility and Subscriber Management
Application and Session Control
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Copyright 2011
Diameter Fundamentals
› Defined by IETF RFC 3588
› IP-based AAA protocol designed for easy extensibility via the definition of new Applications [interfaces], Commands [messages], and Attribute-Value Pairs (AVPs) [parameters]
› Requires security via TLS or IPsec, but these are not always used in practice
› Defines clients, servers, and 4 types of core agents
Observations
› 3GPP has defined many new Diameter applications for use in IMS, LTE, and 3G
› Routing, signaling network management and congestion control not as robust as SS7
› Operators must determine how to cost effectively secure and scale their Diameter core networks
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Copyright 2011
Diameter Agents in 3GPP and GSMA
› 3GPP TR 29.909 – Diameter-based protocols usages and recommendations in 3GPP
Defines need for Diameter infrastructure to simplify the S6 and S9 network
› 3GPP TS 23.203 – Policy and charging control architecture
Defines Diameter Routing Agent to direct all messages for the same IP-CAN session to the same PCRF
› GSMA PRD IR.88 – LTE Roaming Guidelines
Defines need for a Diameter agent at the point of network demarcation
MME MME MME
Border Diameter Relay Pool
Inter-operator Diameter Infrastructure
Inner Diameter Relay Pool
MME
S4SGSN
vPCRF
VPMN HPMN
ProxyAgent
hPCRF
ProxyAgent
S6a
S6d
S9
GRX/IPX
S-GW
P-GW
Non-3GPP GW
ePDG
AF
Gx, Gxa, Gxb, Gxc, Rx PCRFPCRFPCRFPCRF
PCRFPCRF
Diameter (PCRF) realm
DRADRAPCRFPCRF
PCRFPCRFPCRFPCRF
Diameter (PCRF) realm
DRADRA
PLMN
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Copyright 2011
Types of Diameter Agents
› Relay Agent – Routes messages based on Destination-Realm (domain), Destination-Host, and Application. Maintains transaction state only.
› Proxy Agent – Similar to Relay, but might also look inside the message for routing decision,or modify the message. Might maintain session state.
› Redirect Agent – Returns routing information and then drops out of the loop.
› Translation Agent – Proxy agent that translates between two protocols, such asDiameter-MAP.
MAPMessage Request
Answer
NE ServerTranslationAgent
MAPResponse
Request
Answer
Request
Answer
Client ServerRelay/ProxyAgent
Request
Request Redirect
Answer
ServerClient
RedirectAgent
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Copyright 2011
Selected Diameter Interfaces in LTE and IMS
Foreign LTE Domain
Home LTE/IMS Domain
Foreign GPRS Domain
S13
S6a S9
S6a
GxGz
Gy
Cx
Sh
Rx
Ro
Rf
Rc Re
EIR
vMME vPCRF
IP-SM-GW
MME
PGW
PCRF P-CSCF I/S-CSCF AF
ABMF RF
OFCF
S6d
Gr
MAP-Diam IWF
vSGSN
vS4-SGSN
OCF
EPC Equipment Check
AS Accessto HSS
IMS PCC
IMS Charging
SLF
EPC Charging
IMS Registration
EPC Mobility Management
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Copyright 2011
Challenges Raised by Diameter
› Complexity and scalability of managing large number of SCTP/Diameter connections
› Deficiencies with respect to network management and congestion control in Diameter
› Lack of wide-scale deployment and proven robustness of Diameter
› Need for specialized proxies, such as HSS address resolution for LTE MM and IMS, and PCRF binding function (DRA)
› Need for single point of interconnect to other LTE networks to simplify routing and provide security
› Need to provide for roaming to non-LTE (2G/3G) networks (i.e. MAP <-> Diameter interworking)
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Copyright 2011
Diameter Comparison to SS7
Characteristic SS7 Diameter
Routing › Each message independently routed› Answer message does not contain
routing info and follows same path as associated Request
Signaling network management (SNM)
› Network-wide
› Dedicated SNM messages
› Route around failed paths
› Hop-by-hop
› No dedicated SNM msgs
› Failures ‘discovered’ with each new request
Congestion control › Congestion levels and traffic priorities defined
› Relies on reliable transport
› No defined traffic priorities
Application specific routing › GTT can be used by upper layers
› Specialized, app-specific proxies required
DRA for PCRF binding
HSS address resolution for EPC and IMS
Robustness › Wide-scale deployment; years of experience
› Early days; lots of prove-in still required
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Copyright 2011
SS7 versus Diameter – Failure Scenarios
Client
Server
DiameterRelay
DiameterRelay
Orig NE
Dest NE
Client
Server
DiameterRelay
DiameterRelay
Orig NE
Dest NE
SS7 Diameter
Case 1 - Failure after Destination receives message
› NE can dynamically route around failed element/path
› Diameter cannot dynamically route around failure anywhere in the path
Case 2 - Failure before Originator sends message
› NE can be informed by STP about unreachable destinations
› Messages will continue to be routed inefficiently towards failed paths
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Copyright 2011
Current MSC/HLR Roaming
MSC MSC MSC
Front End
Front End
Front End
Front End
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAP
SCTP/MAPSCTP/MAP
MSCMSC
MSC
Operator_2
MSCMSC
MSC
Operator_2
MSCMSC
MSC
Operator_n
MSCMSC
MSC
Operator_n+1
Signaling Hub Provider
38 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
CSCF
MME
v4SGSN
PCEF
Expected Diameter Network
Operator_N
HSS BE HSS BE
HSSFE
HSSFE
HSSFE
HSSFE
Operator_2
Operator_3
Operator_N+1
Roaming HubProvider
DSR
MMEMME
MME
DSR
MMEMME
MME
DSR
MMEMME
MME
DSR
MMEMME
MME
DSR
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
HSS
PCEF
PCRFPCRF
PCRF
MME
S6a S9
S6a
CSCFCSCF
Rx
Gx
S9
S9
S6a
DSR
Gx/Gy
Gy
DSR
S6d
39 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Example PCEF – PCRF and OCS connectivity
Gx and RxPCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCRF
PCRF
PCRF
OCS
OCS
OCS
Gy
PCEF = GGSN, DPI, MME, ETC
40 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
3G Mobile Data Network with Diameter Relay
Gx, Rx and G
y
Addresses connection limitations at PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
PCEF
DSR
DSR
PCRF
PCRF
PCRF
OCS
OCS
OCS
41 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
4. Update-Location-Answer› All fields same as msg 3
3. Update-Location-Answer› Origin-Realm= epc.mnc015.mcc234.3gppnetwork.org
› Origin-Host= HSS2
HSS Resolution for LTE Mobility Management
Visited PMN(MNC=123; MCC=567)
Home PMN(MNC=15; MCC=234)
1. Update-Location-Request› Destination-Realm= epc.mnc015.mcc234.3gppnetwork.org
› Origin-Host= MME1
› Origin-Realm= epc.mnc123.mcc567.3gppnetwork.org
› User-Name= 234150999999999
2. Update-Location-Request› Destination-Host=HSS2
› All other fields same as msg 1
vMME
HSS1
HSS3
HSS2ProxyAgent
› Initial Update-Location message will contain pre-defined Destination-Realm constructed based on IMSI in the User-Name AVP, according to 3GPP TS 23.003
› Agent performs address resolution on message 1 and inserts Destination-Host associated with the IMSI, which is HSS2 in this example
› Subsequent messages are host routed, since the MME and HSS now know the identity of each other
42 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
A Word About IMT-Advanced
› The ITU has defined the requirements for 4G, but not the standards (the “how it will work” part)
› The 3GPP introduced their LTE standards to the ITU-R group in October 2010, and LTE was accepted by the ITU as the standards meeting the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
› Key Features of IMT-Advanced Commonality of functionality worldwide, but able to support varying
services and applications
Backward compatibility with fixed line services and older technologies
Capable of interworking with other wireless technologies
High-quality mobile services
Worldwide roaming supported
Peak Data Rates (100Mbps for high and 1G for low mobility are targets)
43 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Introducing Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
44 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
Vodafone Hungary Experience
› Fair Use Terms: If over monthly cap, bandwidth reduced from 3G speed to 2G speed during busy hour
› 17% bandwidth reduction vs. uncontrolled
› Calculations indicate 20% CAPEX reduction vs. uncontrolled Only 3% of subscribers impacted
Overall improved experience fornon-heavy users
› Enabled operator to become #1 in mobile broadband despite being #3 in voice
45 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Offer: “Unlimited Mobile Broadband” – No Overage Charges
Challenge:Control Network Demand While Maximizing Utilization if Capacity is Available
Busy Hour
Copyright 2011
Vodafone Hungary Experience
46 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Gb
ps
at
GG
SN
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.2
Throttles Temporarily Halted1
200
00
00
12
00
00
00
12
00
00
00
12
00
00
00
12
00
00
00
12
00
00
00
12
00
00
00
12
00
15.7%
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon
Without Throttles:
› Peak BW ↑ 15.7%
› Overall BW ↑ 26%
› Throttles normally only affect 3% of attached subs
Copyright 2011
What Policy Does
47 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Co
nte
nt
Pro
vid
ers
Ap
pli
ca
tio
ns
Su
bs
cri
be
rD
ata
Mg
mt
Ne
two
rk
DPI/Optimization
GGSN, PGW, SGWHA/PDSN
CMTS, B-RAS
P-CSCF/IMS
ServiceDelivery Platform
Akamai Google
Microsoft
SPR/HSSP
oli
cy
Se
rve
rPCRF
Centralized, Neutral, Rules-Based “Brain” for Dynamic Resource Decisions across Multiple Access Networks
› Subscriber, Application and Network Awareness
› Bandwidth/QoS, Charging and Quota Management
Copyright 2011
ApplicationSession Initiated
1
Basic Policy Mechanism – Application
48 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
PCRF/Policy Server
3
Conditions:Rule Execution
Application Server
Action:Policy Decision
4
QoS, Charge, Quota, etc. forthe Application
5
GGSN
Trigger: Policy Request
2
Sub DB
Copyright 2011
Mobile Broadband Bandwidth Management
› How It Works (Several Other Variations Possible) GGSN signals PCRFon session establishment PCRFgets subscriber info, monthly quota & remaining quota balance from SPR/HSS PCRF installs policy for subscriber (bandwidth, quota) User consumes data GGSN reports when quota limit exceeded If during peak hours, PCRF installs lower bandwidth cap for subscriber
• If offpeak hours, no bandwidth cap
Billing system updates subscriber quota upon new billing month
49 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
GGSN
Internet
Subscriber Data
Server
PCRF
Copyright 2011
Mobile Broadband Service Tiers & Promotions
› What to Do About Mobile Broadband Pricing?
50 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
› Policy & SDS Provides Operator Marketing with Tremendous Flexibility toSegment Markets
Bronze TierLow Level BW SettingsFair Use Policy Setting
-1 GigNo P2P Allowed
Silver TierMid Level BW SettingsFair Use Policy Setting
-3 GigPremium Voice
Gold TierHighest BW Settings
Fair Use Policy Setting-5 Gig
Premium VoicePremium Video
Copyright 2011
› How It Works (Several Other Variations Possible) GGSN signals PCRF on session establishment PCRF gets subscriber info and/or monthly/remaining quota from SPR/HSS PCRF installs policy for subscriber on GGSN (bandwidth, quota) PCRF installs policy for application control on DPI (application entitlement) User consumes data GGSN reports when quota limit exceeded, etc. OR DPI reports application usage PCRF installs new policy on GGSN and/or DPI based on subscriber tier
Mobile Broadband Service Tiers & Promotions
51 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
GGSN
Internet
DPI
PCRFSubscriber
DataServer
Copyright 2011
EU Roaming/Bill Shock
› EU Roaming Regulation in Effect July 1, 2010 Users notified when data roaming is €40; notified & capped at €50
› Transition to Usage-Based Billing Causing Concern Elsewhere AT&T & O2UK iPhone plans now have usage caps
Most USB modem plans have had usage caps for some time
› Policy + SDM Can Manage Notification & Controls Without Major Billing Upgrade Identification of roamers
Quota management
Subscriber notification
Bandwidth controls
Application controls
52 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
Copyright 2011
EU Roaming/Bill Shock
› How It Works (Several Other Variations Possible) GGSN signals PCRF on session establishment (SGSN info identifies user as roaming)
PCRF gets subscriber info, quota & remaining quota balance from SPR/HSS
PCRF installs policy on GGSN for subscriber (quota)
PCRF sends user SMS regarding roaming welcome & usage limit
User consumes data
When GGSN reports when 80% of quota limit is reached, PCRF sends user SMS regarding
usage limit
When GGSN reports when 100% of quota limit is reached, PCRF blocks usage & sends user
SMS regarding usage limit
53 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.
GGSN
Internet
SMSCPCRFSubscriber
DataServer
Tekelec Confidential
Challenges Solution Overview
Over-the-Top Applications
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Benefits
• Strengthen subscriber relationship by personalizing OTT applications• Optimize quality of experience for customers’ preferred applications• Increase OTT revenues by adding incremental value - subscriber data,
analytics, guaranteed QoS, data usage, mobile advertising• Comply with net neutrality regulations and ensure network security.
• Policy to apply QoS to applications
• Policy, subscriber data management and APIs to securely expose network assets
• Policy analytics to evolve services
• Diameter routing for security
• Addressing net neutrality requirements
• Adding value to OTT apps • Higher costs/lower revenues• Maintaining customer
relationship
Tekelec Confidential
Business Opportunity
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Revenues from OTT Apps > Service Provider On-Deck Apps
“Skype Mobile to Bring Video Calling to the Verizon Wireless 4G LTE Network”
“NTT Docomo Partners With Twitter For New Location-Based Service In Japan”
“France Telecom and Telefonica are seeking a new deal with Internet companies including Google and Apple, who they say are overloading networks
without contributing enough to their upkeep.”
Tekelec Confidential
Verizon Turbo Boost Example
› Verizon is using Policy Server (PCRF) as well as their own innovative, in-house network optimization API development to deliver the turbo button.
› The turbo button can provide guaranteed quality of service for a subscriber’s applications.
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“At .. Verizon’s Application Innovation Center in San Francisco, Verizon executives showcased..the network optimization technology, which took a high-quality video stream and simulated it running over a congested network. When a Verizon engineer pushed a "turbo button," the video's choppy frame rate and apparent quality improved.”November 2011 Turbo Button
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How it Works: OTT and On Deck Quality of Service
1. The device connects to the OTT service provider and requests service
2. OTT service provider triggers a dynamic connection in the Application Server
3. Application Server performs firewall functions (admission control, security etc.)
4. Application Server converts the requestto a 3GPP-compliant Rx request and sendsit to the DSR
5. DSR routes the message to the appropriate Policy Server
6. Policy Server queries the SPR/HSSfor the subscriber’s profile
7. Policy Server installs policies for subscriber on the PCEF (quota, service level)
8. The subscriber receives the desired service
Copyright 2011
Changing how we manage subscriber data in the networkUser Data Convergence
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Telecommunication World is changing
› Major Consolidation on going: Consolidation of Vendors Consolidations of Operators Consolidation of networks (outsourcing).
› Technology shift: From TDM to IP From Voice to Data Access diversification: 2G/3G/4G/WLAN
› User Change: SmartPhones USB Dongles Tablet Computers Machine2Machine
› New players in network: Google, Apple, Facebook Content/ IPTV providers New business Models (App. downloads, Advertising)
› Value is shifting from Network to Customers Customer Experience Customer based routing Customer based policy
› Bit pipe versus Smart Pipe
› Data Explosion Align Costs to Revenue Profile -- not
to Traffic Growth Deliver More Services with Less
Investment
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Today’s Reality: Subscriber Data is Stored in Many, Disparate Locations
Service providers are currently unable to effectively leverage the subscriber data
› HLRs, SCPs, etc.
› Legacy archaic DBs, switch-based
› Real-time requirements (involved in call processing)
› Inflexible
Drivers for User Data
Convergence (UDC) Back-office
DatabasesVAS
Databases
Core Network Databases
› Provisioning, Billing, CRM, etc.
› Off-the-shelf IT technology
› Lots of records/size of records
› Non-real-time
› SMSC, MMSC, App Servers, etc.
› Wide range of different DBs
› Proprietary implementations
› Duplicate subscriber info
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Legacy Subscriber Silos
Simplifying Multi-play Subscriber Data Management
OSS/BSS/CRM/VAS
Multi-profile Multi-device subscriber
Subscriber Data Management
OSS/BSS/CRM/VAS
Multi-profile Multi-device subscriber
Legacy platforms are a barrier to Multi-profile management
Subscriber management costs are high
Profiles distributed in many nodes
No central view of customer data
Profile duplication & de-synchronization
Each roaming identity requires HLR entry
Incompatible registration & authentication
Independent call routing/mediation
UDC Subscriber Data Management goes beyond HLR/HSS
Economically disruptive solution
Profiles converged in one node
Consolidated view of customer data
Full synchronization across domains
Unlimited roaming identities per user
Converged registration and authentication
Optimal call mediation across domains
HLR/AuC
AppServers
OtherDBsHSS
GSM/UMTS/LTESIP/VoIP IMS
WiFi, WiMAX,
4G
CableTV,IPTV
DSL/CableAccessSIP/VoIP IMS
CableTV,IPTV
DSL/CableAccess
WiFi, WiMAX,
4G
GSM/UMTS
AAASIPAS
Multi-profile
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Standardization Progress3GPP User Data Convergence
UDC is standardizing the “traditional SDM” approachIt is just the first step towards true Subscriber Data Management
› Reduce network complexity and eliminate redundancies
› Standardizing support for new services and applications
› Customized User Experience
› Separating the ‘brains from the brawns’
› Consolidating Subscriber Data (UDR)
› Standardized and Flexible interfaces
User Data Silos User Data Convergence
UE
HLR/AuC HSS
Presence
Application Logic
User Data StorageMessage Group
…UE Presence
…
HLR/AuC HSS
Open UserData Capability
User DataRepository
Application Logic
User DataCorrelated byA Data Model
Message Group
…
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Traditional SDM versus Tekelec SDM
Monolithic SDM: silos outside
Traditional SDM: silos inside
UDCSDM: breaking the silos
HLR AS
HLR IM-HSS AS
Directory Server
HLR AS
Relational Database
LTE-HSS
IM-HSS
IM-HSS
LTE-HSS
›Silo’ed profiles and identities
› Inflexible schemas
›Data duplication
›No front-end interaction
›Multi-profile, multi-identity under common subscription
›Extendible schemas
›Data reuse
›Front-end interaction via database
›Object oriented global schema
›Relational data schema
›On-line modifications
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Subscriber relational model
AAA DomainHSS Domain
SIP Domain
HLR Domain
SubscriptionID
Subscription
IMSPrivId IMSPubID AAAusername MSISDN
IMSI
SIM SIPaor
HSSsubsProfile AAAsubsProfile
HLRsubsProfile
SIPsubsProfile
1
11 1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
111
0..n
DSFPref 11
0..n 0..n 0..n 0..n 0..n
0..n0..n
0..n 0..n
0..n0..n0..n
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A look at the evolution of signalingControlling the Network
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TransportService Resources
Service
Control PlaneTransport
Control Plane
LTE WiMAXTDM
SS7 NGNIMS
Access Service
Control Planes
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LTE
IMS
NGN
SS7
Control Plane Commonality
A common set of control plane tasks exist regardless of
network technology – a call is a call whether it utilizes SS7 or SIP.
Therefore, control plane interworking potential is high.
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Control Plane Tasks
Subscriber Binding
Number Portability
Mobility Management
Authentication
Value added Services
Connection Establishment
Messaging
Routing
Connection Management
Non Access Stratum
Access Stratum
Route signaling information from sender to one or more recipients in
the network
Matches the request with the location of the subscriber data in the network
Providing portability instructions to various nodes in the network in support of subscriber portability
Track and locate subscribers who are roaming about in the networks
Ensure correct identity of the subscriber
Supports text-based communication
Implements additional revenue generated services
Establishes communication path between subscribers
Manages resources used in establishing communication path
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Routing
SIP Proxy
Client
SIP
(RU
RI)
NGN
Server
DNS
CSCF
DIAMETER proxy
HSS PCRF
MMES
IP(R
UR
I)
Dia
met
er(U
RI)
IMS LTE
Server
Client
DNS
STP
SCF
SSF
SC
CP
(G
TT
Add
ress
)
SS7
GTT
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Subscriber Binding
CSCF
SIP
(R
UR
I)
IMS
SLF
Client
HSS HSS HSS
STP/GTT
SC
CP
(GT
T A
ddre
ss)
SS7
MSC
HLR HLR HLR
SIP Proxy
SIP
(R
UR
I)
NGN
DNS
Client
AS AS AS
MME
LTE
Diameter
Proxy
SLF
Dia
met
er(U
RI)
HSS HSS HSS
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Mobility Management
HLR
VLR
MA
P L
ocU
p/S
RI
SS7
Proxy
SIP Registrar
SIP
Re
gis
ter
NGN
SIP UA
HSS
LTE
EM
M -
TA
U
Device
MME
Dia
met
er U
LR
S-CSCF
SIP Registrar
SIP
Reg
iste
r
IMS
SIP UA
HSS
Dia
met
er
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Authentication
SS7
HLR
VLR
MA
P (
Aut
hent
icat
ion
data
)
NGN
Proxy
SIP Registrar
MD
5 w
ith n
once
SIP UA
LTE
HSS
EM
M -
TA
U
Device
MME
Dia
met
er U
LR
IMS
S-CSCF
SIP Registrar
SIP
Reg
iste
r
SIP UA
HSS
Dia
met
er
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Messaging
Messaging Server
SIP
/XM
PP
/???
Msg
Client
NGN
Proxy S-CSCF
SIP
SIP UA
SIP
IMS
Messaging Server
SIP UA
MSRP
CP
-DA
TA/R
P-D
ATA
/TP
DU
/SM
S-S
UB
MIT
Device
MME
SM
S-S
ubm
it
LTE
MSC/VLRM
AP
(M
O/M
T S
M)
SMS-C
SS7
MSC/VLR
CP
-DA
TA/R
P-D
ATA
/TP
DU
/SM
S-S
UB
MIT
Device
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Mobility Management Interworking
Proxy
HLR
VLR
MA
P L
ocU
p/S
RI
SS7
SIP Registrar
SIP
Reg
iste
r
NGN
SIP UA
S-CSCF
SIP Registrar
SIP
Re
gis
ter
IMS
SIP UA
HSS
LTE
MM
AS
EMM - TAU
Device
MME
Diameter ULR
MM
AS3rd Party Reg
3rd Party Reg
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Control Plane Interworking
Interworking
LTE
IMS
NGN
SS7
Subscriber Binding
Number Portability
Mobility Management
Authentication
Value added Services
Connection Establishment
Messaging
Routing
Connection Management
Non Access Stratum
Access Stratum
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LTE solution requirements
Enable Centralized Authentication
Avoid Provisioning Duplication
Seamless Mobility
Service Continuity
Signaling Efficiency
Voice Interworking
› Eliminate network redundancies between 2G/3G/LTE networks.
› Eliminate subscriber data silos, duplication of subscriber profileand provisioning information.
› Enable shared subscriber state information. Dynamic update and sharing of subscriber volatile data across domains.
› Consolidated PS profile enable seamless delivery of PS-based services in both 3G and LTE coverage.
› Increase in handovers requires increased signaling efficiency and performance.
› The ability to deliver voice and applications over LTE using IMSand Pre-IMS concepts.
Performance management
› Ability to monitor “island hops” for call continuity and vendor interworking.
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SS7-IMS Migration: SMS Scenarios
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The “Essential” IMS Attributes
IP
Access types
LTE
WiFi
T1
GPRS/EvDO
WiMAX
CableAccess Independent / Roaming Supports
IP over LTE
IP over WiFi
IP over T1
IP over GPRS/EvDO
IP over WiMAX
IP over Cable
Multi-Media Supports (end-point negotiates)
Core SIP Session Routing
170.193.11.0
170.193.11.1
170.193.11.2
170.193.11.3
170.193.11.4
170.193.11.5
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What Is Needed?
Media independent IP routing network
SIPEnd Point
Softswitch
SIPEnd Point
WiFi AP
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What Is Needed?
Media independent IP routing network
SIPEnd Point
Softswitch
SIPEnd Point
WiFi AP
Media and access independent signaling control
• Logical separation of SIP signaling from the bearer path• Unleash the true media-independent power of SIP
• Horizontal integration framework for SIP applications
• Flexible routing architecture• Modern, flexible and dynamic routing technology
• Supports flexible address abstractions (SIP,Tel URI, etc.)
• Fully utilizes SDP capability for media negotiation
• Let end points decide how to setup media
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What Is Needed?
Media independent IP routing networkSoftswitch WiFi AP
Media and access independent signaling control
IP
Access types
LTE
WiFi
T1
GPRS/EvDO
WiMAX
Cable
IP over ?
IP over WiFi
IP over T1
IP over GPRS/EvDO
IP over WiMAX
IP over Cable
Access Independent / Roaming Supports
• Logical separation of SIP signaling from the bearer path• Unleash the true media-independent power of SIP
• Horizontal integration framework for SIP applications
• Flexible routing architecture• Modern, flexible and dynamic routing technology
• Supports flexible address abstractions (SIP,Tel URI, etc.)
• Fully utilizes SDP capability for media negotiation
• Let end points decide how to setup media
SIPEnd Point
SIPEnd Point
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What Is Needed?
Media independent IP routing networkSoftswitch WiFi AP
Media & access independent signaling control
IP
Access types
LTE
WiFi
T1
GPRS/EvDO
WiMAX
Cable
IP over ?
IP over WiFi
IP over T1
IP over GPRS/EvDO
IP over WiMAX
IP over Cable
Access Independent / Roaming Supports
Multi-Media Supports (end-point negotiates)
Core SIP Session Routing
• Logical separation of SIP signaling from the bearer path• Unleash the true media-independent power of SIP
• Horizontal integration framework for SIP applications
• Flexible routing architecture• Modern, flexible and dynamic routing technology
• Supports flexible address abstractions (SIP,Tel URI, etc.)
• Fully utilizes SDP capability for media negotiation
• Let end points decide how to setup media
SIPEnd Point
SIPEnd Point
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‘06 | 83
IMS Promises
Focus
SOURCE: Frost & Sullivan, 2006
How do we get there?
Copyright 2011
‘06 | 84
SS7
SS7NGN
3GPPIMS
Incremental
$
Incremental
SS7
NGN
$$
SS7NGN
Incremental
$$$
Incremental IMS approach
85 Copyright 2011
SoftSwitch based Signaling Architecture
SoftSwitch SoftSwitch
Circuit Switch
IP IP
CCS#7 STP
CCS#7PRI
SIP
SIPSIP
PBX
Copyright 2011
Proposed Signaling Architecture
SoftSwitch SoftSwitch
Circuit Switch
IP IP
DSN CCS#7 STP
DSN CCS#7CAS, PRI
PRI
SIPS
IPSIP
SIP
STP/SSR• HA Signaling Backbone• Scalability• Traffic Management• Centralized Monitoring Point
• HA Signaling Backbone• Scalability• Traffic Management• Centralized Monitoring Point• SIP Flexible Routing• Device/Access Agnostic• Application Triggers• Roaming Supports
PBX
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Flexible and centralized SIP routing control
STP/SSR STP/SSR
STP/SSR
Centralized OAM&PRouting DB
Routing DB
Routing DB
Routing DB
SoftSwitch SoftSwitch SoftSwitch
SoftSwitch SoftSwitch SoftSwitch
SoftSwitch SoftSwitch SoftSwitch
VoIP 1 VoIP 2 VoIP 3
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88 Copyright 2011
R4 based Signaling Architecture
IP Routing Network(IP Address)
MSCMSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
SSR SSR
ISUP, M
AP, CAMEL, IN
APISUP, MAP, CAMEL, INAP
App App
R4MSCServer
R4MSCServer
R4MSCServer
R4MSCServer
R4MSCServer
BICC Signaling
BICC, S
IP BICC, SIP
Copyright 2011
Transitional phase
CCS#7 IMSNGN
SCP SIP AS IMS AS
SIP SignalingRouter
Call SessionControl Function
STP
SSP SIPClient
IMSClient
SCIM (Service Mediation)
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Multimedia SIP Signaling Backbone
SSR
SSR
Media - Voice (RTP)
Media – Steaming Video(RTSP)
SSR
SSR - Robust- Highly Available- Scalable- SIGNALING BACKBONE
SIP S
ignali
ng
SIP Signaling
VideoServer
VideoTerminal
SoftSwitch IP Phone
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IMS Network Architecture for Fixed Line
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SG
MG MG
MGCF BGCF
P-CSCF
S-CSCF
I-CSCFSLF
AS
HSS MRFPMRFC
Mj
MiMg
Mw
Mw
Mr
Dx
Cx
ISC
ShMp
Gm
Legacy
Copyright 2011
IMS Network Architecture for Wireless
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P-CSCF
S-CSCF
I-CSCFSLF
AS
HSS MRFPMRFC
Mw
Mw
Mr
Dx
Cx
ISC
ShMp
BSS
SGSN MSC
GGSN
HLR
VLR
Legacy Network
Copyright 2011
Session Management Layer in IMS
IP CAN P-CSCF S-CSCF
SIP AS
BGCF
IP CAN
MRF
MGCF
MG
SWG
S-CSCF
SIP AS
I-CSCF
P-CSCF
HSS DNS
ENUM AAA
OtherIMS
Networks
SS7
TDM Voice
SessionControl
Media Controland Resources
ApplicationsData and Services
Presence
Land Line
Wireless
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IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
› Call Session Control Function (CSCF) The heart and sole of the IMS network
Distributed throughout the network to make it more scalable
Divided into three distinct functions
• Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF)
• Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF
• Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF)
› Proxy-CSCF is the first access point into the network A subscriber will first access the P-CSCF when using SIP
When a device first receives its IP address, the device will look for the nearest P-CSCF for network access
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IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
› Interrogating-CSCF is the second point of contact and is usually a more regional node The I-CSCF is also the gateway between networks, providing
additional security to the network
The I-CSCF provides functions such as topology hiding to prevent unauthorized access into the network
› Serving-CSCF is the main control of the signaling network. Access to critical functions such as the HSS is done through the S-CSCF. Also provides registration procedures for every device connecting
into the network
The S-CSCF is assigned to a subscriber device when the device is powered up
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SS7-IMS Migration: Voice Scenarios
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Copyright 2011
SS7-IMS Migration
IAM (DN)
AAAHLR
VMSC
Voice Scenario 1 – Call termination to 3G subscriber via 3G network
SS7-IMSMigrationGMSC
SRI ack (MSRN)
IAM (MSRN)
SRI (DN)SRI (DN)
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SS7-IMS Migration
IAM (DN)
Voice Scenario 2 – Call termination to IMS subscriber via 3G network
SS7-IMSMigrationGMSC
SRI ack (MGCF prefix + DN)
IAM
SRI (DN)
MGCF
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SS7-IMS Migration
INVITE
Voice Scenario 3 – Call termination to 3G subscriber via IMS network
SS7-IMSMigration
Location-Info-Answer
(Server Name = BGCF)
INVITE
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)
I-CSCF BGCF
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SS7-IMS Migration
INVITE
AAAHSS
Voice Scenario 4 – Call termination to IMS subscriber via IMS network
SS7-IMSMigration
INVITE
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)LIR (Public-ID)
› In this case, SS7-IMS Migration (DSR) simply performs Relay-mode SLF. Redirect-mode SLF could also be used (not shown).
I-CSCF S-CSCF
Location-Info-Answer
(Server Name = S-CSCF)
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IMS Subscription Locator Function
Invite
DiameterAgentS-CSCF
Scenario 1 – HSS Provides (redirect) SLF Function
HSS1 HSS2
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)
Location-Info-Answer (Server Name= HSS2)
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)
Location-Info-Answer (Destination Server)
Invite
Scenario 2 – Agent Provides (relay) SLF Function
DiameterAgentS-CSCF HSS1 HSS2
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)
Location-Info-Answer (Destination Server)
Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)
> Less messages> Reduced delay> Less HSS and CSCF
processing
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Selected Diameter Interfaces in LTE and IMS
Interface Endpoints
S6a MME HSS
S6d HSS vSGSN (Rel 8)
S13 MME EIR
S9 hPCRF vPCRF
Rx PCRF AF, P-CSCF
Gx PGW PCRF
Gy PGW OCF
Gz PGW OFCF
Cx I/S-CSCF HSS
Sh AF, IP-SM-GW HSS
Rf P/I/S-CSCF, AF OFCF
Ro S-CSCF, AF OCF
Rc OCF ABMF
Re OCF RF
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Acronyms
ABMF Account Balance Mgmt. Function
AF Application Function
CSCF Call Session Control Function
DNS Domain Name System
DRA Diameter Routing Agent
EIR Equipment Identity Register
EPC Evolved Packet Core
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GRX GPRS Roaming eXchange
HSS Home Subscriber Server
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IPX IP Packet eXchange
IWF InterWorking Function
LB Load Balancer
LTE Long Term Evolution
MME Mobility Management Entity
MRFC Media Resource Function Controller
OCF Online Charging Function
OFCF Offline Charging Function
PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function
PDN Packet Data Network
PGW PDN GateWay
RF Rating Function
SBCF Session Based Charging Function
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SGW Serving GateWay
SLF Subscription Locator Function
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TLS Transport Layer Security
UE User Equipment
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References
› IETF 3588 – Diameter Base Protocol
› 3GPP TS 29.272 (v8.3.0) – Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol (Release 8)
› GSMA PRD IR.88 – “LTE Roaming Guidelines”, v1.0
› 3GPP TS 23.003 (v8.6.0) – UMTS; Numbering, addressing and identification(Release 8)
› 3GPP TR 29.909 (v8.1.2) – Diameter-based protocols usage and recommendations in 3GPP (Release 8)
› 3GPP TS 33.210 (v8.3.0) – 3G Security; Network Domain Security; IP network layer security (Release 8)
› 3GPP TR 29.805 (v8.0.0) – InterWorking Function (IWF) between MAP based and Diameter based interfaces, (Release 8)
› 3GPP TS 29.305 (v9.0.0) – InterWorking Function (IWF) between MAP based and Diameter based interfaces, (Release 9)
› 3GPP TS 23.203 (v9.3.0) – Policy and charging control architecture, (Release 9)
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In Closing …….
› Just a few comments Don’t expect to become rich when you graduate. It takes many
years of hard work and experience to reach the highest levels.
Learn all you can. You are privileged to be able to now get an education in this industry, because many years ago there were no college programs for Telecommunications.
Embrace learning. Learn how to learn, because you will never stop studying, and you will never stop learning!
Telecommunications has been the most exciting and rewarding career I could have ever asked for! It will be for you too!
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Travis RussellDirector, Caribbean Region
Tel: +1.919.460.2172
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